gender issues, otherness. gender issues, talismo, cuestiones de género, de otredad. cuestiones talismo, Palabras clave: contemporáneos. norteamericanos viajeros otros que desarrollaron masculinizado territorio como España de dominante construcción la de margen al tanto un narración la que ynación sitúan clase sobre otredad, norteamericanas protestantes yvisiones género de cuestiones manifiesta representación que dicha argumentará Se españoles. ylos España de textual representación la realizar para que utilizan se sentimentalismo, del discurso el ellas entre convenciones retóricas, algunas estudia artículo el ehistoriadores, críticos varios de teóricas 1855. en consideraciones las en por España viaje su de resumen Basándose un de libro, del seguidos producción de yrecepción contextos los examinan se y acontinuación of Souvenirs Travel viajes de libro su en Walton Vert aEspaña Le que dedicó Octavia los capítulos analiza artículo Este Resumen Keywords travelers. American male antebellum other by developed domain amasculinized as of Spain construction dominant the from apart somewhat her account setting nation, and class, on otherness, views American Protestant and concerns gender manifests of Spain her representation that argued be It will iards. Span the and of Spain representation textual the employed to accomplish sentimentality, of discourse the including conventions, some rhetorical explores paper the historians, and critics by several 1855. made in contributions Spain across her theoretical journey the Using of by asummary of followed her book, reception and of production contexts the examines travel book of Souvenirs Travel in her Le to Spain Walton devoted Octavia that Vert chapters the analyzes paper This Abstract A SOUTHERN BELLE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SPAIN NINETEENTH-CENTURY IN BELLE A SOUTHERN : Octavia Walton Vert, of Le Souvenirs Travel: Octavia Revista de Filología de Revista Octavia Walton Vert, of Le Souvenirs Travel Octavia UNA DAMA SUREÑA EN LA ESPAÑA DEL SIGLO XIX SIGLO DEL ESPAÑA LA EN SUREÑA DAMA UNA OCTAVIA WALTONOCTAVIA VERT: LE DOI: http://doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2019.38.006 DOI: Universitat Pompeu (Barcelona) Fabra Universitat (1857).then and writer the of profile a brief with It begins OCTAVIA WALTON LE VERT: WALTON LE OCTAVIA Pere Gifra-Adroher Pere (1857). Se inicia con una breve semblanza de la autora (1857). la de semblanza breve una con inicia Se , 38; enero 2019, enero , 38; e-2530-8548 pp. 95-109; ISSN: , Spanish travels, sentimentality, sentimentality, travels, , Spanish

, viajes por España, sentimen por España, , viajes

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REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 95 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 96 documents into English. In 1834, In intodocuments English. Waltons the moved where to Mobile (Alabama), official French Spanish and to translate helped him occasionally and settlers Spanish of the speech to the Pensacola, accustomed where in lived she grew Floridain they her father’s During of southeast. the appointment culture Indian the with acquainted became She lessons. also music art and widely, Spanish),and reading taking and French, Greek, Latin, (Italian, foreign languages learning suited to southern belles, Walker, belonged to aprominent also southern family. She instruction the received WaltonGeorge governor Jr., of Her acting Florida. Minge mother, as served Sarah of her Independence, one father,been whereas of Declaration of signatories the the (Georgia). Walton George Her Augusta grandfather, near estate Sr., family had the Vue», born at «Belle she southern was aristocracy, of affluent the offspring A typical Delaney (1952;Delaney 1961), (1987), (2018), & Frear Doss (1901), Satterfield Peacock (1861). Forrest and (2013). (2010), Martins (2009), Laviana and Montesinos Fernández growing to be one of the most famous socialites in the antebellum United antebellum States the in to socialites one be of mostgrowing famous the at home both abroad. value and subject of high acosmopolitan construct could herself of like asouthern belle gaze the which in Spaniards the and of Spain Catholic image backward yet idealized an toers build sympathy, of plight women, the of and Vert her sensibility read to Le the appealed poverty, illustrating episodes on several abroad. Drawing woman of American the values enabled cultural her and to that deployself-empowering experience social the a but as famous, the and rich the with to mingle apretext as of Europe– other parts she with to what did to not contrast represent –in Spain herwriting across journey into Vert oblivion. Le fall employed some conventions rhetorical of women’s travel position of its author,class enjoyed upon anotable its publication visibility to later Walton Vert’s Le of Travel Souvenirs (1857), hegemonic to the thanks abook that, of Octavia sections Spanish the analyzes paper This travelers. other male Hay and W. Henry Longfellow, John of Irving, Washington overshadowed narratives by the traditionally writing of travel acorpus to illuminate undertaken be still must research Kate Field, Susan Hale and Caroline Cushing, among others among Cushing, Caroline and Hale Field,Kate Susan Moulton, Chandler Louise Bates, Lee Katharine Hoyt, on Merrydelle have focused for instance, representation studies, Recent of Spain. American dimension to the gender fundamental and from oblivion, them a significant rescued adding gradually some has over of have that received them recent scrutiny years critical The decades. invisible for many have rendered writings that their gender and barriers tutional insti home faced contemporaries, but they upon male ofto returning their those concerns similar with of abroad. women Someview Spain of across these journeyed American an shaping in women influential writers travel American teenth-century of brought ahost of about recovery nine the has century late twentieth the during Octavia Celestia Valentine Celestia WaltonOctavia (1810-1877) life, aprivileged lived 2 1 conducted canon literary of American the expansion and revision The

