EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Over 75,000 hunting trophies of animals bred in captivity have been traded over the past decade.

2. The epicentre of the captive hunting industry is South Africa. Since the 1990s, over 30,000 hunting trophies from 58 captive-bred species have been exported from here.

3. More than 10,000 of these trophies were from ‘canned lions’. However a similar number of Nile crocodile trophies were also exported from South Africa over the same period.

4. Other popular captive-bred hunting trophies to come out of South Africa include white rhinos, zebras and sheep.

5. The rate of growth of South Africa’s captive-bred trophy hunting industry is remarkable. During the 1990s, the average number of hunting trophies exported from South Africa each year was just over 200. Since 2010, the number is almost 3,000.

6. Other species bred in captivity in South Africa for trophy hunting include exotic big cats – tiger, Eurasian lynx and cougar – as well as cheetah, leopard, hyena, hippopotamus, various species of primates, and hybrid species.

7. The US is also a popular market, with captive-bred bobcats, cougars, alligators, black and brown bears, and sheep-goat hybrids being hunted by foreign trophy hunters who fly there.

8. Hunting trophies of captive-bred animals are popular among Britons, who have brought home trophies of captive-bred lions, baboons, monkeys, crocodiles, wild sheep and the Scimitar-horned oryx, which went extinct in the wild in the 1990s.

9. Foreign hunters have come to Britain to hunt captive-bred Barasingha and Indian hog-deer, as well as the Pere David’s Deer - which went extinct in its native China a century ago.

10. Other hunting trophies from captive-bred animals around the world include African elephant (Botswana and Tanzania), wolf (Canada), Canada Lynx (Canada), African wild cat (Namibia), Golden Jackal (Croatia), pampas fox (Argentina), ostrich (Zambia), and Reticulated python (Laos, Vietnam).

11. Other countries from which captive-bred hunting trophies were exported include Russia (brown bear), Qatar (falcon), and Thailand (turtle).

12. The trophy hunting industry appears to be providing legal ‘cover’ for major international trade in crocodile and caiman skins. These are exported from Bolivia, Colombia, as well as from southern African countries such as Mozambique and South Africa. Over 50,000 skins have been traded in this way over the past decade alone.

Overview

• South Africa has long been identified with the controversial sport of ‘canned hunting’ – the captive breeding of lions which are shot in enclosures for cheap hunting trophies. In recent years, lions have also been bred in growing numbers for their bones which are transformed into ‘wine’ and ‘cake’ for Asian markets. • There are advantages for both the industry and hunter. The industry is able to provide the client with a variety of options e.g. size of animal, colour of mane. The industry can sell the bones to other clients once the hunter has taken the skull and skin for taxidermists to transform. The hunter is able to save considerable money on accommodation and professional hunter fees associated with wild lion hunts that often last 3 weeks and where success is never guaranteed. • Not only is the outcome of a canned hunt 100% certain, the lion will make for a ‘better’ or more attractive trophy. An animal bred and kept in captivity will not have the marks and scratches typical of a wild animal who has fought with other males over a pride, for instance. Similarly, the mane will not have suffered the damage typical of wild lions living in scrubby bushland. • However South Africa is increasingly turning to other animals as part of its canned hunting industry. Almost as many crocodile hunting trophies have been exported from South Africa as have lion trophies. South Africa is not the only exporter of crocodile trophies. In fact, it appears that trophy hunting is being used to mask a massive global industry in crocodile and caiman skins. Labelled as ‘hunting trophies’ in the CITES Trade Database, they account for more than half of all the hunting trophies of captive-bred animals traded over the past decade. This is not the first time that traffickers and wildlife traders have used the ‘loopholes’ in the CITES regime which allow trophy hunters to shoot with few restrictions animals that are classed as threatened with extinction. A number of court cases have shown how crime syndicates have used CITES trophy hunting permits in order to acquire rhino horn for the booming Asian market in traditional ‘medicinal’ products. • South Africa, and indeed other countries, are promoting canned hunting of a number of other species. As CBTH has previously reported, there are number of ‘backyard breeding’ operations of tigers in South Africa, at least one of which also offers canned tiger hunts. The company was observed selling canned tiger hunts to Chinese clients at the inaugural China Hunting Show in Shanghai in 2019. • A number of other cats have been bred in captivity in South African facilities for international trophy hunters to shoot. They include cheetahs, leopards, African wild cats, caracals, servals, and the cougar - which is native to North America. Among the perhaps more controversial species are African elephants and white rhinos. However a number of primates have been bred on ranches for hunting too, including vervet monkeys, grivet monkeys, chacma baboons and hamadryas baboons. • The industry has also catered for niche clientele, providing hybrid zebras, aardwolf, addaxes - which is down to its last few dozen in the wild – and the Scimitar horned oryx, whose wild populations were hunted to extinction in the 1990s. Some 58 different species of wild animal have been made available to visiting trophy hunters in recent years. • South Africa is not alone, though. Argentina has a thriving captive-bred programme providing hunters with cougars. The US is home to many ranches hosting exotic African species that American hunters can shoot for sport without having to get on a plane. Bears, bobcats and cougars are popular with foreign hunters. Britain is popular too, particularly with globe-trotting deer hunters in pursuit of the rare Indian hog deer, the Barasingha, or the Pere David’s Deer which – while extinct in its native China – can currently be shot on a handful of private estates in England and Scotland. • Canada breeds bears – as does Russia - and lynxes for hunters to shoot for sport. Pakistan breeds goats and sheep which appear in CITES’ database of exported hunting trophies. Elsewhere in Africa, Tanzania breeds elephants, hippos and civet cats; Namibia breeds zebras, lions and leopards; while Zambia has a thriving ranching industry where foreign hunters visit to shoot various species of monkey and baboon. Ostriches are available here too. A number of other countries ranging from Afghanistan to Switzerland are also involved in the trade. • What is apparent is that the captive hunting industry is growing in popularity and diversity, both in species and nation. It is cheaper and more ‘efficient’ as far as the dedicated trophy hunter is concerned. While attention has focused on canned lion hunting, little has been paid to the other forms of the industry which are now flourishing. • While the general public has expressed its abhorrence at trophy hunting as a whole, it is interesting to observe that the ‘official’ trophy hunting industry groups such as Safari Club International have – in public, at least – condemned canned lion hunting (although SCI has continued to allow canned lion hunting operators to exhibit at its annual conventions). The industry has said nothing about the other forms of captive-bred hunting. Indeed, many hunters who have won SCI awards for their exploits have shot deer and other animals in ‘high fence’ facilities – a North American term for canned hunting. • Aside from the ethical and conservation consequences of canned hunting (canned lion hunting has led to a spurt of wild lion poaching both to meet the new demand for lion bones and to ‘refresh’ the genetic stocks of lions in their facilities which are plagued with diseases associated with in-breeding), there are some serious human health issues to consider. There are some scientists who believe that the trade in hunting trophies may – just like the ‘wet’ wildlife trade – pose a serious threat to communities. Professor Irvin Modlin of the Yale University Medical School and the South African Veterinary Association (SAVA) are among those to have expressed concerns about the risk of disease transmission resulting from the booming trade in bones of lions shot in ‘canned hunting’ operations. • According to SAVA, there is a risk of TB being transferred by the production of ‘lion wine’ and that there is also a risk to local communities who are sometimes given meat from the dead lions after they have been deboned. Tuberculosis is a major issue in Africa, killing around 500,000 people a year, and is a leading cause of mortality in South Africa which is the epicentre of the ‘canned lion’ hunting industry and bone trade. Dr David Cooper, a leading African wildlife veterinarian who has been studying TB and animal-human transmission for 20 years, has described the threat as ‘a ticking time-bomb’. • There have been growing calls for a ban on wildlife trade following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. It is worth recalling that the UK government and Prime Minister have promised on a number of occasions to ban the import of hunting trophies. The current pandemic justifies the implementation by the UK government of an immediate moratorium of all wildlife trade and trophy hunting imports pending legislation. However there is also a need for concerted international action. An immediate international moratorium should be imposed pending the formal adoption of concerted measures at the next Conference of the Parties (CoP) of CITES which is currently scheduled for 2022. The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Olsen Animal Trust and the Anthony V Martin Charitable Foundation. All data is sourced from the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC). List of contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – p2

