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Gilbert Crispin, Abbot of Westminster : a Study of the Abbey Under Norman

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Gilbert Crispin, Abbot of Westminster : a Study of the Abbey Under Norman The earlier numbers of this Series are : 1. The Manuscripts of Westminster Abbey. BY J. ARMITAGE ROBINSON, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and M. R. JAMES, Litt.D., Provost of King's College, Cambridge. Royal 8vo. pp. viii + 108. 5s. net. 2. The History of Westminster Abbey by John Plete. Edited by J. ARMITAGE ROBINSON, D.D., Dean of Westminster. Royal 8vo. pp. viii+151. 5*. net. NOTES AND DOCUMENTS RELATING TO WESTMINSTER ABBEY No. 3 ABBOT GILBERT CRISPIN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ILotrtlon: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER OFlunburgi) : 100, PRINCES STREET Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. ILripjifl: F. A. BROCKHAUS fto gork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombag ant Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. All r/rr/ifs reserved A STUDY OF THE ABBEY UNDER NORMAN RULE BY J. ARMITAGE ROBINSON, D.D. DEAN OF WESTMINSTER CAMBRIDGE : AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1911 -l*^ % 20 195*)! Camfcttoge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. COLLEGIS - AMICIS WESTMONASTERIENSIBVS ' AD WELLENSES SVOS REVERSVRVS HOC OPVSCVLVM DE GISLEBERTO ABBATE CVRIOSIVS EXARATVM D - D ANTECESSORIS - TANTI LAVDATOR INDIGNVS GRATO ANIMO PREFACE ILBERT CRISPIN is the earliest abbot of Westminster of whom we have any considerable knowledge : and he is one of the greatest of the line, distinguished alike by his noble descent, his high character, the fame of his learning and the length of his rule. Yet, though his effigy has been before the eyes of every generation that has trod the cloisters in the past eight centuries, no one has cared to gather together what may be known of his life and times. Even his biography of Abbot Herluin has never been edited intact, though historians draw from it all they know of the early days of Bee, which gave three archbishops to Canterbury within seventy years. This neglect seems the more strange when we remember that he was a favourite pupil of both Lanfranc and Anselm, some of whose letters to him still survive and that his as a could be ; judgment theologian appealed to on the continent more than a generation after his death. He was a true monk and a scholar, with no desire for fame : his vocation and his instincts alike made him shrink from public affairs. His Westminster sons remembered him, as the Bee monks remembered their Anselm, chiefly for his and wrote the mitis on his tomb gentleness ; they epithet before they praised his justice, wisdom, strength and learning. x Preface It has been a pleasure to restore the memory of this blameless man. As fragment after fragment of his story has revealed itself, his character has always remained without a stain. Other evidence may be found which has escaped search but there are few I of whom we my ; men, think, may more safely say, Whatever record leap to light He never shall be shamed. I owe special thanks to Dr Edward Scott, the keeper of the abbey muniments, to whose wide knowledge and unfailing I have had constant recourse and to the helpfulness ; Reverend R. B. Rackham, whose work I can often hardly distinguish from my own, and who has taken on himself the labour of compiling the Index. For the frontispiece I am indebted to my friend Mr A. G. Walker, the sculptor, who took a kindly interest in Abbot Gilbert's time-worn effigy. THE DEANERY, WESTMINSTER, CHRISTMAS, 1910. CONTENTS FRONTISPIECE To face Title PAGE PREFACE . ix I. GILBERT'S HOME AT BEG ....... 1 II. THE NOBLE FAMILY OP THE CRISPINS 13 III. GILBERT AT WESTMINSTER 19 IV. DETAILS OF ADMINISTRATION . 28 1. Domestic Rule 2. Foundation of Priories 3. Building 4. Exemption and Sanctuary 5. Knight Service 6. Domestic Economy V. ABBOT GILBERT'S LITERARY REMAINS 51 1. Life of Herluin 2. Disputation of a Christian and a Jew 3. De Simoniacis 4. De Spiritu Sancto 5 8. Minor Pieces 9. Disputation of a Christian with a Gentile VI. CORRESPONDENCE . 