(Zabrus Tenebrioides Goeze) ATTACK in SOUT

Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LX, 2017 ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785 Popov, 2002). In case of higher attack occurred environment. As result, neonicothinoids ACTUAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING PROTECTION OF THE WHEAT in autumn, wheat crops can be destroyed and insecticides remain available for seed CROPS AGAINST CEREAL GROUND BEETLE (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) farmers must sowing again (Popov, 1999 cited treatment, with effectiveness higher then 90 % by Rosca and Rada, 2009). Attack occurred in (Popov et al., 2010; Trotus et al., 2011). In a ATTACK IN SOUTH-EAST OF THE ROMANIA spring, after tillering stage of wheat, are less previous study, made in south of the Romania, harmful, generally one or two tillers are Popov et al. (2010) mentioned that, between 1 3,4 2 Emil GEORGESCU , Luxiţa RÎŞNOVEANU , Maria TOADER , destroyed by larva, but plants survive (Hulea et 2003 and 2007, the attack of Zabrus 2 1 1 Alina Maria IONESCU , Radu GĂRGĂRIȚĂ , Lidia CANĂ al., 1975; Popov et al., 1996). According Popov tenebrioides larva at wheat plants emerged et al. (2006), the late attack in spring, is less from untreated seeds ranged from 9,8 to 17,0 % 1 NARDI Fundulea, 1 Nicolae Titulescu, Fundulea, Calarasi County, 915200, Romania visible, because the plants have a high biomass, at NARDI Fundulea. Also, in same period, at 2 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Mărăşti Blvd., fact that camouflages the damage and ensures a ARDS Marculesti the attack ranged between District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania better survival of the attacked plants. Same 6,2 and 17,2 % while at ARDS Caracal the 3 ARDS Brăila, Viziru Street km 9, Brăila County, 818008, Romania author mentioned that high soil moisture and attack of larva, was 7,3 % in 2003 and 23 % in 4 „Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering and Agronomy, 29 Calarasi Street, moderate temperatures are favorable conditions 2004. Unpublished reports and some articles Brăila County, 810017, Romania for Zabrus tenebrioides larva development, as published in journals for farmers make in result attack of this pest at wheat crops can be evidence higher attack of Zabrus tenebrioides Corresponding author email: [email protected] high. Contrarily, in years with dry autumns, at wheat crops in last years (Georgescu, 2014; low humidity from soil represent unfavorable Georgescu et Risnoveanu, 2015). Possible Abstract conditions for larva development, as result the reasons for increasing of the cereal ground

Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) represents one of the most important pests of wheat crop, in south- attack occurs later, after the first rains, with no beetle attack is lack of seed treatment, because east of the Romania. Larva lives in soil and represents the most damaging stage of this pest. Higher attacks can occur obvious damages. Popov et Barbulescu (2007) of higher price of pesticides, wheat in case of wheat monoculture or plants emerged from untreated seeds. High soil moisture and moderate temperatures mentioned that in period 1950-1960, in south monoculture and climate changes are favorable conditions for Zabrus tenebrioides larva development and attack. In this paper, authors collective present and south-east of the Romania it was recorded (Kocmánková et al, 2010; Olesen et al., 2011; results concerning testing effectiveness of the seed treatment with both, low and high doses of imidacloprid and mixture high pest density, ranged from 75000 to Lup et al., 2013). After EU directive 485/2013, (imidacloprid+tebuconazole), in climatic conditions from south-east of the Romania, at NARDI Fundulea. Favorable conditions for pest attack it has registered in period October 2014-March 2015, when attacked plants percent at wheat 100000 larva/ha. In first half of XX century, in from 1 December 2013, the use of three active emerged from untreated seeds was 46.16% and October 2015-March 2016, when attacked plants percent at wheat some favorable years it has recorded more the ingredients for seed treatments of the spring emerged from untreated seeds was 32.89%. In last years, during autumn, periods with higher rainfall amount occurred 250000 ha with wheat destroyed by cereal corn crops and oilseed rape (imidacloprid, when wheat plants were