The biographical facts summarized here on Le Vert’s life come from Stephens (1940), Stephens Vert’s from on here Le come life summarized facts biographical The (1999; 2002), Egea 2000, (2005), Gifra-Adroher Bigatel-Abeniacar example, for See, 1 . However, further 2 - - - . graciously dubbed «the Countess of Mobile» Countess dubbed by «the hergraciously visitors Vert, Le sometimes Madame America. of antebellum personalities political and cultural by attended distinguished salon weekly literary creation of aParisian-style to the her on– and from then –connected «Madame» appellation the as customs for her adoption the of it French such and signified childhood, of whom survived 1836. in onlya physician, two whom children, she married bore union five Their Vert, Le Strachey author the met Henry that cotton by trade the enriched city port 1837 Mayor between as her 1839. served father and multicultural this in It was which are among her resources» (quoted in Ellet, 412-413). (quoted Ellet, in resources» her among are which culture mental rich the and of intellect, grasp vigorous the of erudition, tones note the and scholar, distinguished some with conversation earnest in her find we Then rapidity. lightning with another one for changing and each, to language own his in speaking aGerman, and Italian, an Frenchman, a with conversation now in aSpaniard, to scene gay the describing accent Castilian perfect and voice silver-toned now with of Americans, agroup to of admiration object now the acquaintances; her for smile a radiant with rooms the through her. She floats approach who all captivate heart, kind a from emanating tact, her talents, «Her colloquial terms: these in skills intellectual and social her 1850. January early Bremer, in Frederika writer, travel woman notable of135-137). another visit the Vert received Le 1849-1850 during (1851: States, United Wortley’s Travels the in Stuart Emmeline Lady in found (157). society» of Mobile’s queen antebellum undisputed «the her named has Hamilton Van Veer der (9), Virginia doyenne» while social «Mobile’s undisputed as her to referred has Hutto like Newport and Saratoga Springs to socialize with northern friends northern with to socialize Springs Saratoga and Newport like to Washington’s save George funds resorts raised home,which summer visited and of Mount the she Vernon went to activities join the in to Virginia Association, Ladies’ on, 1850s, Later the debates. in to congressional to DC Washington listen in stayed and Louis she woman, ayoung Saint visited either or abroad. to As other states ing, even international scale during the decades preceding the Civil War Civil the preceding decades the during scale international even imprint and on national, adiscernible aregional, left that networks of cross-cultural builder adedicated as but hostess also reputation acultivated not only as traordinary and, what was worse, she was in a state of astate penury. in worse, she Away was was what from Mobile, Vertand, Le lived her mother, father, (who husband 1861, and in died 1863 1864, and respectively), ended, lost she had conflict her spy. aYankee of being sectional the accused When of her fellow southerners, who mistrust the aroused Vert’sLe allegiances unionist of institution supported slavery. the nor secession wholeheartedly Moreover,in believe not did fully they nurses, Confederacy as served dutifully herand daughters However, socialite. Even she War life. her though Civil comfortable shattered the of Travel Souvenirs for writing necessary capital cultural and anecdotes the her from providing with Apart press. 1853, in first the followed 1855, in by another local by the publicized duly both other to members Europe, trips of southern many elite, the extended she made like Le Vert’sLe not did prevent engagements her Mobilian from frequently travel 5 4 3

One commentator on the social scene in the summer resort of Saratoga once described described once of Saratoga resort summer the in scene social on the One commentator Vert’s Le be may Mobile home in Madame to of aforeigner’s visit account A detailed J. Richard received. Vert has Le appellations only not the are «Countess» and «Madame» , these trips would increase her fame as a cosmopolitan a cosmopolitan as her fame would trips increase , these 3 , earned herself an ex an herself , earned 4 . 5 . Moreover, - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 97 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 98 her to position purely honorary, be not provided appeared she even was with as Exposition’s commissioner. Vert only female Le herself, however, that noted wryly the she was but because charms ofmuch her notice, not legendary only because Vert’s Le that observe Frear Sara appointment and Doss Amos «attracted E. Harriet appointed state’s Paris. had the in her Universelle as Exposition to commissioner the for Governor France, the of Alabama Germany, Italy, finally towards and Austria, proceeded a monththey nearly Spain, in After to Cadiz. thence and to Havana, company of Orleans from her New traveled the her and daughter.in husband They journey Columbus’s She second Genoa. transatlantic the in undertook birthplace her and stop Disraeli, at by Benjamin to a speech to listen opportunity the she had House avisit to of the where Commons, of Rutland, Duke the with her meeting given by Victoria, Queen tour were aball first of this Italy. and land, Highlights Germany, Switzer Luxembourg, to France, proceeded of Britain parts different York from New traveled slave visiting Betsy. They servant after the to Liverpool, and «Diddie»), as family the and in (known Octavia company of her daughter husband, (8) (10) Claudia Sally and daughters and 1849. in tour she enjoyed the first the In of to overcome asort therapy as of loss the her brother writing and travel European sent home to her mother. chiefly Vert letters and entries Le of used a journal series Tours Grand European journey, the ish 1853 in made narrates 1855 and through native Georgia to her returned York New Washington, and in DC she years for finally afew until (quoted in Forrest, 26). (quoted Forrest, in souvenirs world afew the to giving in leisure employ your and said, I have what Madame, not you remember will home, at more quietly once over, are you are and tour of your excitements «When the following: the He added journeys. of European her descriptions with nation» of [her] hearts the pleasure with «fill to her admonishing «improvisatrice», atrue her he called that 5(1875):March 1. Vert», Gazette Alexandria Le dame pelled her to record her travel impressions, even suggesting the title of book title the the her topelled record her impressions, suggesting even travel who com Pope French Napoleon the and Browning, writer Lamartine, Pius III IX, Robert and Elizabeth to Victoria, poets Queen meet the opportunity the she had Europe, in W. correspondents.Henry Likewise, her among literary Longfellow counted and Poe Irving Washington and Allan Edgar visited She also C. Calhoun. Webster, Senators Daniel and Fillmore President Clay, Millard Henry John and with friendship aclose President visited established and Jackson Lafayette, General United whom the she In corresponded. with she met often States, politicians and War of the venirs Sou and People of Distinguished Souvenirs more books, wrote two and by lecturing to support herself projects. She struggled cultural diverse in herself to engage cease Throughout her life, Le Vert made the acquaintance of prestigious litterati litterati of prestigious Vert Le acquaintance herThroughout the life, made 7 6 Souvenirs of Travel Souvenirs two-volume travelogue The

While in Paris, Le Vert told Lamartine a travel anecdote with such accuracy and passion passion and accuracy such with anecdote atravel Vert told Le Lamartine Paris, in While «Ma in found be may of life end her the at endured she hardships on the Information 6 . In spite of financial strictures, during this late period she not late period did this during strictures, spite. In of financial , which went, which unpublished. Port Tobacco Vert», Port Times Le 6(1875): April «Madame in and 4, , comprising Le Vert’s Le , comprising Span of your European life?» life?» European of your 7 . - - - - - , Travel», Brownson’s Quarterly Review 1857):(Jan.-July 317-318; of Travel», The Critic «Souvenirs 85 1857): (Oct. 573-574; of Travel», «Souvenirs of Travel», Enquirer Richmond Crescent 14 Daily (1857): Vert’s Le Orleans New Book», «Madame 2; Literary Gazette of Travel», Irish The Vert’s of Le «Souvenirs book: impact the show reviews 186-192. following The both at homeboth abroad and Vert’s Le soon praised anumber work, did of periodicals Washington as Irving– and W. Henry Buchanan, Longfellow James Fillmore, Millard Parker Willis, Nathaniel supplied» (quoted Booth, 2010: Edwin Baker in –including 6). Notable Americans be whowhen have not those acopy of present able can been the to issue, obtain or weeks, four three &Co. in published be S.H. Goetzel by Messrs. onenew will a and exhausted, already copies is thousand edition of five first the that fact by the held ‘Souvenirs’ evidenced appreciation is are the «the which in that other things, spoke of it positive on in terms 23 Septemberfor 1857, instance, among stating, (6). upof boxes Mobile of the books docks» Mobile city BayThe to the Daily Register progress 1857 the traced for notices celebration Mobile newspaper in acause as was «[t]he that of Travel observes of Souvenirs Baker mid-September in arrival Cathleen out 1857, in editions Mobile in York. New and further led to two Anotable success visitors. of many admiration the her book how in travel her country, splendidly represented, asserts earned fidently she con (2018: to display» cotton seeds notwithstanding, n. p.). difficulties These opened a commercial branch in New York, which gave greater visibility to the book. the to visibility greater gave York, New in which branch acommercial opened recently had Mobile, in office chief his 1952: with (quoted Delaney 87). Goetzel, in receipts» on the you 10 pay cent per and himself, upon risk the all take publisher, your become gladly he will that say W.J.V. publisher, my to me to own matter the authorizes who submitted Ihave Redfield, circulation. large you giving for mechanics the all with publishers, professed are they There, or Philadelphia. York, New in Boston either it issued get to you counsel to earnestly most leave Ibeg publisher, local any to committed deeply not too are you If performance. of your success the impair and claims your prejudice seriously will my to experience, according This, Mobile. in publish to you propose that surprise great with learn «I publisher: northern a reputable but with Mobile not in publish to her Vert counseling Le Madame to aletter written had Simms Gilmore 1856, November 24 William of of Souvenirs Travel of publication place The (1866) respectively. equation that Philip Beidler describes as the debut the author right of at the as female «a describes Beidler Philip equation that attributable to be an survey. However, also may social and its success timentality sen characters, and description, blend manners of landscape included usual the (1842) Stowe´s Beecher or Harriet (1854), Lands of Foreign Memories Sunny which Lydia Huntley Sigourney’s like of Lands Memories Pleasant Pleasant books travel 1979: 63). (Williams southern states and northern the in both feminine, mostly of readers, to a broad celebrities range appealed European with meetings and came of Travel Souvenirs publisher S.H. German-born Goetzel, by came the Issued 8 9 Souvenirs of Travel Souvenirs general, In followed conventions the of other women´s

For individual responses to Le Vert’s book, mostly recorded in letters, see Satterfield 1987: Satterfield see letters, in Vert’s recorded Le to mostly book, responses For individual These editions came out in New York, issued by Derby & Jackson (1859) &Jackson byDerby York, New out Carleton in issued and came editions These , Oct. 24 (1857): 24 , Oct. Nashville Daily Book», Patriot 193-194; New Levert’s «Madame 9 . Le Vert’s descriptions of fancy-dress balls, royal audiences, audiences, Vert’s royal . Le balls, descriptions of fancy-dress , Sept. 15, Sept. (1857): of Travel», North 1; American «Souvenirs Review 8 (Oct. 1857): 8(Oct. 528-542. Southern LiterarySouthern Messenger , Oct. 15, Oct. (1857): of 471-473; «Souvenirs became a matter for concern. On On concern. for amatter became , Sept. 21, Sept. (1857): «Souvenirs 2; 24, New Series vol. 3 vol. Series New 24, , Oct. , Oct. 8 - - , .