77 VITA DOMNI HERLUINI ABBATIS BECCENSIS 87 LIBER DE SIMONIACIS Ill SELECTED CHARTERS .125 ADDITIONAL NOTES 158 A. On the Early Charters of St John's Abbey, Colchester B. A Charter of King Ethelred GILBERT CRISPIN. I. GILBERT'S HOME AT BEG. WHEN the Conqueror came to be crowned at Westminster on Christmas Day, 1066, he was welcomed by Abbot Edwin whose contact with the Normans of Edward's court had prepared him for the new regime. After Edwin's death the king gave the abbey to one Geoffrey from Jumieges, who misruled it from about 1071 to 1075, when at Larifranc's advice he was sent back in disgrace to his old monastery. The next abbot was chosen with more care. Vitalis, abbot of Bernay, his ' had raised abbey from little to great,' as William says in writing to demand consent to his appointment from his superior, John the abbot of Fecamp. Of Vitalis all that we know is good. He secured by the king's aid the estates of the abbey, some of which had been jeopardised in the recent changes; he seems to have pressed forward the new monastic and doubtless he enforced the buildings ; improved discipline which the great reformer William of Dijon had left as the heritage of Fecamp. But he was already an elderly man, and he died, as it would seem, in the summer of 1085. If Vitalis had come to Westminster late in life, towards the close of an energetic and successful career, the next abbot, Gilbert Crispin, was in the full strength of his manhood at the time of his appointment, and was destined to rule the monastery for thirty-two years. He must have been about forty when he became abbot of Westminster. He had spent some twenty-five years in the abbey of Bee where he was dedicated as a child. Lanfranc and Anselm had been his teachers : Anselm had set him to teach in his turn, and then Lanfranc had called him to serve as his chaplain at Canterbury. To understand his history we must read the story of the foundation of Herluin's abbey at Bee; and we are fortunate in being able to read it in Gilbert's own words, for he himself had the honour of being Abbot Herluin's biographer. Indeed it is to him that we owe almost all our knowledge of this R. c. 1 2 Gilbert Crispin unique and exceptionally important foundation, and also of the career of Archbishop Lanfranc before he came to Canterbury. The close personal friendship between our abbot and Lanfranc's saintly successor is a further reason for dwelling on Gilbert Crispin's early monastic home. We begin then with the story of Bee, as Gilbert has written it for 1 us . It belongs to an early period of Norman history, when the fierce Northmen were first emerging out of barbarism. They had unlearned their native and a rude form of French but language, spoke ; they retained much of their primitive ferocity, and had not yet felt the constraining hand of the great duke William, who was first to discipline their forces and then to lead them to the conquest of England. The Church, as judged by the reformers of the next generation, was in a woefully backward condition. 'There were few in Normandy then,' says Gilbert, 'to point the right road. Priests and bishops freely married and bore arms as lay folk, one and all still living after the primitive fashion of the Danes.' To a man of any force of character two careers alone seemed open, the fierce life of the soldier or the austere devotion of the monk. The secular clergy counted for little : the hope of religion lay in the monasteries, and these in spite of great efforts of reform still left, as we shall presently see, very much to be desired. In lower Normandy there is a small river called the Risle, which runs northward into the Seine: about four miles below the ancient town of Brionne it receives a tiny tributary which still bears its old Norse name of 'the beck.' This streamlet gave its name to a new monastery which suddenly became world-famous. For it revived the study of letters in the north of Europe, furnished bishops and abbots to all parts of Christendom, and within a century of its foundation gave three archbishops to Canterbury Lanfranc, under William the Conqueror, Anselm under his sons Rufus and Henry I, and Theobald in the anarchical days of king Stephen. In the times of which we are speaking monasteries were founded by princes or nobles, who called on well-known abbots to provide colonies of monks for the new settlements which they undertook to build and endow. But Bee was an exception to the rule and had a humbler origin. Herluin, its founder, was a soldier of good family, in the service of Gilbert, count of Brionne. In the height of his fortune 1 Vita Herluini, printed below from the Corpus Christi Camb. MS no. 318, a Rochester book of the twelfth century. Gilbert's Home at Bee 3 he broke off a distinguished career to enrol himself in^ the militia of God, as it was called, and to embrace the poverty of Christ. It was with difficulty that he released himself from his service at Gilbert's court but the crisis came when he was ordered one to out ; day carry a command which was against his conscience. His refusal was cruelly punished by the burning of his farms, but a reconciliation was pre- sently effected, and he was allowed to go his own way. With two friends he retired to a part of his small property, where he began to build a little church with his own hands.
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