in first vegetation stages, the most critical period of this crop for cereal ground beetle attack. beetle larva attack (Popov et al., 2010). Wheat clothianidin and thiamethoxam) were restricted In all of the years from this study, highest effectiveness in protection of wheat plants against attack of Zabrus monoculture favors Zabrus tenebrioides attack (Official Journal of the European Union, 2013). tenebrioides larva were provided by imidacloprid active ingredient, in dose of 0.88 and 1.66 l/t. Also, imidacloprid+tebuconazole active ingredients provide good protection for wheat crops against this pest. In case of and the increasing of pest density from one However, seed treatment for cereals sowed in different climatic conditions, registered in last years, seed treatment assign stable protection of wheat crop and year to another (Popov et al., 1983, 2004b). autumn is not affected by this directive. represent an effective method for control of Zabrus tenebrioides. However, only crop rotation is not enough for The aim of this study is testing effectiveness of wheat crop protection against cereal ground the seed treatment with both, low and high Key words: wheat, ground beetle, damage, control. beetle (Popov et al., 2008). Along the time, at doses of imidacloprid and mixture NARDI Fundulea (former ICCPT Fundulea) it imidacloprid+tebuconazole, to control Zabrus INTRODUCTION barley crops, especially in countries around has made several researches concerning tenebrioides attack in conditions of wheat Black Sea (Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, South chemical protection of the wheat crops against monoculture, in south-east of the Romania. With a surface higher then 2 million hectares, of Russia, Turkey) and Greece (Chenikalova et Zabrus tenebrioides attack (Popov et each year, wheat is the second crop cultivated al., 2009). Also, Zabrus tenebrioides is spread Barbulescu, 2007, Popov et al., 2010). First MATERIALS AND METHODS in Romania, after maize (MADR data, 2016). in several countries from Western Europe such product synthesized in Romania for seed Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides as: England, France, Germany, Italy (Bassett, treatment was FB 7 (Paulian et al., 1965). This The researches were carried out at experimental Goeze) represents one of the most important 1978; Kreuz et Engelhardt, 1991, Nicosia et al., product has two active ingredients, linden for field of the Plant Protection Collective, from pests of wheat crop, in south and south-east of 1996; Jullien, 1999) or Central Europe such as pest control and ethyl mercuric chloride for National Agricultural Research Development the country (Knechtel and Knechtel, 1909; Austria, Czech Republic or Slovakia (Cate, seed borne diseases. Popov (1985) mentioned Institute, Fundulea, Calarasi County, Romania Manolache et al., 1959, 1960; Paulian et al., 1980; Martinez and Pillon, 1993; Oezder and that seed treatment with FB7 was generalized (44° 30′ N, 24° 1′ E), starting from autumn of 1959; 1965; Hulea et al., 1975; Barbulescu et Kivan, 1998). Larva lives in soil and represents in Romania, in 8th decade of 20th century, the year 2013 until spring of the year 2016. The al., 1985, 1988, 1995, 2001; Popov, 1975, the most damaging stage of this pest, for wheat when more then 1 million hectares were sowing experiments were arranged after randomised 1985; Popov et al., 1996, 2004a). Also, this crops (Manolache et al., 1963; Hulea et al., with treated seeds. After ban of ethyl mercuric blocks designs. Each experimental variant have pest occurs in West Plane, Tarnava or Mures 1975; Kryazheva et al., 1989; Walczak, 2007). chloride active ingredient, product FB7 was four repetitions. Experimental plots have 10 m rivers valley (Rosca and Rada, 2009). Same In the climatic conditions of Romania, the replaced with Tirametox 90 PTS (Popov et al., length, 2 m width, as result plot surface was of authors mentioned that highest populations of attack of Zabrus tenebrioides larva is very 2007). After 2006, linden active ingredient was 20 m2. In all years of study, wheat was sowed this pest in Romania occur in Baragan Plane. In dangerous in autumn, when plants are in first banned, because of higher toxicity for in monoculture system, at the middle of the Europe this pest produce damage at wheat and vegetation stages (Manolache et al., 1963; 256