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 99 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 100 that leads Le Vert to exclaim, «in no part of the world are strangers more kindly more kindly of world the Vert strangers no «in are Le part leads to exclaim, that by crowd, amotley acircumstance of Seville docks welcomed the in were warmly 330). (I: banks» sterile They flat, between lazily moving muddy stream, a «dark, as they 326, (I: of 329). houses or the flat-roofs on flower-laden balconies the 7, On March or Alameda of women local the in socialization the through Spain in constructed itwere, of identities but how provided were above feminine glimpse aquick all market and Vert streets, of its how port, only Le experience gave busy afirst-hand el Católico Fernando on steamer the to Cadiz from Havana voyaged They northerners. mostly travelers, by other American well-to-do earlier trodden itineraries traditional the who followed Verts, of Le genuine the Americans, southerners loyal true yet is This 2003: 584). (Kilbride other, America» with «identification contributing to their on the while, aristocracy» to of arepublicanized belonging «sense their increased on one the hand, that, activity acultural in southern genteel to travelers engage allowing views, tour favoredatmosphere suspension of the factional of European the relaxed abroad. The differences of sectional erasure enabled the that scious fulcrum Tour Grand for southern the elites the More of asort class-con specifically, became (Stowe over 1994: century the observed members class of 19).many her wealthy America. antebellum in on Spain narratives travel female one Vert providing statement, of first with Le credited the of this was (1857: considerable material» of amount avery entirely fresh contain 574). view In cities her on Spanish chapters the that so elsewhere, than rivals and predecessors Review it to (1857: criticize efforts British against 535, 538). American North the Likewise, of Spaniards the defense celebrated her onwere Spain, courageous Cuba those and Vert’s of portions Le most interesting the that book acknowledging for instance, Brownson’s pro-Catholic The on her Spain. focus here– relevant Quarterly Review particularly is this –and highlighted also her book, but they on other occasions about noticed most reviewers that some are of aspects the celebrity-ladenthe pages and minor, editors as style by conversational its The male off gossipy literature. private the sphere, Vert’s in Le bracketed its origins with immediately appears text viii-ix). (I: other words, In mind» and heart in home back American came and lineage, to her republican true staunchly ever despite «was Europe, her sojourns in extended author, the that of asort disclaimer, for as publication», add, immediately but they designed volumes were of not these originally materials of «the authorship» and Vert Le aver not that laurels «does They to the aspire Americanness. its steadfast and value its educational stress but they letters, on other hand, loose collection the a as cohesion described of internal her the text, by belittling fame to literary claim Vert’ssubject to. Le book’s The (male) editors, on onediminish the hand, potential women’s constraints were critical writings the travel on, manifests Preface the Early (57). discourse» political involved sectional actively in figures to male attached hostilities of political taint from the thereby distanced and audience to anational writing of interests aSouthern obviously woman cosmopolitan time, right at the place

departed on board a small steamer sailing up the Guadalquivir, a river described a river described up Guadalquivir, the sailing steamer a on small board departed recognized: «in Spain [Le Vert] [Le fewer Spain «in she on aground has occupies which recognized: Le Vert’s trip to Spain constituted part of the «secular» ritual of travel that of that travel ritual Vert’sLe of «secular» the part constituted to trip Spain , a crossing that took eighteen days. Their three-day sojourn in Cadiz not sojourn Cadiz in three-day Their took days. eighteen that , acrossing - , Madame Le Vert, resorting to Gothic imagery, pours forth the following reflections: following the forth pours imagery, to Vert, Gothic Le resorting Madame situation 4). (I: due proves crumbling» to its and city «mouldering disappointing Andalusian at the However, of ancient the caliphate. capital entering the arrival the of Cordova of Florian’s true is This occur. Gonzalve occasionally but other texts authors and Vert’sByron’s Le in country, linger the often across verses she travels as Spanish mind in the days of my youth that I feel as tho I met again dear friends» (quoted in Satterfield 1987: 100). (quoted Satterfield in friends» dear again Imet tho as Ifeel that of my youth days the in Poets, old Spanish the with hours, many so spent Ihave me. interested much has which Literature’, Spanish now ‘Ticknor’s reading am «I confesses, journey, she Spanish her to prior Longfellow, to letter Don Quixote Cervantes’s (including of Travel Souvenirs in hence number of the places to show expertise, wished their usually writers territory.masculinized envelope the alargely of in pushing necessary– –if traveler capable woman a fearless of Vert, image for the to Le build herself travelers. seems short, by in male written books the in uttered to those similar reflections insightful and of reveries scenario ideal traveler the woman for «solitary» the becomes of romantic Spain vastness the 3). of (II: snow» passages, such In asprinkling covered with though as moonlight the in «seeming romantic diction, she silently contemplates white plains, great, the to enjoy of solitude».awake bliss Wordsworth what termed «the had With typical to remain she chooses coach, the sleep in her family– own –including passengers to one be the of appears moments, such to Madrid journey all for while nocturnal The circumstances. solo challenging in even of capable traveling women also are that audience the remind pronoun (singular) first-person the to indirectly using notes, (1995: Schriber S. of Mary women’s as in consists, xxix), that writing travel convention rhetorical