In, Against, Beyond and Through the State. Limits and Possibilities Of

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In, Against, Beyond and Through the State. Limits and Possibilities Of ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en ABSTRACT In the last few decades the category of Common has re-emerged to draw a path of emancipation from capitalism without the State, reviving the thesis of autonomist Marxism. In this path, the Commons are autonomous social practices that produce emancipation, namely The Common, and through which The Common can be instituted. However, autonomist Common’s theories are characterized by a certain reticence to address how emancipation can take place without the State. Considering that the relation with the State in contemporary Western society is ineludible, the research aims to assess the role of the State in the autonomist Common’s emancipatory project. The analysis is set in the urban environment focusing on the relation between Urban Commons and the (local) State. The thesis hypothesis that Urban Commons may need the support of the (local) State and this may flank the production of The Common with its own production of emancipation: The Public. Adopting a relational approach to the analysis of the case of Barcelona, the thesis demonstrates that Urban Commons needs the (local) State. Many of them needs the resources and the recognition of the (local) State, despite these may affect their autonomy, and all of them would benefit from a further support of the (local) State in terms of regulation, public policies and planning. However, despite the (local) State could theoretically flank The Common widening the spectrum of emancipation, it does not appear to do so. When the (local) State meets The Common it tends to replace it with The Public, and The Public tends to hinder and spatially marginalise The Common. Hence, Urban Commons should continue their struggle for autonomy. However, they should also struggle to obtain forms of support from the (local) State, preventing the latter from limiting their autonomy, transforming The Common into The Public, maintaining the hegemony of the production of emancipation and spatially marginalizing The Common. The thesis concludes sustaining that, as sustained by the autonomist Commons theories, the Common’s emancipatory project can be constructed without taking over the State but it cannot avoid to secure forms of support from the State. ABSTRACT (Castellano) En las últimas décadas, la categoría del Común ha resurgido para dibujar un camino de emancipación del capitalismo sin el Estado, retomando las tesis del marxismo autonomista. En este camino, los Comunes son las prácticas sociales autónomas que producen la emancipación, es decir, Lo Común, y mediante las cuales éste se puede instituir. Sin embargo, las teorías autonomistas del Común se caracterizan por una cierta reticencia a abordar cómo la emancipación puede tener lugar sin el Estado. Puesto que en la sociedad occidental contemporánea la relación con el Estado es ineludible, la investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el papel del Estado en el proyecto autonomista de emancipación del Común. El análisis se desarrolla en el entorno urbano y se centra en la relación entre los Comunes Urbanos y el Estado (local). La hipótesis de la tesis es que los Comunes Urbanos pueden necesitar el apoyo del Estado (local) y esto puede flanquear la producción de Lo Común con su propia producción de emancipación: Lo Público. Adoptando un enfoque relacional que analiza el caso de Barcelona, la tesis demuestra que los Comunes Urbanos necesitan del Estado (local). Muchos Comunes Urbanos necesitan los recursos y el reconocimiento del Estado (local), a pesar de que puedan afectar su autonomía, y todos se beneficiarían de un mayor apoyo del Estado (local) en términos de regulaciones, políticas públicas y planificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de que el Estado (local) podría teóricamente flanquear Lo Común ampliando el espectro de la emancipación, no parece que lo haga. Cuando el Estado (local) se encuentra con Lo Común, tiende a reemplazar Lo Común con Lo Público, y Lo Público tiende a obstaculizar y marginar espacialmente a Lo Común. Por lo tanto, los Comunes Urbanos deberían continuar luchando por su autonomía. Sin embargo, también deberían luchar para obtener y asegurarse formas de apoyo del Estado (local), tratando de evitar que este último limite su autonomía, que transforme Lo Común en Lo Público, que mantenga la hegemonía de la producción de la emancipación y que margine espacialmente a Lo Común. La tesis concluye sosteniendo que, tal como lo sostienen las teorías autonomistas del Comunes, el proyecto de emancipación del Común puede construirse sin tomar el control del Estado, pero sin embargo no puede prescindir de asegurarse formas de apoyo por parte del