Popov, 2002). In case of higher attack occurred environment. As result, neonicothinoids ACTUAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING PROTECTION OF THE WHEAT in autumn, wheat crops can be destroyed and insecticides remain available for seed CROPS AGAINST CEREAL GROUND BEETLE (Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze) farmers must sowing again (Popov, 1999 cited treatment, with effectiveness higher then 90 % by Rosca and Rada, 2009). Attack occurred in (Popov et al., 2010; Trotus et al., 2011). In a ATTACK IN SOUTH-EAST OF THE ROMANIA spring, after tillering stage of wheat, are less previous study, made in south of the Romania, harmful, generally one or two tillers are Popov et al. (2010) mentioned that, between 1 3,4 2 Emil GEORGESCU , Luxiţa RÎŞNOVEANU , Maria TOADER , destroyed by larva, but plants survive (Hulea et 2003 and 2007, the attack of Zabrus 2 1 1 Alina Maria IONESCU , Radu GĂRGĂRIȚĂ , Lidia CANĂ al., 1975; Popov et al., 1996). According Popov tenebrioides larva at wheat plants emerged et al. (2006), the late attack in spring, is less from untreated seeds ranged from 9,8 to 17,0 % 1 NARDI Fundulea, 1 Nicolae Titulescu, Fundulea, Calarasi County, 915200, Romania visible, because the plants have a high biomass, at NARDI Fundulea. Also, in same period, at 2 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Mărăşti Blvd., fact that camouflages the damage and ensures a ARDS Marculesti the attack ranged between District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania better survival of the attacked plants. Same 6,2 and 17,2 % while at ARDS Caracal the 3 ARDS Brăila, Viziru Street km 9, Brăila County, 818008, Romania author mentioned that high soil moisture and attack of larva, was 7,3 % in 2003 and 23 % in 4 „Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering and Agronomy, 29 Calarasi Street, moderate temperatures are favorable conditions 2004. Unpublished reports and some articles Brăila County, 810017, Romania for Zabrus tenebrioides larva development, as published in journals for farmers make in result attack of this pest at wheat crops can be evidence higher attack of Zabrus tenebrioides Corresponding author email: [email protected] high. Contrarily, in years with dry autumns, at wheat crops in last years (Georgescu, 2014; low humidity from soil represent unfavorable Georgescu et Risnoveanu, 2015). Possible Abstract conditions for larva development, as result the reasons for increasing of the cereal ground

October. It has tested four doses of amount of rainfalls were registered in plants in season 2014-2015 (I=43.16 %) and October and March it has registered 262,6 mm imidacloprid (600 g/l) active ingredient and November 2015 (Figure 2). season 2015-2016 (I= 32.89%). Also, in season of rains. Deeper analyze of meteorological data two doses of imidacloprid (233 2013-2014 (autumn of 2013-spring of 2014) it from NARDI Fundulea, make in evidence that g/l)+tebuconazole (13 g/l) mixture (Table 1). has ascertained that more then 20 % of the rainfalls amount from December 2014 was The assessments concerning the attack of plants from experimental variant without 119.4 mm comparative with multiyear average Zabrus tenebrioides it was made at the end of treated seeds were attacked. In last years, the for this month, of 44.1 mm. Highest amount of autumn (November) and beginning of spring attack of cereal ground beetle larva at untreated rainfalls amount registered in October, (March). At each plot, on 10 row meter chosen wheat plants, registered at NARDI Fundulea, November and December, 2014, determined randomly or in “stair” system, in central area of was highest then 10 years ago. high soil moisture, that represent favorable plot, it has assessed the number of emerged conditions for larva development. This is a plants and the number of damaged plants. The possible explication for high value of Zabrus attack of Zabrus tenebrioides is easy to tenebrioides attack at wheat untreated plants, recognize in the field, larva drag the plants in sowed in monoculture system. In last years, at soil and chewed them, finally from attacked NARDI Fundulea there was positive correlation wheat plants remains at the soil surface, main between rainfalls amount, registered from nervures like a hemp flock (Figure 1). At each Figure 1. Typically symptoms of Zabrus tenebrioides autumn (October) until beginning of the spring experimental variant it has calculated the larva attack, at wheat plants (ARDS Braila, 