However, to asignificant author the now resorts then and of second person pronoun. the (plural) narrative the in use hence constant the adventure, woman’s afamily represented as times asolitary itbeing at trek, all is from conduct: norms far of from the female whatsoever involve transgression any journey, The not Écija. chaperoned, did and and safe Carmona, Mairena, through it more made the life, pitiful. their cheering from them, far with carried they number of children large the that adding notices, 344), (I: she fed» ill though look,her as sympathy. unhealthy «They apallid, had Fabrica de Tabacos, conditions of poor women working the the stirred labourers the in 344). (I: Likewise, bronze color the of and Indians» our olive of Spaniard the her, «rich brown hue captivated light», their did of the complexion, as just between their in metallic and «glittering of gipsies, the Triana, eyes In the places. to nearby by going and de Pilatos– Casa the Alcazar, the cathedral, –the sights customary the 333). (I: Spain» in visiting than Vertstreated Le The Seville employed in days their Languages and literatures constituted other areas upon women which travel other areas constituted literatures and Languages 10, Verts en route on for March Le outThe Madrid set acoach passing in 10 that appear to be connected to literary and romantic associations and to literary to connected be appear that

Le Vert, proficient in the language, also possessed a good command of Spanish literature literature of Spanish command a good possessed also language, the in Vert, proficient Le , one of her youthful, romantic readings, which she conjures which up before , one romantic readings, of her youthful, ) and foreign authors who had written on Spanish themes. In a In themes. on Spanish written had who authors foreign ) and 10 . Lord . Lord

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 101 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 102 (II: 24). The Le Verts also entertained themselves with some of the pastimes the the some with of pastimes the themselves 24).(II: entertained Verts Le The also respect» it interest, commands while awakens which about name the aspell There is American! to Vert an be Le It compels «Oh! a glorious thing is that to observe, a fact of United the States, citizens as praise great received and informed», well exceedingly and conversation, in intellectual, found whom «charming they politicians, local with met they On other occasions, Park Retiro. of the Library, El and National the Naval, Museo Armory, the Royal Prado the to Museum, the visits entailed genteel tourists 17-18). (II: came» from whence they provinces different routine of these daily The of the queer costumes quaint, in for nurses «by their cared were being children and fans their where Europe, in women were paseos» fluttering of most pleasant the War.of Prado, the «one true is of Crimean the same news The daily the discussed vendors people lottery and who with it was as Sol, del thronged Puerta the with 15). (II: bed» excellent of an surprised Vert Le pleasantly luxury was «the Madame enjoy and days» four in time first «for the clothes change could where they Madrid, underdeveloped foreign of country. an landscapes and peoples the traveler romanticizing American genteel affluent position, of is, an that of her contradictions ideological the Vert inscribing Le her in journal, was about Spain impressions» (13). and my thoughts out all pouring friend, true and good By writing to a as journal, the in Ihave forgetfulness sought anxiety, and of weariness times all journey. days’ of events Irecorded three our the In uponmy whose pages journal, Vert Le enjoys sits and train, the amoment of «I found introspection: consolation in of station Tembleque. enter and railway the coach the off for get they waiting There, 13). (II: starvation» when ends traveler’s The ofstate actual scripted solitude finally a in who were «seemingly peasants» «wretched with more country» miserable still «a across were traveling they that reveals when daylight realities way to give harsh tually even Granada, in olda conversation monk an met who Washington Irving had with up broken to strike briefly exploits. Her his and romantic abstractions, Don Quixote of figure the now then and every of solitude, evoking images again she recalls which in journey nocturnal another in Mancha of La landscape phantasmagoric nearly the Sierra Morena the crossed and they of journey. the that stage next She the in explains here, however, solitude atmosphereromantic and loss.The constructed of ruin remains aheightened of sense with of Spain, past ametaphor for as imperial the stand well A long intermitent journey by train finally left the Le Verts at midnight in Verts in Le the at midnight left A long finally intermitent by journey train may which passage, of «ubi this topic the sunt» echoes charge dismal The 8). (II: city tomb-like the from away us take should which diligence of the approach the welcomed we gladly and of Cordova, attributes peculiar now the are starvation, and gloom, Silence, of looms Brussels. the woven in lace richest the resembled they delicately, so carved of marble, arches its world, and of the mosaic gorgeous most the noble its with mosque, chivalry– –its literature its baths– and gardens, its palaces, its –for houses private thousand hundred for ten its famed so City», «Beautiful the once was this And breeze. the in mournfully waving long vines, down hung tops of houses the from it; touched and a foot since passed had months though as growing, grass the we found streets, the along Walking departed. of the ghosts into creatures spectral and pale the to convert it require did of imagination effort little and grave-yard, of a deserted desolation and gloom itabout the was There - soon captivated her: soon captivated thoroughfare, city’s the main of Rambla, the activity The entered Barcelona. family her she and Spain, in arrival their after weeks Finally, 23, three nearly on March 51). (II: Pilar of El Virgin before the place take annually that festivities religious great to the by for alluding Catholicism her fascination displays she once again of her fond of