Estado. ABSTRACT (Italiano) Negli ultimi decenni la categoria del Comune è riemersa per tracciare un percorso di emancipazione dal capitalismo senza lo Stato, rilanciando la tesi del marxismo autonomista. In questo percorso, i Beni Comuni sono le pratiche sociali autonome che producono l'emancipazione, vale a dire, Il Comune, e attraverso cui questo può essere istituito. Tuttavia, le teorie autonomiste del Comune sono caratterizzate da una certa reticenza nell’ affrontare come l'emancipazione possa avvenire senza lo Stato. Poiché nella società occidentale contemporanea il rapporto con lo Stato è ineludibile, la ricerca mira a valutare il ruolo dello Stato nel progetto autonomista di emancipazione del Comune. L'analisi si situa nello spazio urbano indagando la relazione tra i Beni Comuni Urbani e lo Stato (locale). L'ipotesi della tesi è che i Beni Comuni Urbani possono aver bisogno del sostegno dello Stato (locale) e questo può affiancare la produzione de Il Comune con la sua produzione di emancipazione: Il Pubblico. Adottando un approccio relazionale all'analisi del caso di Barcellona, la tesi dimostra che i Beni Comuni Urbani hanno bisogno dello Stato (locale). Molti di loro hanno bisogno delle risorse e del riconoscimento dello Stato (locale), nonostante questo possa influire sulla loro autonomia, e tutti beneficerebbero di un ulteriore sostegno dello Stato (locale) in termini di leggi, politiche pubbliche e pianificazione. Tuttavia, nonostante lo Stato (locale) potrebbe teoricamente fiancheggiare Il Comune allargando lo spettro di emancipazione, non sembra farlo. Quando lo Stato (locale) incontra Il Comune tende a sostituire Il Comune con Il Pubblico, e Il Pubblico tende ad ostacolare e marginalizzare spazialmente Il Comune. Pertanto, i Beni Comuni Urbani dovrebbero continuare a lottare per la loro autonomia. Tuttavia, dovrebbero anche lottare per ottenere forme di supporto dello Stato (locale), cercando di impedire a quest'ultimo di limitare la propria autonomia, di trasformare Il Comune nel Il Pubblico, di marginalizzare spazialmente il Comune e di mantenere l'egemonia della produzione di emancipazione. La tesi conclude sostenendo che il progetto autonomista di emancipazione del Comune, come sostengono i suoi teorici, può essere costruito senza conquistare lo Stato, ma non può prescindere da assicurarsi forme di supporto da parte dello Stato ABSTRACT (Catalán) En les últimes dècades, la categoria del Comú ha ressorgit per dibuixar un camí d'emancipació del capitalisme sense l'Estat, reprenent les tesis del marxisme autonomista. En aquest camí, els Comuns són les pràctiques socials autònomes que produeixen l'emancipació, és a dir, El Comú, i mitjançant les quals aquest es pot instituir. Malgrat això, les teories autonomistes del Comú es caracteritzen per una certa reticència a abordar de quina manera l'emancipació pot tenir lloc sense l'Estat. Donat que en la societat occidental contemporània la relació amb l'Estat és ineludible, la investigació té com a objectiu avaluar el paper de l'Estat en el projecte autonomista d'emancipació del Comú. L'anàlisi es desenvolupa en l'entorn urbà i se centra en la relació entre els Comuns Urbans i l'Estat (local). La hipòtesi de la tesi és que els Comuns Urbans poden necessitar el suport de l'Estat (local) i això pot flanquejar la producció d’El Comú amb la seva pròpia producció d'emancipació: Allò Públic. Des d’un enfocament relacional que analitza el cas de Barcelona, la tesi demostra que els Comuns Urbans necessiten l'Estat (local). Molts Comuns Urbans necessiten els recursos i el reconeixement de l'Estat (local), tot i que puguin afectar la seva autonomia, i tots es beneficiarien d'un major suport de l'Estat (local) en termes de regulacions, polítiques públiques i planificació. No obstant això, tot i que l'Estat (local) podria teòricament flanquejar el Comú ampliant l'espectre de l'emancipació, no sembla que ho faci. Quan l'Estat (local) es troba amb El Comú, tendeix a reemplaçar El Comú amb Allò Públic, i Allò Públic tendeix a obstaculitzar i marginar espacialment El Comú. Per tant, els Comuns Urbans haurien de continuar lluitant per la seva autonomia. A la vegada, també haurien de lluitar per obtenir i assegurar-se formes de suport de l'Estat (local) tractant d'evitar que aquest últim limiti la seva autonomia, que transformi El Comú en Allò Públic, que margini espacialment El Comú i que mantingui l'hegemonia de la producció de l'emancipació. La tesi conclou sostenint que, com sostingut per les teories autonomistes del Comú, el projecte d'emancipació del Comú pot construir-se sense prendre el control de l'Estat, però no pot prescindir d’assegurar-se formes de suport por part de l'Estat. TABLE OF CONTENT List of Tables and Figures First Chapter: Introduction 1.1 The category of Common in the autonomist Marxist perspective 1.
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