2015) (March) and attack of cereal ground beetle effectiveness of seed treatment, comparative larva at wheat untreated plants (Figure 5). with control (untreated) variant. In 2014, both in October and November, Table 1. Active ingredients used in the field rainfalls amount were higher then multiyear experiments concerning wheat seed treatment average, while in October 2013, rainfalls Figure 3. Temperatures registered in October and effectiveness against Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze amount were with 20,8 mm over multiyear November, at NARDI Fundulea, period 2013-2015 Dose average. Contrarily, in November 2013 it has Variant Active ingredient (kg/t) registered low rainfall amount, below multiyear A possible explication for this is because in last 1 control (untreated) — average. However, analyzing daily distributions years, during autumn, periods with higher 2 imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.58 of the rainfalls at NARDI Fundulea, it has rainfall amount occurred when wheat plants are 3 imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.70 ascertained that more then 80 % of the rainfalls in first vegetation stages, the most critical 4 imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.88 from October 2013 it has registered only in one period of this crop for Zabrus tenebrioides 5 imidacloprid (600 g/l) 1.66 day, at the first day of this month. After 1 Imidacloprid attack. Data from literature demonstrate that 6 2.00 (233 g/l)+tebunconazole (13 g/l) October 2013, until the end of autumn, it has attack of larva can continue during winter Figure 5. Relations between rainfalls amount and attack Imidacloprid 7 2.25 registered low rainfalls amount. However sol (233 g/l)+tebunconazole (13 g/l) season too, if temperature at soil surface is of Zabrus tenebrioides larva at untreated wheat plants moisture was high. higher then +3 °C, without snow (Manolache et (2013- 2016)

Meteorological data (average air temperatures al., 1963; Hulea et al., 1975; Bassett, 1978; Popov, 2002; Rosca et Rada, 2009). At low Long term studies on precipitations evolution and daily rainfalls) were provided by show a decreasing trend, in countries from meteorological station of NARDI Fundulea, temperatures and snowfall, the attack stops. Central and South-East Europe, including each year. From this study it has taken in Romania (Bozo, 2011). Same author mentioned considerations data from the beginning of that, sometime, increasing precipitations is October until end of March, that represent the visible as a shorter term tendency. This most critical period for attack of cereal ground situation occurred in last years, in autumn beetle larva at wheat crop. period, at NARDI Fundulea. According The data were statistical analyzed through the Gregory et al. (2009), many pests and diseases analysis of variance method by using of the can be favoured by climate changes. Same Microsoft Excel 2003 and ARM 8.5 software. Figure 2. Rainfalls amount registered in October and author mentioned that the interactions between November, at NARDI Fundulea, period 2013-2015 crops and pests are complex and poorly

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS understood in the context of new climatic Average air temperature was highest then conditions. Further study are necessary to multiyear average in November 2013 and Climatic conditions during this experiment Figure 4. Rainfalls amount registered in October and determinate influence of the climate changes November 2015 (Figure 3). In rest of the period were variable. Concerning rainfall amount, March, at NARDI Fundulea, period 2013-2016 from both, autumn and winter period, from autumn (years 2013-2015), deviations registered in October and November, period concerning attack of Zabrus tenebrioides at from multiyear average was low. that coincide with first vegetation stages of Total rainfall amount registered from October wheat plants, in south and south-east of the Data from table 2 show highest attack of wheat plants, data from the meteorological until March was highest in season 2014-2015 Romania. station of NARDI Fundulea show that highest Zabrus tenebrioides larva at wheat untreated (Figure 4). Also, in season 2015-2016, between 258