because Byron’s remembrances city There from Zaragoza». «Maid a cherished Zaragoza, finally and Alhama Guadalajara, towards de Henares Alcalá Spain. writer in for travel the ceremonies carried and images women’s antebellum iconic Catholic the power that Vert Le manifests fiction, strongly of typical scenes sentimental and 18). tearful the with discourses religious Blending (II: daughter of her resembles that deceased face Mary’s because her shed tears makes that of Virgin» the of «Assumption the Vert for before hours Le apainting stands Madrid’s Prado Museum in 342-343). (I: Likewise, heart» most stoical «the mollify to capacity the but also «purity, sweetness» not and holiness, Virgin only commands Murillo’s that depiction of later talent», proclaiming the wonderful worship his could where I shrine, «a as canvasses his she room to refers the with Museum Seville’s Art In holy messages. whom apainter-messengerrillo, presents she as nearly transmitting probably her intense being devotion to Mu instance most remarkable the occasions, on several pageantry and of art Catholic aesthetics to the attraction this expresses 8). (2006: Vert’s Le paintings» and for numerous tales narrative settings popular as served cathedrals and chapels, monasteries, worship, nunneries, Catholic as Roman for fascination «developed adeeply mixed paradoxically Protestants American years of nation. However, the of disintegration foreigners on religious the those during by xenophobic fueled about impact the by mid-century, partly fears peaked Catholics toward of Protestants animosity the shown that has Smith K. Ryan proved difficult. sometimes coexistence religious cities many in and No sway author ignore their could (1994: America» force antebellum in political and xviii). rhetorical a powerful tioned as travelers. of other contemporary discourse into anti-Catholic the falling never tolerance, religious manifests invariably her aProtestant, narrative Although 39). worship» of Catholic (II: the sublime grandeur the realize fully before Iso did Vert: Le never my holy impressed soul, and and «Deep emotions possessed services of religious the where pomp circumstance the and Escorial, del Lorenzo to San trip atwo-day made II’s also Isabella of Queen They uncle. Don Carlos, death the Teatroat the women to lament were mourning society in de the Oriente, where all of Lucia aperformance attended di Lamermoor they For instance, afforded. capital Madame Le Vert resumed their trip on March 19, Vert on trip March Le their resumed through Madame proceeding «func Catholicism for against and attitudes Jenny observed, FranchotAs has appear exceedingly proud (II: 57). proud (II: exceedingly appear they of which appellation –an «Yankees of the Spain» called are peculiarities, money-keeping and money-making their from industry, and energy their from people of Cataluña, The harbor. the fill lands distant from of ships hundreds and king», is «commerce Europe, of Northern cities great the in Here, too, as dalucia. An of charming attitudes niente far dolce and faces smiling the dolonger we see no and occupied, seems Everyone of inhabitants. its activity and vitality strong York, of New the one from vastly reminding place, abusy, is bustling Barcelona - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 103 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 104 plexion, with light hair and blue eyes. They speak a speak blue They and eyes. hair plexion, light with com of fair being other Spaniards, the with contrast strong in are and Goths, the of descendants «The the are inhabitants when Catalans: it the to comes describing terminology She 46-47). employs (II: intercourse» asimilar social any them with or hold Spaniards, the with never intermarry They supposed to Mohammedans. be are they religion In Ocean. Northern the along of tribes the that as harsh own, as of their have alanguage They Indians. our like about very them characteristics many Vert, to Le «[t]here According other Spaniards». the from all were appearance in entirely different who «are supposed to Moorish Goths» be and to Spain, peculiar tos more. but afew One otherness, are her there is depiction of maraga racial the with author’s the illustrates fascination best that passage mentioned the is perhaps earlier description The of of gipsies issue. the Triana an was race which in from astate by penned asouthern woman being text, prominence the in achieve also difference or cultural of racial portraits vein,enjoyed several same the In tourist’s by the gaze. manolas up like women or Madrid dressed the balconies flower-decked on their Gaditanas Or of her women, sketches the whether landscape. desolate asometimes in woman independent of an traveling that as her lady-like image own rewrites herself like scripted moments achaperoned southern belle which to, of solitude during alluded the Take, Spanish. for instance, of things romantic image astereotyped, to build her allow but genre travel also the with not only her demonstrate that familiarity mentioned As anumber conventions earlier, of rhetorical she accounts. uses travel women’s prominence nineteenth-century in acquired that genderthe concerns raised. it initially had that romantic expectations the fulfilled concluded, 62). having (II: southern finally The belle’s had Spain across journey agreeable» of unique and character, noble romantic chivalry —a and captivating about its people, extremely kindness genial and awarm There is my in heart. regret point upon with «I on looked road: Spain, my the highest last the she reaches as motion, LeVert compels of journey, transitional the its symbolic, with to confess, 61).