OVERVIEW – p3

GLOBAL IMPORTS/EXPORTS OF HUNTING TROPHIES FROM CAPTIVE-BRED ANIMALS – p6

SOUTH AFRICA CAPTIVE-BRED HUNTING TROPHY EXPORTS – p6

UK IMPORTS OF CAPTIVE-BRED ANIMAL HUNTING TROPHIES – p6

NON-SOUTH AFRICAN EXPORTS OF CAPTIVE-BRED ANIMAL TROPHIES – p7

ILLICIT TRADE IN CROCODILE & CAIMAN SKINS? – p8

Appendix: Data Tables

• A: GLOBAL Imports/exports of hunting trophies from captive-bred animals, 2008-2017 p11 • B: LARGE VOLUMES (100+) of captive-bred hunting trophy exports, 2007-2017 p12 • C: SOUTH AFRICA - Nos. of hunting trophies exported p15 • D: SOUTH AFRICA - captive-bred trophy hunting exports by year p16 • E: SOUTH AFRICA – Captive-bred animal trophy exports (1991-2017): species list in alphabetical order & total no. trophies p28 • F: SOUTH AFRICA - Captive-bred hunting trophy exports: all species, all years (alphabetical order) p30 • G: NON-SOUTH AFRICA captive-bred hunting trophy exports, 2008-2017: SPECIES/COUNTRY(IES) OF EXPORT p46

Global Imports/exports of hunting trophies from captive-bred animals

According to the CITES Trade Database, there was no international trade in canned hunting trophies in 1987. Just 239 trophies traded in 1997. In 2007, the number was 1,867.

The number of trophies of captive-bred animals traded in the last decade (2008-2017) was 78,542 – an annual average of 7,854.

For a full list see the Appendix.

South Africa captive-bred hunting trophy exports

CITES trade records for South African captive-bred animal hunting trophies begin in 1991. A total of 30,254 were recorded between 1991-2017 (the most recent year for which reliable data is available).

During the 1990s, the total number of trophies exported was 2,138 – an average of 214 per annum. From 2001-2010, the total was 8,504 – an annual average of 850 trophies. From 2011 to 2017, a total of 19,612 trophies were exported – an average of 2,802 annually.

The most popular hunting trophy exports from South Africa are:

1. Lion: 11,813 trophies + 1829kg bones 2. Nile crocodile: 9,443 trophies + 3 litres oil 3. Lechwe: 4,064 trophies 4. Scimitar horned oryx: 1,067 trophies 5. Bontebok: 839 trophies 6. Barbary sheep: 621 trophies 7. Hartmann zebra: 440 trophies 8. Caracal: 319 trophies 9. Blue duiker: 218 trophies 10. White rhinoceros: 109 trophies

Other animal hunting trophies exported from South Africa include (in alphabetical order):

African elephant, Brown hyena, Chacma Baboon, Cheetah, Civet cat, Cougar, Equus hybrid, Eurasian lynx, Grivet monkey, Hamadryas baboon, Hartman zebra, Hippopotamus, Honey badger, Leopard, Oryx hybrid, Sheep, Tiger, and Vervet monkey.

For a full list see the Appendix.

UK Imports of Captive-bred animal hunting trophies

Hunting trophies of captive-bred animals are popular with British hunters. A previous CBTH report – the ‘Deadly Dozen’ - identified Britain as one of a dozen countries with the highest number of ‘canned lion’ hunting trophy imports in recent years.

