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Il Negazionismo. Storia Di Una Menzogna 1
Il negazionismo. Storia di una menzogna 1 Il negazionismo. Storia di una menzogna di Claudio Vercelli Il fenomeno del «negazionismo olocaustico», ovvero del rifiuto di considerare come effettivamente avvenuto lo sterminio degli ebrei per mano nazista data, nella sua origine, al momento stesso in cui l’Olocausto andava realizzandosi. La rimozione dell’evidenza storica è infatti parte di una più ampia strategia che si pone l’obiettivo di perpetuare ideologicamente il nazismo e i fascismi medesimi, evitando che ad essi siano imputate le loro concrete responsabilità, a partire dagli omicidi di massa di cui si sono ripetutamente macchiati. Gli assassini, infatti, nel mentre procedevano alla distruzione delle comunità ebraiche europee si adoperavano anche per occultare quanto stavano facendo. Chi, a guerra finita, ha sostenuto che quel che era successo “in realtà” non sarebbe mai accaduto, ha recuperato i motivi e i moventi che stavano alla base del tragico operato del Terzo Reich e dei suoi scherani. Il negazionismo, quindi, non è una ipotesi di interpretazione dei fatti alternativa alla storiografica “ufficiale” ma la negazione dell’evidenza. Affrontarne la sua presenza e perduranza, non solo come fenomeno ristretto, di nicchia, a tratti quasi amatoriale bensì in quanto falsificazione dei fatti, implica non solo tutelare la memoria del passato ma anche e soprattutto difendere il presente da qualsiasi manipolazione. La posta in gioco è la formazione dell’opinione pubblica. Poiché, come afferma George Orwell nel suo romanzo 1984: «chi controlla il passato controlla il futuro». La bibliografia qui proposta è stata curata da Claudio Vercelli in occasione della presentazione del suo volume Il negazionismo. -
Operation Sunrise: America’S OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
Operation Sunrise: America’s OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, Commander-in- Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (VE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. Sunrise, sometimes referred to as “Crossword,” has special significance today beyond the sixtieth anniversary of the German surrender. Despite Switzerland’s formal neutrality, Swiss intelligence agents aggressively facilitated American efforts to end the war. Ironically, the efforts of key U.S. intelligence agents on the ground to orchestrate the surrender were hampered and almost scuttled by leaders in Washington to appease Joseph Stalin, who wished to delay the surrender in the West so that Soviet forces could grab more territory in the East. *This paper was originally presented at the conference Sunrise ‘05, Locarno, Switzerland, May 2, 2005, and was published in “Operation Sunrise.” Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò - Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30. The conference was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the surrender of German forces in northern Italy. -
Memorias, Historia, Derechos Humanos
HISPANIA NOVA Revista de Historia Contemporánea http://hispanianova.rediris.es SEPARATA Nº 8 - Año 2008 E-mail: [email protected] © HISPANIANOVA ISSN: 1138-7319 - Depósito legal: M-9472-1998 Se podrá disponer libremente de los artículos y otros materiales contenidos en la revista solamente en el caso de que se usen con propósito educativo o científico y siempre y cuando sean citados correctamente. Queda expresamente penado por la ley cualquier aprovechamiento comercial. HISPANIA NOVA. Revista de Historia Contemporánea. Número 8 (2008) http://hispanianova.rediris.es HISPANIA NOVA http://hispanianova.rediris.es/ Xavier ROCA DOMINGO: LA LÓGICA DE LA SOLUCIÓN FINAL. UNA GUERRA MORAL . RESUMEN El examen de los criterios seguidos por el régimen nazi en su persecución e intento de aniquilación de los judíos europeos revela graves incoherencias con un modelo de persecución por motivos religiosos o raciales. Se defiende que el único sentido posible de la persecución fue cultural y, específicamente, moral. La reeducación y/o rehabilitación social de los judíos fue considerada imposible desde los inicios del régimen y del sistema de campos de concentración, juzgándose necesario establecer centros de exterminio ad hoc, los cuales, a pesar de su eficacia asesina, fracasaron en el deseo del régimen de proceder con la debida Anständigkeit y fueron por tanto sustituidos por el sistema de Auschwitz. Toda la evolución tecnológica y organizativa de la Solución Final desde los Einsatzgruppen hasta Birkenau presenta una evolución objetiva hacia formas cada vez más impersonales y asépticas de exterminio, evidenciando un componente moral en la toma de decisiones con frecuencia ignorado o ridiculizado. La conclusión define la Solución Final como una guerra moral, es decir, de destrucción de una moral por otra mediante la eliminación de su base biológica. -
Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: the Evolution of a Doctrine
www.doew.at Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: The Evolution of a Doctrine Published in: Hermann Kurthen/Rainer Erb/Werner Bergmann (ed.), Anti-Sem- itism and Xenophobia in Germany after Unification, New York–Oxford 1997 Development of “revisionism” since 1945 Most people understand so called „revisionism“ as just another word for the movement of holocaust denial (Benz 1994; Lipstadt 1993; Shapiro 1990). Therefore it was suggested lately to use the word „negationism“ instead. How- ever in the author‘s point of view „revisionism“ covers some more topics than just the denying of the National Socialist mass murders. Especially in Germany and Austria there are some more points of National Socialist politics some people have tried to minimize or apologize since 1945, e. g. the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (quite a modern topic), (the discussion) about the number of the victims of the holocaust a. s. o.. In the seventies the late historian Martin Broszat already called that movement „run- ning amok against reality“ (Broszat 1976). These pseudo-historical writers, many of them just right wing extremist publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to right wing extremists, really try to prove that history has not taken place, just as if they were able to make events undone by denying them. A conception of “negationism” (Auerbach 1993a; Fromm and Kernbach 1994, p. 9; Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz 1994) or “holocaust denial” (Lipstadt 1993, p. 20) would neglect the additional components of “revision- ism”, which are logically connected with the denying of the holocaust, this being the extreme variant. -
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections. -
UCSB History 133B Essay
Aubrey Cox Prof. Marcuse UCSB Hist 133B Source Exploration 6 March, 2019 The Wetzler-Vrba Report Could Have Saved Many UCSB History 133B Drawing by Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006) and Alfred Wetzler (1918–1988) - German Extermination Camps— Auschwitz and Birkenau, Executive Office of the United States War RefugeeEssay Board, 16 November 1944. The U.S. War Refugee Board was the first to published this version of the report. See en:Auschwitz Protocols. Our source: Randolph L. Braham, Scott Miller, The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary, Wayne State University Press, 2002, 62., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50340014 “Report by Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba, two Escapees from Auschwitz (Late April 1944)” GHDI - Document. Accessed February 07, 2019. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi- dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1535. Alfred Wetzler and Rudolf Vrba were two Jewish Slovakians who escaped from Auschwitz in April 1944. After a harrowing eighteen days Vrba and Wetzler finally arrieved in Zilina, Slovakia where they connected with other Jews to whom they dictated their report They compiled a report with as detailed information as they could with details of the camp and its 2 workings. Wetzler and Vrba’s original aim was to warn Hungarian Jews of the horrors that awaited them in the planned deportations from Hungary. By the end of April 1944, the report had reached Hungary’s Jewish leaders. Little credence was given to the warning however, and hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were sent to Nazi death camps, particularly Auschwitz. According to GHDI it wasn’t until the report was published in a Swiss newspaper--which brought the attention of the world to what was going on at Auschwitz-- thatUCSB the Hungarian government attempted to put a stop to the mass deportations. -
Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared -
Germar Rudolf's Bungled