(II: of French stage the closeness The borderexcitement the and of liminal the where place, crowds of soldiers vagrant-looking were assembled» wild, «a Figueras, reached they day following The overnight. stayed Girona, where they towards trip to continue their took adiligence ended, they line where railway the Mataró, In where 60). visible» plenty where (II: were and «prosperity every scenery a coastal crossing to Mataró, by traveled train later they days three bound for Marseilles, Barbiere di Sevilla di Barbiere Teatro Passionopened other Rossini’s Gran the play and one Liceo, del aCatalan recently at the she two saw not could missed: be performances to attend theatrical herself, opportunity the like Naturally, for asocialite mantillas. Spanish famous out women by the who carried labor weave the meticulous the borhoods but also in it» (II: 58). These examples of otherness, with their implied romantic exoticism their 58). it» (II: with in of otherness, examples These traced be can Castilian Not asound of noble the flowing and language. disagreeable , an isolated community from León, who she characterizes as «a type of people type «a as who from León, she characterizes community isolated , an , which convert the Spanish female into exotic, aestheticized subjects to subjects be into aestheticized exotic, female Spanish convert the , which The representation of Spain in Madame Le Vert’s Le representation of Madame The in many of Spain embeds text Le Vert’sLe neig many not in records of presence only the factories narrative . As strong winds prevented them from embarking on a steamer on asteamer prevented from embarking them winds strong . As patois styled styled Catalan , a harsh , a harsh - - - remarks that one may see «the tomb one «the see of may that Colon, Fernando son the ofremarks Columbus» 331). (I: discoverer» of great the plans the Vert Le forwarded Seville’s In cathedral, thus prior, and kind from the derer, Isabella, who interceded with charity received wan convent and the Tinto, outcast whereRio an upon stands Columbus, which mouth the of the «passed author they the notes that its Guadalquivir, way up the Vert’s Le plods in veneration steamboat the occur of this As examples travelogue. Several of Americas. the history to early some to related the of sights the pilgrimage complete not could altogether be without to Spain a journey secular asomewhat republic Worldof New accordingly, the and, of American the afather but as nearly discoverer Christopher not the Columbus only as regarded period antebellum the of travelers and historians American of Many Travelvenirs myth. Columbian the is of issues. gender, both stamp the collapsing thus bear chosen 49). (II: of Aragon incidents Interestingly, or episodes anumber of historical the 11), (II: Mancha La Dupont Soult through Generals and of Augustina or story the 8-9), (II: of of Bailén bloody battle to the the references marches her with account War. Peninsular by the wrought She peppers of destruction attention to instances she calls other 4-5).sections in (II: accomplishments his role, Likewise, listing ical 339-340). (I: Padilla on, Later about Cordova, she in histor Abderahman’s writes de Maria and Peter of Blanche Cruel, Castile, the between mentions triangle the she for provide instance, that amiddle-brow veneer to Seville, her In book. milieux and episodes, characters, to Vert historical Le passing Spain. in refers of imperial decline the about and fate the discourses volumes the into American inserts themes by historical men, written of but Spanish its texts circulation travel contemporary Travel or (21). criticism» either in analysis therefore is lacking and Admittedly, spiels the of repeat cicerones, and books guide copy European more little than does W. James «she like of critics that observations Patton, who maintains disparaging the of quite Travel present Souvenirs also throughout is howmatter superficial– to. But her importance love –no not did travelers of attach history male that of Spain Vert’s on domestic Le aspects emerge in private focuses she issues often as narrative to «private» women’s allusions with of history (1995:importance issues The 5-6). over it by women blended taken «public» because the one of areas was the writing– travel add also we might –and writing history that observed has Nina Baym use. civic put information to historical and of of doing depended so display cultural on their oneways best of fellow citizens, their their influence public voice ideologically and Vert women Le abroad. If to have like a wanted middle-class American rising the of hegemonic follows the agenda a«southern belle» as construction sions her social fit into the linguistic and religious paradigm of mainstream Spain. of mainstream paradigm religious and into linguistic the fit not did that one discrepancies «romantic» from the day expected be naturally could fate or same removal, the assimilation gradual their honorable been and had culture, at home, spite in Indians charming of their of «harsh» plight the the if to imply that Vert Le troubling. seems seems conceal they erroneous that notions, subtext the yet disseminate may that stereotypes on alluring based are difference, linguistic and has its share of borrowed information and regurgitated facts, like many other many like facts, of regurgitated borrowed and its information share has One of the most recurrent historical themes in the Spanish chapters of chapters Sou Spanish the in themes One historical of most recurrent the The narratorial voice in narratorial The Souvenirs of Travel occa on many Souvenirs shows that also Souvenirs of Souvenirs , despite, - - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 105 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 95-109 106 Madrid, her gaze compassionately focuses on who touches apoor girl her compassionately heart: focuses her gaze Madrid, in 347). (I: no hands had Likewise, and maimed been who had of beggar ablack to her story the reader’s she appeals by telling sympathy for instance, Seville, In women’s of antebellum aspect important of this literature. influence the bears Spain Vert’s Le women’s years. antebellum the American during representation of writing rhetoric widespread the of and characterized sentiment that reform impetus the in figured also forms other art and lithographies ofnovels, conduct, books popular (6). Travel boundaries» gender, across class connections and books, race, effect that identification and of models affect discursive within of set actions «a comprises but genre, rather of not sentiment» does belong literary to asingle aesthetics «the (4).form of response» emotional termed be may critic what other words, In for this to evoke acertain