Other animals bred in captivity and hunted by Britons include monkeys, baboons, crocodiles, and the Arabian Oryx – which was hunted to extinction in the wild in the 1970s – as well as the Scimitar- horned Oryx, which has been extinct in the wild since the 1990s.

Animals of which trophies were brought home by British hunters between 2008-2017 include: • Barbary sheep – trophies • Caracal – trophies • Lion – trophies, skulls, bodies, claws, feet, skins • Nile crocodile – trophies, skulls, skins • Scimitar horned Oryx – trophies, bodies • Serval – trophies • Vervet monkey – trophies, skins • Yellow baboon – trophies, skins

Other hunting trophies brought home by British hunters include the Addax, Arabian Oryx, Blackbuck, Dama gazelle, Lechwe, markhor, and Nilgai. The wild populations of these species are in most cases highly endangered. Only a few dozen addaxes and dama gazelles remain. The Scimitar-horned oryx was hunted to extinction in the 1990s, while the last wild Arabian oryx was shot by a hunter in 1972 although there has subsequently been a reintroduction of animals bred from populations in zoos.

Non-South African exports of captive-bred animal trophies

The hunting of captive-bred animals for trophies takes place in a number of other countries, most notably the US. A wide variety of animals are available. Over the past decade, the list of captive-bred species hunted and the country of export includes:

• Africa civet (Tanzania, Zambia) • African Elephant (Botswana, Tanzania) • Black Bear (Canada, US) • Bobcat (Mexico, US) • Brown bear (Russia, US) • Canada Lynx (Canada) • Chacma baboon (Namibia) • Cougar (Argentina, Canada, US) • Eurasian Lynx (Canada) • Goat (Pakistan) • Golden Jackal (Croatia) • Hippopotamus (Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe) • Leopard (Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe) • Lion (Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe) • Olive Baboon (Benin) • Ostrich (Zambia) • Pampas fox (Argentina) • Reticulated python (Laos, Vietnam) • Sheep (Pakistan) • Vervet monkey (Zambia) • Wild cat (Namibia) • Wolf (Canada) • Yellow Baboon (Zambia) • Zebra (Namibia)

For a full list see the Appendix. Illicit trade in crocodile & caiman skins?

In recent years, there have been entries of large numbers of imports/exports of crocodile and caiman skins which are classified on the CITES Trade Database as ‘hunting trophies’. However the size and the often precise numbers of some of these batches suggest commercial trade rather than hunting by trophy hunters for personal use.

The total number of crocodile and caiman skins is at least 54,515.

The biggest single entries on the CITES database include:

2008

• 5440 Spectacled Caiman leather products. Exporter: Colombia. Importer: Mexico.

2009

• 3000 live Nile Crocodiles. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: South Africa

2010

• 1000 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: unknown

2011

• 4443 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: Singapore. • 1800 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Botswana. Importer: South Africa

2012

• 6000 spectacled caiman skins. Exporter: Colombia. Importer: Mexico. • 3000 spectacled caiman tails. Exporter: Colombia. Importer: Mexico. • 1314 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: Singapore. • 1615 Nile crocodile skin pieces. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: South Africa. • 3000 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: Zimbabwe

2013

• 2750 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: France. • 2100 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: Japan. • 1053 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: Portugal.

2014 • 1050 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: South Africa. Importer: Italy • 2,422 Nile crocodile skin pieces. Exporter: South Africa. Importer: Singapore. • 4,000 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Mozambique. Importer: South Africa

2015

• 1300 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: South Africa. Importer: South Korea • 1164 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Zambia. Importer: Singapore. • 1800 Nile crocodile skins. Exporter: Botswana. Importer: South Africa

For a full list see the Appendix. APPENDIX – DATA TABLES

A: GLOBAL Imports/Exports of hunting trophies from captive-bred animals, 2008-2017

• 2007: 1,864 • 2008: 6,731 • 2009: 4,574 • 2010: 3,269 • 2011: 8,393 • 2012: 22,134 • 2013: 9,492 • 2014: 10,942 • 2015: 7,357 • 2016: 3,038 • 2017: 2,612

TOTAL: 78,542

B: LARGE VOLUMES (100+) of captive-bred hunting trophy exports, 2007- 2017

2007

• 100 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – IT • 213 lion trophies: ZA – US

2008

• 5440 Spectacled Caiman leather products: CO-MX • 403 Lion Trophies: ZA – US

2009

• 3000 live Nile Crocodiles: MZ – ZA • 250kg Lion bones: ZA – LA • 379 Lion trophies: ZA – US

2010

• 551 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – MX • 500 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – SG • 1000 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – XX • 242 Lion trophies: ZA – US

2011

• 4443 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces: MZ – SG • 1800 Nile crocodile skins BW – ZA • 127 Lion skeletons: ZA – LA • 503 Lion bones: ZA – US • 371 Lion trophies: ZA – US

2012

• 6000 spectacled caiman skins: CO – MX • 3000 spectacled caiman tails: CO – MX • 193 Lechwe trophies: ZA – US • 500 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – JP • 1314 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces: MZ – SG • 1615 Nile crocodile skin pieces: MZ – ZA • 3000 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – ZW • 452 Lion trophies: ZA – US • 738.82kg lion bones: ZA – VN • 5000 live Chinese stripe-necked turtles: TH – PT

2013

• 182kg wood bison meat: CA – US • 240 Lechwe trophies: ZA- US • 210 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – DE • 500 Nile crocodile trophies: ZA – DE • 2750 Nile crocodile skins/skin pieces: MZ – FR • 2100 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – JP • 140 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – JP • 100 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – KR • 100 Nile crocodile bodies: MZ – PT • 1053 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – PT • 500 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – ZA • 140 lion bones: ZA – US • 492 lion trophies: ZA – US