Bungled: “DENYING THE HOLOCAUST” Bungled: “Denying the Holocaust” How Deborah Lipstadt Botched Her Attempt to Demonstrate the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory Germar Rudolf !"# !$ %&' Germar Rudolf : Bungled: “Denying the Holocaust”: How Deborah Lipstadt Botched Her Attempt to Demonstrate the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory Uckfield, East Sussex: CASTLE HILL PUBLISHERS PO Box 243, Uckfield, TN22 9AW, UK 2nd edition, April 2017 ISBN10: 1-59148-177-5 (print edition) ISBN13: 978-1-59148-177-5 (print edition) Published by CASTLE HILL PUBLISHERS Manufactured worldwide © 2017 by Germar Rudolf Set in Garamond GERMAR RUDOLF· BUNGLED: “DENYING THE HOLOCAUST” 5 Table of Contents 1.Introduction ................................................................................... 7 2.Science and Pseudo-Science ...................................................... 15 2.1.What Is Science? ........................................................................... 15 2.2.What Is Pseudo-Science? ............................................................. 26 3.Motivations and ad Hominem Attacks ....................................... 27 3.1.Revisionist Motives According to Lipstadt ............................... 27 3.2.Revisionist Methods According to Lipstadt .............................. 40 3.3.Deborah Lipstadt’s Motives and Agenda .................................. 50 4.Revisionist Personalities ............................................................. 67 4.1.Maurice Bardèche ........................................................................ -
Sobibór: Sobibór Holocaust Propaganda and Reality Sobibór
BARNES REVIEW HOLOCAUST HANDBOOK SERIES • VOLUME 19 19 BARNES REVIEW HOLOCAUST HANDBOOK SERIES • VOLUME 19 SOBIBÓR: SOBIBÓR HOLOCAUST PROPAGANDA AND REALITY SOBIBÓR HOLOCAUST PROPAGANDA AND REALITY n May 2009, 89-year-old Cleveland autoworker John Demjanjuk was de- ported from the United States to Germany, where he was arrested and HOLOCAUST PROPAGANDA AND REALITY Icharged with aiding and abetting murder in at least 27,900 cases. These mass murders were allegedly perpetrated at the Sobibór “death” camp in east- ern Poland. According to mainstream historiography, 170,000 to 250,000 Jews were exterminated there in gas chambers between 1942 and 1943. The corpses were buried in mass graves and later incinerated on an open-air pyre. But do these serious claims really stand up to scrutiny? In Sobibor: Holocaust Propaganda and Reality, the official version of what transpired at Sobibór is put under the microscope. It is shown that the histori- ography of the camp is not based on solid evidence, but on the selective use of eyewitness testimonies, which in turn are riddled with contradictions and out- right absurdities. This book could exonerate John Demjanjuk. For more than half a century, mainstream Holocaust historians made no real attempts to muster material evidence for their claims about Sobibór. Finally, in the 21st century, professional historians carried out an archeological survey at the former camp site. Their findings—and the findings of many oth- ers—are here presented in detail and fatal implications for the extermination camp theory are revealed. SOBIBOR: HOLOCAUST PROPAGANDA AND REALITY (softcover, 434 pages, indexed, illustrated, #536, $25 minus 10% for TBR subscribers) can be ordered from TBR BOOK CLUB, P.O. -
Market Intelligence for Russia and CIS 1 1/2010 GIA Geographies White Paper Paper White GIA Geographies
1/2010 Market Intelligence for Paper White GIA Geographies Russia and CIS GIA Geographies White Paper 1/2010 “Now it is a very good time to en- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ter into the Russian market. There The wealthiest market per capita of all BRIC countries, Russia com- bines the best of Europe and Asia. Together with the Commonwealth of are some niches and free space in Independent States (CIS), it represents a market of around 300 million the market due to the crisis. There consumers and offers many opportunities not only for multinationals but also for middle-size players. is market share to be captured. According to my estimations this The best time to enter the Russian market is probably now, when compa- nies can look for opportunities during periods of turmoil and crisis. Pos- easy-to-enter market situation will sibly this will be the last chance for a while for good expansion