at variant treated with imidacloprid in dose of Figure 9. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides 0.70 l/t, the attack presented high values. Figure 8. Effectiveness of seed treatment Geoze) larva, at wheat crop (NARDI Fundulea, 2015) against Zabrus tenebrioides (2015-2016) Contrary, at highest dose of imidacloprid from this experience (1.66 l/ha), the attack of Zabrus tenebrioides was low (Figure 7). In case of high pest pressure from autumn period of 2014 and beginning of the spring 2015, imidacloprid active ingredient in dose of Figure 6. Effectiveness of seed treatment 1.66 l/t and both doses of mixture between against Zabrus tenebrioides (2013-2014) imidacloprid and tebunocazole, provide high effectiveness in protection of wheat plants, in In autumn of 2013 and beginning of the spring, first vegetation stages against Zabrus 2014, highest effectiveness in protection of tenebrioides larva attack. wheat plants, against cereal ground beetle larva

Analyzing data from Table 2, it can be attack was provided in case of both, highest (imidacloprid+tebuconazole), the attacked plants, from emergence until tillering stage ascertained that the attack of the Zabrus dose of imidacloprid and mixture between plants percent has low values (I = 0.82 % against attack of Zabrus tenebrioides larva. tenebrioides at treated variants was higher in imidacloprid and tebunconazole (E = 97.48 % respectively 0.40 %). case of lower dose of imidacloprid (0.58 l/t) in respectively 97.88 %). all studied years. Lowest percentage of attacked The differences between these variants and wheat plants, it has registered in case of higher control (untreated) variant were significant dose of imidacloprid used in this experiment (P<0.05). Also, high effectiveness it has (1.66 l/t), and mixture between imidacloprid registered in case of lower dose of mixture and tebuconazole. In all of these cases, the (imidacloprid+tebuconazole) used in this attack was below 1 %. experiment, and imidacloprid dose of 0.88 l/t (Figure 6). In season 2014-2015, at lowest dose of imidacloprid used in this experiment (0.58 l/t) the attacked wheat percent was 22.13 %. Also, at variant treated with imidacloprid in dose of Figure 9. Cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides 0.70 l/t, the attack presented high values. Figure 8. Effectiveness of seed treatment Geoze) larva, at wheat crop (NARDI Fundulea, 2015) against Zabrus tenebrioides (2015-2016) Contrary, at highest dose of imidacloprid from this experience (1.66 l/ha), the attack of Zabrus tenebrioides was low (Figure 7). In case of high pest pressure from autumn period of 2014 and beginning of the spring 2015, imidacloprid active ingredient in dose of Figure 6. Effectiveness of seed treatment 1.66 l/t and both doses of mixture between against Zabrus tenebrioides (2013-2014) imidacloprid and tebunocazole, provide high effectiveness in protection of wheat plants, in In autumn of 2013 and beginning of the spring, first vegetation stages against Zabrus 2014, highest effectiveness in protection of tenebrioides larva attack. wheat plants, against cereal ground beetle larva

Figure 7. Effectiveness of seed treatment Table 2. Attack frequency (%) of Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze, at wheat plants, against Zabrus tenebrioides (2014-2015) in experimental field of Plant Protection Collective, NARDI Fundulea (2013-2016) Figure 10. Attack of cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides Geoze) larva, at wheat untreated crop, Dose Attacked plants percent (%) In autumn of the 2015 and beginning of the Active ingredient (l/t) sowed in monoculture system (ARDS Braila, 2015) 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 spring, 2016, highest effectiveness in protection control (untreated) — 22.51a 43.16a 32.89a imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.58 13.29b 22.13b 17.01b of wheat plants, in first vegetation stages, was Also, in case of different climatic conditions, imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.70 7.44c 11.68c 9.51c provided by imidacloprid, in dose of 1.66 l/t, registered in last years, seed treatment assign imidacloprid (600 g/l) 0.88 1.91b 2.96d 2.70d and mixture between imidacloprid and stable protection of wheat crops, even in imidacloprid (600 g/l) 1.66 0.57f 0.29f 0.30f imidacloprid tebuconazole, in doses of 2.00 and 2.25 l/t monoculture system. At same conclusion arrive 2.00 0.99e 0.91e 0.82e (233 g/l)+tebunconazole (13 g/l) (Figure 8). Popov et al. (2007, 2008, 2010) and Trotus et imidacloprid 2.25 0.47f 0.73e 0.40f (233 g/l)+tebunconazole (13 g/l) The