2014

• 174 lechwe trophies: ZA – US • 1050 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – IT • 803 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – JP • 2,422 Nile crocodile skin pieces: ZA – SG • 4,000 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – ZA • 600 Nile crocodile skin pieces: MZ – ZW • 662 Lion trophies: ZA – US

2015

• 288 Lechwe trophies: ZA – US • 1300 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – KR • 1164 nile crocodile skins: ZM – SG (CHECK) • 550 Nile crocodile skins: ZM – SG (CHECK) • 1800 Nile crocodile skins: BW – ZA • 111 Lion claws: ZA – US • 686 Lion trophies: ZA – US • 160 live reticulated pythons: CH – ZA

2016 • 280 Lechwe trophies: ZA – US • 333 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – IT • 262 lion claws: ZA – US • 376 Lion trophies: ZA – US • 540kg Lion skeletons: ZA – VN

2017

• 310 Lechwe trophies: ZA – US • 150 Bighorn sheep trophies: MX – XX • 100 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – FR • 100 Nile crocodile skins: ZA – IT • 200 Nile crocodile Leather products: ZW – ZM • 377 Nile crocodile skins: MZ – ZW

C: SOUTH AFRICA - Nos. of hunting trophies exported

• 1991: 6 • 1992: 124 • 1993: 16 • 1994: 499 • 1995: 90 • 1996: 368 • 1997: 182 • 1998: 160 • 1999: 327 • 2000: 366

SUB-TOTAL: 2,138 (average 214/ann)

• 2001: 351 • 2002: 313 • 2003: 238 • 2004: 338 • 2005: 444 • 2006: 885 • 2007: 1,774 • 2008: 1,031 • 2009: 1,333 • 2010: 1,797

SUB-TOTAL: 8,504 (average 850/ann)

• 2011: 1,702 • 2012: 2,009 • 2013: 2,958 • 2014: 5,345 • 2015: 3,422 • 2016: 2,012 • 2017: 2,164

SUB-TOTAL: 19,612 (average 2,802/ann)

TOTAL: 30,254

D: SOUTH AFRICA: captive-bred trophy hunting exports by year

1991

• 4 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X GRIVET MONKEY • 1 X HARTMAN ZEBRA

TOTAL: 6

1992

• 7 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 6 X BARBARY SHEEP • 53 X BONTEBOK • 44 X LECHWE • 24 X BLUE DUIKER

TOTAL: 124

1993

• 3 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X BONTEBOK • 9 X LECHWE • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 2 X HARTMANN ZEBRA

TOTAL: 16

1994:

• 2 X ADDAX • 18 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X NILE CROCODILE • 1 X AFRICAN ELEPHANT (note: origin = Botswana) • 33 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 24 X BARBARY SHEEP • 143 X BONTEBOK • 143 X LECHWE • 81 X BLUE DUIKER • 1 X NILE CROCODILE • 11 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 41 X LION

TOTAL: 499

1995:

• 4 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X CHEETAH • 1 X BARBARY SHEEP • 14 X BONTEBOK • 10 X LECHWE • 6 X BLUE DUIKER • 6 NILE CROCODILE • 30 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 2 X WILD CAT • 16 X LION

TOTAL: 90

1996:

• 3 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X EQUUS HYBRID • 3 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 28 X BARBARY SHEEP • 115 X BONTEBOK • 111 X LECHWE • 59 X BLUE DUIKER • 1 X CHACMA BABOON • 1 X NILE CROCODILE • 26 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 1 X WILD CAT • 20 X LION

TOTAL: 368

1997

• 12 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X LEOPARD • 14 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X BAY DUIKER • 41 X BONTEBOK • 38 X LECHWE • 26 X BLUE DUIKER • 6 X NILE CROCODILE • 28 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 1 X CARACAL • 2 X SERVAL • 9 X LION • 1 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 2 X WHITE RHINOCEROS

TOTAL: 182

1998:

• 3 X ADDAX • 19 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 7 X BARBARY SHEEP • 24 X BONTEBOK • 19 X LECHWE • 3 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 13 X NILE CROCODILE • 59 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 5 X LION • 1 X HIPPOPOTAMUA • 2 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 5 X BLACKBUCK

TOTAL: 160

1999:

• 3 X ADDAX • 19 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 3 X LEOPARD • 2 X PALE CHANTING GOSHAWK • 43 X BARBARY SHEEP • 40 X BONTEBOK • 37 X LECHWE • 4 X GRIVET MONKEY • 1 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 10 X CHACMA BABOON • 3 X NILE CROCODILE • 46 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 1 X PYGMY FALCON • 23 X CARACAL • 6 X WILD CAT • 10 X SERVAL • 35 X LION • 2 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 1 X BROWN HYENA • 4 X SOUTHERN BLACK KORHAAN • 2 X KORI BUSTARD • 8 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 5 X BLACKBUCK • 13 X TSESSEBE • 1 X AARDWOLF • 2 X CIVET CAT

TOTAL: 327

2000:

• 1 X ADDAX • 11 SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 3 X LEOPARD • 6 X BARBARY SHEEP • 47 X BONTEBOK • 50 X LECHWE • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 2 X GRIVET MONKEY • 5 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 10 X WESTERN CROWNED PIGEON • 39 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 44 X CARACAL • 12 X WILD CAT • 22 X SERVAL • 65 X LION • 1 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 1 X BROWN HYENA • 3 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 19 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 1 X WHITE TAILED WHISTLING DUCK • 9 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE • 4 X BLACK BUCK • 8 X TSESSEBE • 1 X AARDWOLF • 1 X AFRICAN CIVET CAT

TOTAL: 366

2001:

• 2 X ADDAX • 25 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X LEOPARD • 18 X BARBARY SHEEP • 52 X BONTEBOK • 34 X LECHWE • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 1 X GRIVET MONKEY • 1 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 5 X NILE CROCODILE • 40 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 16 X CARACAL • 5 WILD CAT • 1 X SERVAL • 130 X LION • 5 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 4 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 1 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE • 3 X BLACKBUCK • 5 X TSESSEBE