designed practices of set cultural «a it and entails culture» ican Amer of nineteenth-century heart at the «literally lies sentimentality that argues United conditions Samuels the Shirley in superior States. the of value social erating reit reader’s to the whilst of sympathy appealing her strategy exemplifies effectively or women, children, beggars, involving those particularly episodes, on sentimental here sentimentality. is Her focus to discussed be deserves sentation that of Spain pride. of asource national sphere as feminine to used be the appropriated into equally be could of admiral the her figure words the show that sphere, masculine to the exclusively circumscribed affair an was myth Columbian foundational the 336). (I: wisdom» submission that tofect from his implying Far per and of God, goodness the in trust abiding and deep «the evidences above all forcefulness, and blending sadness that, ahandwriting Library, where she detects Cathedral at the letters somehowever, of admiral’s the to examine her is opportunity 335). by (I: Columbus» program, Columbian from America of this highlight The gold brought first the with made cross «the saw they that she affirms likewise, and, townspeople and their blessings towards the genteel foreigners sadden her, making genteel the foreigners her, sadden towards blessings townspeople their making and crowd of rising The poverty-stricken abox of poor with decide crackers. the to feed of they coppers, handful last away given their Verts already Le charity, the had but as for ask agroup of beggars Barcelona, near Igualada, In tourists. generous American women, implied to superiority most of often the subjects, the contrast in Spanish of the deployed marginality rationale the the revolves around cases, of these all In 38). (II: limbs» trembling and eyes staring their in written it was starvation; their of look. It story worn sad no needed they the and words Howto tell wasted beings! «Miserable them: who assailed acrowd diction, she of describes beggars sentimental on a drawing also Escorial, El other but epidodes. scene many Near in tearful this in Finally, other major convention the rhetorical Vert’s present Le in repre Le Vert’s notLe only manifest itself rhetoric makes of benevolence kindness and 31-32). or (II: mother father either had never had they that and herself, than younger a sister and brothers two had and lame, she told me she was her of her situation, her some money, Giving asking you!» repay and will –God charity alittle Señorita, «Ah! said, atlast tender eyes, her large, to me with pealing ap and her hands, in my dress old, caught years nine about girl, Yesterday a little - - - - - the United States and their own gender. own United their the and States on reflections into and disquisitions on foreign lands writing too converted travel representation the They of Spain. women tackled American which with impetus conventions, rhetorical and proved the strategies multiple narrative through that, atradition within text anecessary to recovered be as 26).(II: Her book deserves word, action» or a rude uncivil seen an where have never heard «we associations historical and of literary full place a safe is, legends», that of beautiful and romance 25) of (II: land to «the refers it and as character» of Spanish the chivalry and loyalty «the She praises its citizens. and of country apositive the view maintains also yet traveler abroad, superiority of American the the Vert Le assumes Spain, invariably republic. of their In values moral tothe there consolidate gained capital cultural of Old the World, the using treasures ultimately and artistic the seeing Atlantic, women the by empower crossing she that could demonstrated is, themselves That buildings. mentioned of national as preservation the earlier, in she collaborated protofeminist clubs («Sorosis»)of country’s earliest the York, New in likewise, and by one organized some herself, in for of activities the example, She engaged issues. home on but to rest her to laurels cleverly promote women’s both national and issues not land to back go amasculinized in her experiences travel travel, used European of polish the with socialite asophisticated awell-bred as southern belle, as to shine of (1995: politics gender» the amajorembed agenda: Vert, raised Le xxx). though to which within of astructure gender, book as travel the narratives and using lives of their narratives into gynocentric androcentric, of travel, traditionally «narratives apropos of observed women’s women has that transformed is, that writing, travel is all but banned. all is of where slavery, issue the atext Vert’s of major Le within in concern place state, takes domestic foreign, to the the paradoxically comparing by negatively enacted sometimes values, of co-option However, nationalist counts. feminine many this pity on represented book deserved the other countries in and heroic Spain an past, spite of in intendedevent, ideathat, of appeal the revolved the the subtext around Verts whom any shoulders. Le In with the rubbed upper-class citizens and middle- of prosperity to some the struggled Spaniards certain under which hardships the or parlors, compare American pristine their and settings ofsqualor some Spanish the between existing gap wide the Vert’s imagine Le could female– –mostly readers lines, the between nation. Reading and class, on race, views middle-class vailing to pre to linked be Vert appears Le pitiful, to represent as subjects some Spanish to. ones alluded just the like episodes and discourses on sentimental by drawing fellow citizens their to sought influence and women apublic literature, travel desired voice masculine found in concerns similar aside leaving that, demonstrate is 55). (II: other examples and these country» What happy own our in this like We «Thank never behold God! her misery exclaim, can Souvenirs of Travel Souvenirs in narrated journey The In Souvenirs of TravelSouvenirs appropriate rhetoric the of for sentiment, especially Recibido : julio de 2018; de : julio aceptado demonstrates what Mary Schriber Schriber Mary what demonstrates : octubre de 2018. de : octubre -

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