differences between these variants and al. (2011). LSD P=.05 0.083 0.077 0.098t control (untreated) variant were statistically In case of favorable climate conditions for Standard deviation (SD) 0.056 0.052 0.066t assigned. Also, in case of variant treated with Coefficient of variation (CV) 8.6 6.82 9.45t Zabrus tenebrioides larva, looses at wheat Replicate F 3.308 0.455 3.739 imidacloprid, in dose of 0.88 l/t, the untreated crops can be higher then 40 % Replicate Prob. (F) 0.0438 0.7171 0.0300 effectiveness was higher then 93 %. Treatment F 303.379 546.317 299.766 (Figures 9 and 10). Treatment Prob. (F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Contrary, at variant treated with lowest dose of Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.05, Student-Newman-Keuls) imidacloprid, the effectiveness of the seed CONCLUSIONS treatment was lower. Also, effectiveness of the imidacloprid active At lowest dose of imidacloprid active Data from this experiment demonstrate that In last years, climatic conditions registered in ingredient, in dose of 0.88 l/t was higher then ingredient, used in this experiment (0.58 l/t), seed treatment with imidacloprid active autumn and beginning of the spring at NARDI 93 %. Similar like in previous season, higher the attacked wheat plants percent by larva of ingredient in dose of 0.88 and 1.66 l/t and Fundule was favorable for Zabrus tenebrioides pest pressure was registered in season 2015- Zabrus tenebrioides was 17.01 % while at mixture between imidacloprid and attack. Attacked wheat plants percent by 2016. The attack of Zabrus tenebrioides larva higher dose of imidacloprid (1.66 l/t) the attack tebuconazole active ingredients, in dose of 2.00 Zabrus tenebrioides larva was 43.16 % in at wheat untreated plants was higher then 30 %. was 0.3 %. In case of both doses of mixture and 2.25 l/t, provide good protection of wheat 261 season 2014-2015, 32.89% in season Chenikalova E., V., Pentyk I., D., Alekseev A., V., 2009. Kozyrah J., Micalei F., 2011. Impacts and adaptation Popov C., Rotarescu M., Spiridon C., 2004b. Prevention 2015-2016 and 22.51% in season 2013-2014. Effectiveness of control of the ground beetle on of European crop production systems to climate and control of seed and soil – pest and diseases in cereals. Zashchita i Karantin Rasteniĭ, (4):42-43. change. European Journal of Agronomy, 34 (2):96- small grains in 2004. Problems of Plant Protection, In all of three years of this study, in different Georgescu E., 2014. Why is necessary to treat cereal 112. 32(2):163-172. climatic conditions, seed treatment with seeds with an insecticide or a fungicide? Plants Nicosia O.L.D., Troccoli A., Codianni P., 1996. 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Guran M., Raranciuc S., Spiridon C., Vasilescu S., Manolache F., Nica F., Sapunaru T., 1960. New progress Valasn D., 2001. Evolution of some diseases and in cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides) control. pests of grains, industrial and forage crops in our Agricultural Problems, 12(8):44-52. country during 2000. Problems of Plant Protection, Manolache C., Nica F., Sapunaru T., 1963. Researches 29(1):1-16. concerning biology, ecology and control of the cereal Bassett P., 1978. Damage to winter cereals by Zabrus ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides). Study Biological tenebrioides (Goeze)(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Plant Researches, Series Animal Biology, 15(1):95-122. Pathology, 27(1):148. Martinez M., Pillon O., 1993. The cereal ground beetle: a Bozo L., 2011. Climate change in Central Europe: pest still little known. Phytoma, 446:26-34. Observations and Model Scenarios. Agrisafe final Oezder N., Kivan M., 1998. 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Gregory P.J., Johnson S.,N., Newton A.,C., Ingram V., Danet G., Motoi E., Severin V., Snagoveanu C., Popov C., Barbulescu A., Raranciuc S., 2007. Seed of wheat plants, in first vegetation stages, J.,S.,I., 2009. Integrating pests and pathogens into the Tarcomnicu-Neagu M., 1959. Plant protection, treatment a modern, efficient and less pollutant against Zabrus tenebrioides attack. climate change/food security debate. Journal of Agricultural-Forestry Publishing house, Bucharest, method for field crops protection. Annals of Further studies are necessary to evaluate the Experimental Botany, 60 (10): 2827-2838. 