TOTAL: 351

2002:

• 20 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X CHEETAH • 20 X BARBARY SHEEP • 34 X BONTEBOK • 11 X LECHWE • 1 X GRIVET MONKEY • 2 X CHACMA BABOON • 3 X NILE CROCODILE • 1 X AFRICAN ELEPHANT • 41 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 25 X CARACAL • 11 X WILD CAT • 1 X EURASIAN LYNX • 133 X LION • 1 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 2 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 2 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE • 1 X LITLE EGRET • 1 X BLACKBUCK • 1 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 313

2003:

• 18 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X CHEETAH • 1 X LEOPARD • 25 X BARBARY SHEEP • 2 X BONTEBOK • 2 X LECHWE • 5 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 1 X NILE CROCODILE • 2 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 9 X CARACAL • 4 X WILD CAT • 164 X LION • 1 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 1 X BLACKBUCK • 1 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 238

2004:

• 1 X ADDAX • 15 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1 X KNOB BILLED DUCK • 17 X BARBARY SHEEP • 10 X BONTEBOK • 10 X LECHWE • 2 X GRIVET MONKEY • 4 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 5 X NILE CROCODILE • 4 X AFRICAN ELEPHANT • 4 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 19 X CARACAL • 4 X WILD CAT • 224 X LION • 2 X RED LORY • 1 X WHITE THINOCEROS • 1 X LEOPARD TORTOISE • 3 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 2 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE • 2 X BLACKBUCK • 5 X TSESSEBE • 1 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 338

2005: • 24 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 15 X BARBARY SHEEP • 37 X BONTEBOK • 24 X LECHWE • 17 X GRIVET MONKEY • 6 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 8 X CHACMA BABOON • 2 X NILE CROCODILE • 10 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 38 X CARACAL • 8 X WILD CAT • 220 X LION • 3 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 13 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 4 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE • 3 X TSESSEBE • 1 X SITATUNGA • 3 X SPECKED GUINEA • 1 X NAMAQUA DOVE • 4 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 444

2006:

• 29 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X ORYX HYBRID • 1 X ARABIAN ORYX • 2 X LEOPARD • 22 X BARBARY SHEEP • 37 X BONTEBOK • 48 X LECHWE • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 7 X GRIVET MONKEY • 9 X CHACMA BABOON • 30 X NILE CROCODILE • 18 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 20 X CARACAL • 2 X WILD CAT • 633 X LION • 5 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 4 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 11 X TSESSEBE • 1 X SPECKLED PIGEON • 4 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 885

2007:

• 38 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1 X BLACK RHINOCEROS • 23 X BARBARY SHEEP • 65 X BONTEBOK • 59 X LECHWE • 2 X URIAL • 2 X BLUE DUIKER • 10 X GRIVET MONKEY • 14 X CHACMA BABOON • 1034 X NILE CROCODILE • 23 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 41 X CARACAL • 3 X WILD CAT • 416 X LION • 2 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 22 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 8 X TSESSEBE • 1 X AARDWOLF • 6 X EGYPTIAN GOOSE • 3 X SPUR WINGED GOOSE

TOTAL: 1774

2008:

• 1 X ADDAX • 36 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 4 X ARABIAN ORYX • 45 X BARBARY SHEEP • 80 X BONTEBOK HYBRID • 15 X BONTEBOK • 83 X LECHWE • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 4 X VERVET MONKEY • 16 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 7 X CHACMA BABOON • 35 X NILE CROCODILE • 35 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 47 X CARACAL • 5 X WILD CAT • 604 LION • 1 X RAINBOW LORIKEET • 12 X WHITE RHINOCEROS

TOTAL: 1,031

2009

• 1 X ADDAX • 67 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 9 X ARABIAN ORYX • 39 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X BONTEBOK HYBRID • 13 X BONTEBOK • 87 X LECHWE • 2 X HAMADRYAS BABOON • 1 X CHACMA BABOON • 140 X NILE CROCODILE • 7 X HAMADRYAS ZEBRA • 6 X CARACAL • 940 X LION (+ 250 KG BONES) • 16 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 4 X WHITE RHINOCEROS

TOTAL: 1,333

2010:

• 1 X ADDAX • 76 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 511 X LION • 29 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X BONTEBOK • 82 X LECHWE • 3 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1 X BLUE DUIKER • 3 X CHACMA BABOON • 1086 X NILE CROCODILE • 1 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 1 X SERVAL • 1 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 1 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 1,797

2011:

• 101 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 3 ARABIAN ORYX • 1,244 X LION • 1 X LEOPARD • 1 X YELLOW NAPED AMAZON • 47 X BARBARY SHEEP • 1 X BONTEBOK • 289 X LECHWE • 10 X NILE CROCODILE • 4 X ORANGE-WINGED AMAZON • 1 X WHITE RHINOCEROS

TOTAL: 1702

2012:

• 1 X ADDAX • 129 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X ARABIAN ORYX • 874 X LION (+ 738.82KG BONES) • 30 X BARBARY SHEEP • 446 X LECHWE • 523 X NILE CROCODILE • 2 X CARACAL • 1 X BLACKBUCK • 1 X TSESSEBE

TOTAL: 2,009

2013:

• 75 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1,187 LION • 6 X LEOPARD • 13 X BARBARY SHEEP • 8 X BONTEBOK • 417 X LECHWE • 2 X BLUE DUIKER • 1 X CHACMA BABOON • 1,232 X NILE CROCODILE • 12 X HARTMAN ZEBRA • 2 X CARACAL • 1 X SERVAL

TOTAL: 2958

2014:

• 63 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 2 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1 X TIGER • 1 X COUGAR • 24 X BARBARY SHEEP • 4 X BONTEBOK • 345 X LECHWE • 2 X VERVET MONKEY • 6 X CHACMA BABOON • 3,563 X NILE CROCODILE • 1,333 X LION • 1 X ROCK MONITOR