opportuni- last a year or two...” ties. In one or two years, the window will close and it will be necessary to either invest heavily at the entry stage or develop more slowly. “...Mentally and culturally Rus- Mentally and culturally Russian people are Europeans, which means more comfortable conditions for Western businesses if compared to some other sian people are Europeans, which developing markets. means more comfortable conditions Russia is not only a big market; it offers also huge intellectual and creative for Western businesses here.” potential for those looking for R&D and innovations. Along with traditional intelligence challenges for emerging markets, spe- See below more details about doing cific issues face an entrant to the Russian market: business in Russia, from an interview • Russian market having been relatively open, the competition is rather tough by now, even though the crisis has opened up niches with Vsevolod Gavrilov, • specific economic structures and business models remain as a Head of Russian Office, handicap from Soviet times Volvo Penta Corporation Deep market analysis and a sophisticated approach to the market entry strategy are required from newcomers. -
ENGLISH Original: RUSSIAN Delegation of the Russian Federation
PC.DEL/97/18 1 February 2018 ENGLISH Original: RUSSIAN Delegation of the Russian Federation STATEMENT BY MR. ALEXANDER LUKASHEVICH, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, AT THE 1174th MEETING OF THE OSCE PERMANENT COUNCIL 1 February 2018 In response to the address by the Chair of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Mr. Chairperson, I should like to take this opportunity to express our support for the successful OSCE conference on anti-Semitism, which was held in Rome on 29 January. Mr. Galizia, We thank you for your insightful address. Seventy-three years ago Red Army soldiers liberated the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp, also known as Oświęcim. In 2005, the United Nations officially proclaimed 27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust. I should also like to recall that on 27 January we marked the 74th anniversary of the complete liberation of Leningrad from the Nazi siege. This was yet another act of heroism by Soviet soldiers, before whom we bow our heads. Soviet troops brought a halt to one of the “death factories” in which up to 4 million people, including around a million Jews, had been systematically exterminated. All told, more than 6 million people became victims of the Holocaust. For the peoples of Russia, as for the other peoples of the multi-ethnic Soviet Union, who sacrificed more than 26 million lives for victory in the Second World War, the preservation of the historical memory of these terrible events remains a national responsibility. Jews themselves made a significant contribution to the victory over Nazism. -
Dossier Néo-Nazisme Du Même Auteur
DOSSIER NÉO-NAZISME DU MÊME AUTEUR Aux Éditions Alain Moreau, Paris: Dossier B... comme Barbouzes (traduction grecque: Didimi, Athènes). En préparation: Les Dossiers secrets du Narcotic Bureau. Rawa-Ruska, camp de représailles. Patrice Chairoff DOSSIER NÉO-NAZISME Préface de Beate Klarsfeld Éditions Ramsay 27, Rue de Fleurus 75006 Paris La loi du 11 mars 1957 n'autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l'article 41, d une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et d'exemple à une d'illustration, collective » et, d'autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d exemple et d illustration, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le consentement de 1 auteur et de ses cause ou sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal. Éditions Ramsay, 1977 ISBN 2-85956-030-0 A Minerve et Moussia et à tous leurs camarades du réseau Phratrie, s/r Brick. P.C. PRÉFACE Dès sa parution, cet ouvrage sera certainement pillé. Il le sera par de soi-disant experts du nazisme qui trouveront commode de s'en inspirer plus ou moins discrètement pour leurs rapports de synthèse. Il le sera par les spécialistes à la chaîne du roman policier ou d'es- pionnage qui en retireront mille fils pour leurs intrigues en y ajoutant la couleur locale des dépliants touristiques et l'érotisme de com- mande. Ajoutons qu'il sera plagié en de nombreuses langues étrangères, le destin des criminels nazis et la menace néo-nazie constituant tou- jours un bon sujet international d'actualité.