834 pp. N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, 74:133-139. impact of climate changes concerning Zabrus Hulea A., Paulian F., Comes I., Hatmanu M., Peiu M., Paulian F., Barbulescu A., Tarcomnicu-Neagu M., Popov C., Barbulescu A., 2007. 50 years of scientific tenebrioides attack in south-east of the Popov C., 1975. Cereals diseases and pests. Ceres Hatman M., Peiu M., 1965. A new product with activity in field protection domain against diseases Publishing House, Bucharest, 234 pp. insecticide-fungicide action for wheat seed treatment. and pests. Annals of N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, 75:371- Romania. Jullien J., 1999. Le Zabre des céréales: Il fait surface Agricultural problems, 17 (5):19-23. 404. dans les Pays de la Loire et en Bretagne: Sol, Popov C., 1975. Observations on the ecology of Viviania Popov C., Barbulescu A., Raranciuc S., 2008. Seed ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Environnement et Santé des plantes. Phytoma-La cinerea Fall. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of ICCPT treatment – modern, efficacy and less polluted Défense des végétaux, 520:31-32. Fundulea, Serie C, 40:113-122. method, of field crops protection. Annals of This research work was carried out with the Kocmánková E., Trnka M., Eitzinger J., Formayer H., Popov C., 1985. Chemical seed treatment – an efficient N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, 76:133-139. 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Pelmus V., Popov C., Rugina M., Tusa C., Voinescu Obozrenie, 68(4):689-699. insecticide-funcicide mixtures. Problems of Plant ***MADR data, 2016, http://www.madr.ro/culturi-de- I., Vonica I., 1988. Evolution of some diseases and Knechtel W., Knechtel W.C.K., 1909. Damaging pest Protection, 24(2):143-156. camp/cereale/grau.html pests of grains, industrial and forage crops in our from Romania and tools for control. Albert Baer Popov C., Guran M., Raranciuc S., Rotarescu M., ***Official Journal of the European Union, 2013, country during 1987. Problems of Plant Protection, publishing house, Bucharest, 29-30. Spiridon C., Vasilescu S., Gogu F., 2004a. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur 16(1) 57-74. Lup A., Miron L., Roman B., 2013. Influence of market Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, i=OJ:L:2013:139:0012:0026:EN:PDF Barbulescu A., Mateias M.C., Popov C., Guran M., economy concerning crops structure. Annals of industrial and fodder crops in Romania in 2003. Voinescu I., Stanciu M., Raranciuc S., 1995. N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, 81:185-191. Problems of Plant Protection, 32(1):1-23. Evolution of some diseases and pests of grains, Manolache C., Manolache F., Hrisafi C., Catuneanu I., industrial and forage crops in our country during Boguleani G., 1959. Situation of the crop pest in 1994. Problems of Plant Protection, 23(1):75-92. years 1955-1956 and 1956-1957. Met. Rap. Mem., Barbulescu A., Popov C., Mateias M.C., Voinescu I., I.C.A.R., Bucharest, Academy Publishing house:28. Guran M., Raranciuc S., Spiridon C., Vasilescu S., Manolache F., Nica F., Sapunaru T., 1960. New progress Valasn D., 2001. Evolution of some diseases and in cereal ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides) control. pests of grains, industrial and forage crops in our Agricultural Problems, 12(8):44-52. country during 2000. Problems of Plant Protection, Manolache C., Nica F., Sapunaru T., 1963. Researches 29(1):1-16. concerning biology, ecology and control of the cereal Bassett P., 1978. Damage to winter cereals by Zabrus ground beetle (Zabrus tenebrioides). Study Biological tenebrioides (Goeze)(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Plant Researches, Series Animal Biology, 15(1):95-122. Pathology, 27(1):148. Martinez M., Pillon O., 1993. The cereal ground beetle: a Bozo L., 2011. Climate change in Central Europe: pest still little known. Phytoma, 446:26-34. Observations and Model Scenarios. Agrisafe final Oezder N., Kivan M., 1998. Some biological investi- conference “Climate change: Challenges and gations on Zabrus tenebrioides damaged on wheat in Opportunities in Agriculture”, pg. 9-11. Thrace region. The 6th European Congress of Cate P., 1980. The cereal ground-beetle (Zabrus Entomology, Ceske Budejovice (Czech Republic), tenebrioides Goeze), an important cereal pest in 23-29 Aug 1998. Austria. Pflanzenarzt, 33(12):115-117. 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