TOTAL: 5,345

2015:

• 1 X ADDAX • 82 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 5 X ARABIAN ORYX • 1,399 X LION • 4 X LEOPARD • 28 X BARBARY SHEEP • 5 X BONTEBOK • 513 X LECHWE • 7 X BLUE DUIKER • 2 X CHACMA BABOON • 1,339 X NILE CROCODILE • 2 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 11 X CARACAL • 13 X SERVAL • 10 X INDIAN HOG DEER • 1 X HONEY BADGER

TOTAL: 3,422

2016:

• 1 X ADDAX • 80 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1,138 X LION (+ 540KG BONES) • 1 X TIGER • 52 X BARBARY SHEEP • 2 X WOOD BISON • 1 X BAY DUIKER • 7 X BONTEBOK • 538 X LECHWE • 2 X INDIAN HOG DEER • 147 X NILE CROCODILE • 6 X CARACAL • 3 X SERVAL • 24 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 4 X BLACKBUCK • 4 X INDIAN HOG DEER • 2 X AARDWOLF

TOTAL: 2,012

2017:

• 1 X ADDAX • 96 X SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX • 1 X ARABIAN ORYX • 552 X LION • 2 X LEOPARD • 38 X BARBARY SHEEP • 11 X BONTEBOK • 615 X LECHWE • 1 X SHEEP • 5 X BLUE DUIKER • 1 X VERVET MONKEY • 2 X CHACMA BABOON • 257 X NILE CROCODILE (+ 3 LITRES OIL) • 3 X HARTMANN ZEBRA • 9 X CARACAL • 2 X WILD CAT • 1 X SERVAL • 536 X LION • 12 X HIPPOPOTAMUS • 2 X WHITE RHINOCEROS • 1 X BLACKBUCK • 7 X INDIAN HOG DEER • 7 X AARDWOLF • 1 X HONEY BADGER • 1 X AFRICAN CIVET CAT

TOTAL: 2,164 E: SOUTH AFRICA – Captive-bred animal trophy exports (1991-2017): species list in alphabetical order & total no. trophies

• Aardwolf 24 • Addax 19 • African elephant 6 • Arabian oryx 36 • Barbary sheep 621 • Bay duiker 2 • Blackbuck 27 • Blue duiker 218 • Bontebok 839 • Bontebok hybrid 81 • Brown hyena 2 • Caracal 319 • Chacma Baboon 66 • Cheetah 5 • Civet cat 4 • Cougar 1 • Egyptian goose 51 • Equus hybrid 1 • Eurasian lynx 1 • Grivet monkey 45 • Hamadryas baboon 43 • Hartman zebra 440 • Hippopotamus 59 • Honey badger 2 • Indian hog deer 23 • Knob billed duck 1 • Kori bustard 2 • Lechwe 4064 • Leopard 26 • Leopard tortoise 1 • Lion 11,813 + 1829kg bones • Little egret 1 • Namaqua dove 1 • Nile crocodile 9,443 + 3 litres oil • Orange-winged amazon 4 • Oryx hybrid 1 • Pale chanting goshawk 2 • Pygmy falcon 1 • Rainbow lorikeet 1 • Red lory 2 • Rock monitor 1 • Scimitar horned oryx 1067 • Serval 54 • Sheep 1 • Sitatunga 1 • Southern Black Korhaan 4 • Speckled guinea 3 • Speckled pigeon 1 • Spur winged goose 21 • Tiger 2 • Tsessebe 54 • Urial 2 • Vervet monkey 7 • Western crowned pigeon 10 • White rhinoceros 109 • White tailed whistling duck 1 • Wood bison 2 • Yellow-naped amazon 1

F: SOUTH AFRICA: Captive-bred hunting trophy exports: all species, all years (alphabetical order)

AARDWOLF

• 1991: 1 • 2000: 1 • 2002: 1 • 2003: 1 • 2004: 1 • 2005: 4 • 2006: 4 • 2007: 1 • 2010: 1 • 2016: 2 • 2017: 7

Total: 24

(2018: 3)

ADDAX

• 1994: 2 • 1998: 3 • 1999: 3 • 2000: 1 • 2001: 2 • 2004: 1 • 2008: 1 • 2009: 1 • 2010: 1 • 2012: 1 • 2015: 1 • 2016: 1 • 2017: 1

Total: 19

AFRICAN ELEPHANT

• 1994: 1 • 2002: 1 • 2004: 4

Total: 6

ARABIAN ORYX

• 2004: 1 • 2005: 2 • 2006: 1 • 2007: 1 • 2008: 4 • 2009: 9 • 2010: 3 • 2011: 3 • 2012: 2 • 2013: 2 • 2014: 2 • 2015: 5 • 2017: 1

Total: 36

(2018: 1)

BARBARY SHEEP

• 1991: 4 • 1992: 6 • 1993: 3 • 1994: 24 • 1995: 1 • 1996: 28 • 1997: 14 • 1998: 7 • 1999: 43 • 2000: 6

Sub-total: 136

• 2001: 18 • 2002: 20 • 2003: 25 • 2004: 17 • 2005: 15 • 2006: 22 • 2007: 23 • 2008: 45 • 2009: 39 • 2010: 29

Sub-total: 253 • 2011: 47 • 2012: 30 • 2013: 13 • 2014: 24 • 2015: 28 • 2016: 52 • 2017: 38

Subtotal: 232

Total: 621

(2018: 10)

BAY DUIKER

• 1997: 1 • 2016: 1

Total: 2

BLACKBUCK

• 1998: 5 • 1999: 5 • 2000: 4 • 2001: 3 • 2002: 1 • 2003: 1 • 2004: 2 • 2012: 1 • 2016: 4 • 2017: 1

Total: 27

BLUE DUIKER

• 1992: 24 • 1993: 1 • 1994: 81 • 1995: 6 • 1996: 59 • 1997: 26 • 2000: 1 • 2001: 1 • 2006: 1 • 2007: 2 • 2008: 1 • 2010: 1 • 2013: 2 • 2015: 7 • 2017: 5

TOTAL: 218

(2018: 1)

BONTEBOK

• 1992: 53 • 1003: 1 • 1994: 143 • 1995: 14 • 1996: 115 • 1997: 41 • 1998: 24 • 1999: 40 • 2000: 47 • 2001: 52 • 2002: 34 • 2003: 2 • 2004: 10 • 2005: 37 • 2006: 37 • 2007: 65 • 2008: 80 • 2009: 13 • 2010: 1 • 2011: 1 • 2013: 8 • 2014: 4 • 2015: 5 • 2016: 7 • 2017: 11

Total: 839

BONTEBOK HYBRID

• 2008: 80 • 2009: 1

Total: 81

BROWN HYENA

• 1999: 1 • 2000: 1

Total: 2

CARACAL

• 1997: 1 • 1999: 23 • 2000: 44 • 2001: 16 • 2002: 25 • 2003: 9 • 2004: 19 • 2005: 38 • 2006: 20 • 2007: 41 • 2008: 47 • 2009: 6 • 2012: 2 • 2013: 2 • 2015: 11 • 2016: 6 • 2017: 9

Total: 319

(2018: 1)

CHACMA BABOON

• 1996: 1 • 1999: 10 • 2002: 2 • 2005: 8 • 2006: 9 • 2007: 14 • 2008: 7 • 2009: 1 • 2010: 3 • 2013: 1 • 2014: 6 • 2015: 2 • 2017: 2

Total: 66

CHEETAH

• 1995: 1 • 2002: 2 • 2003: 2

Total: 5

CIVET CAT

• 1999: 2 • 2000: 1 • 2017: 1

Total: 4

COUGAR

• 2014: 1

Total: 1

EGYPTIAN GOOSE

• 2000: 19 • 2001: 4 • 2002: 2 • 2004: 3 • 2005: 13 • 2006: 4 • 2007: 6

Total: 51

EQUUS (zebra) HYBRID

• 1996: 1

Total: 1

EURASIAN LYNX • 2002: 1

Total: 1

GRIVET MONKEY

• 1991: 1 • 1999: 4 • 2000: 2 • 2001: 1 • 2002: 1 • 2004: 2 • 2005: 17 • 2006: 7 • 2007: 10

Total: 45

HAMADRYAS BABOON

• 1998: 3 • 1999: 1 • 2000: 5 • 2001: 1 • 2003: 5 • 2004: 4 • 2005: 6 • 2008: 16 • 2009: 2

Total: 43

HARTMAN ZEBRA

• 1991: 1 • 1993: 2 • 1994: 11 • 1995: 30 • 1996: 26 • 1997: 28 • 1998: 59 • 1999: 46 • 2000: 39 • 2001: 40 • 2002: 41 • 2003: 2 • 2004: 4 • 2005: 10 • 2006: 18 • 2007: 23 • 2008: 35 • 2009: 7 • 2010: 1 • 2013: 12 • 2015: 2 • 2017: 3

Total: 440

HIPPOPOTAMUS

• 1997: 1 • 1999: 2 • 2000: 1 • 2003: 1 • 2007: 2 • 2009: 16 • 2016: 24

2017: 12

Total: 59

HONEY BADGER

• 2015: 1 • 2017: 1

Total: 2

INDIAN HOG DEER

• 2015: 10 • 2016: 6 • 2017: 7

Total: 23

KNOB BILLED DUCK

• 2004: 1

Total: 1 KORI BUSTARD

• 1999: 2

Total: 2

LECHWE

• 1992: 44 • 1993: 9 • 1994: 143 • 1995: 10 • 1996: 111 • 1997: 38 • 1998: 19 • 1999: 37 • 2000: 50

Sub-total: 461 (46/ann)

• 2001: 34 • 2002: 11 • 2003: 2 • 2004: 10 • 2005: 24 • 2006: 48 • 2007: 59 • 2008: 83 • 2009: 87 • 2010: 82

Sub-total: 440 (44/ann)

• 2011: 289 • 2012: 446 • 2013: 417 • 2014: 345 • 2015: 513 • 2016: 538 • 2017: 615

Sub-total: 3163 (452/ann)

Total: 4064

(2018: 63)

LEOPARD • 1997: 1 • 1999: 3 • 2000: 3 • 2001: 2 • 2003: 1 • 2004: 1 • 2006: 2 • 2011: 1 • 2013: 6 • 2015: 4 • 2017: 2

Total: 26

LEOPARD TORTOISE

• 2004: 1

Total: 1

LION

• 1994: 41 • 1995: 16 • 1996: 20 • 1997: 9 • 1998: 5 • 1999: 35 • 2000: 65

Sub-total: 191

• 2001: 130 • 2002: 133 • 2003: 164 • 2004: 224 • 2005: 220 • 2006: 633 • 2007: 416 • 2008: 604 • 2009: 940 + 250kg • 2010: 511

Subtotal: 3975 + 250kg

• 2011: 1,244 • 2012: 874 (+ 739kg) • 2013: 1,187 • 2014: 1,333 • 2015: 1,399 • 2016: 1,138 (+540 kg) • 2017: 552

Subtotal: 7647 + 1279kg

Total: 11,813 + 1829kg

(2018: 171)

LITTLE EGRET

• 2002: 1

Total: 1

NAMAQUA DOVE

• 2005: 1

Total: 1

NILE CROCODILE

• 1994: 2 • 1995: 6 • 1996: 1 • 1997: 6 • 1998: 13 • 1999: 3

Subtotal: 31 (average 3/ann)

• 2001: 5 • 2002: 3 • 2003: 1 • 2004: 5 • 2005: 2 • 2006: 30 • 2007: 1,034 • 2008: 35 • 2009: 140 • 2010: 1086

Subtotal: 2341 (average 234/ann)

• 2011: 10 • 2012: 523 • 2013: 1,232 • 2014: 3,563 • 2015: 1,339 • 2016: 147 • 2017: 257 (+ 3 litres oil)

Subtotal: 7071 + 3 litres oil (average 1010/annum)

Total: 9,443 + 3 litres oil

(2018: 1)

ORANGE-WINGED AMAZON

• 2011: 4

Total: 4

ORYX HYBRID

• 2006: 1

Total: 1

PALE CHANTING GOSHAWK

• 1999: 2

Total: 2

PYGMY FALCON

• 1999: 1

Total: 1

RAINBOW LORIKEET

• 2008: 1

Total: 1

RED LORY

• 2004: 2

Total: 2

ROCK MONITOR

• 2014: 1

Total: 1

SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX

• 1992: 7 • 1994: 18 • 1995: 4 • 1996: 3 • 1997: 12 • 1998: 19 • 1999: 19 • 2000: 11

Subtotal: 93 (ave: 9/ann)

• 2001: 25 • 2002: 20 • 2003: 18 • 2004: 15 • 2005: 24 • 2006: 29 • 2007: 38 • 2008: 36 • 2009: 67 • 2010: 76

Subtotal: 348 (ave: 35/ann)

• 2011: 101 • 2012: 129 • 2013: 75 • 2014: 63 • 2015: 82 • 2016: 80 • 2017: 96

Subtotal: 626 (ave 89/ann)

Total: 1067

(2018: 37) SERVAL

• 1997: 2 • 1999: 10 • 2000: 22 • 2001: 1 • 2010: 1 • 2013: 1 • 2015: 13 • 2016: 3 • 2017: 1

Total: 54

(2018: 2)

SHEEP

• 2017: 1

TOTAL: 1

SITATUNGA

• 2005: 1

TOTAL: 1

SOUTHERN BLACK KORHAAN

• 1999: 4

TOTAL: 4

SPECKLED GUINEA

• 2005: 3

TOTAL: 3

SPECKLED PIGEON

• 2006: 1

TOTAL: 1

SPUR WINGED GOOSE

• 2000: 9 • 2001: 1 • 2002: 2 • 2004: 2 • 2005: 4 • 2007: 3

Total: 21

TIGER

• 2014: 1 • 2016: 1

Total: 2

TSESSEBE

• 1999: 13 • 2000: 8 • 2001: 5 • 2004: 5 • 2005: 3 • 2006: 11 • 2007: 8 • 2012: 1

Total: 54

URIAL

• 2007: 2

TOTAL: 2

VERVET MONKEY

• 2008: 4 • 2014: 2 • 2017: 1

TOTAL: 7

WESTERN CROWNED PIGEON • 2000: 10

TOTAL: 10

WHITE RHINOCEROS

• 1994: 33 • 1996: 3 • 1997: 2 • 1998: 2 • 1999: 8 • 2000: 3 • 2001: 5 • 2002: 1 • 2004: 1 • 2005: 4 • 2006: 5 • 2007: 22 • 2008: 12 • 2009: 4 • 2010: 1 • 2011: 1 • 2017: 2

Total: 109

WHITE TAILED WHISTLING DUCK

• 2000: 1

TOTAL: 1

WOOD BISON

• 2016: 2

TOTAL: 2

YELLOW NAPED AMAZON

• 2011: 1

TOTAL: 1

G: NON-SOUTH AFRICA captive-bred hunting trophy exports, 2008-2017: SPECIES/COUNTRY(IES) OF EXPORT

• Addax – US • African civet – Tanzania, Zambia • African Elephant – Botswana, Tanzania • Alligator – US • Arabian Oryx – Saudi Arabia, US • Argali – Lithuania • Ball Python – Switzerland • Barasingha – UK, US • Barbary Sheep – Australia, Canada, Macedonia, Mexico, Spain, US • Barbary Stag – Afghanistan • Bighorn sheep – Canada, Mexico • Black bear – Canada, US • Blackbuck – Argentina, Australia, India, Mexico, US • Blue duiker – Mozambique, Zambia • Bobcat – Mexico, US • Brown bear – Russia, US • Burmese Python – Vietnam • Canada Lynx – Canada • Chacma baboon – Namibia • Chinese stripe-necked turtle – Thailand • Cougar – Argentina, Canada, US • Dama Gazelle – US • Eastern Cougar – US • Eld’s Deer – US • Eurasian Lynx – Canada • Falcon – Qatar • Goat – Pakistan • Gobi Argali – US • Golden Jackal – Croatia • Hippopotamus – Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe • Hog deer – UK, US • Indian Peafowl – Croatia • King Vulture – Brazil • Lechwe – Botswana, Namibia, US, Zambia • Leopard – Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe • Lion – Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe • Long-legged buzzard – Pakistan • MacQueen’s Bustard – Pakistan, Saudi Arabia • Markhor – Slovakia, US • Mayan white-tailed deer – Guatemala • Mouflon – US • Nile Crocodile – Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe • Nilgai – US • Ocellated Turkey – Mexico • Olive Baboon – Benin • Ostrich – Zambia • Pampas fox – Argentina • Reticulated python – Laos, Vietnam • Rock Monitor – Botswana • Sandhill Crane – Canada • Scimitar-horned oryx – Mexico, US • Sheep – Pakistan • Sheep-goat hybrid – US • Spectacled Caiman – Bolivia, Colombia • Transcaspian Urial – US • Tsessebe – Zambia • Vervet monkey – Zambia • West Caucasian Tur – US • White-lipped peccary – Guatemala, Mexico • White-tailed deer – US • Wild cat – Namibia • Wolf – Canada • Wood bison – Canada • Yellow Baboon – Zambia • Zebra (Hartmann’s) – Namibia For Wildlife. For People. For Ever.

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