2014 Miracle of the Marne
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Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire | International Encyclopedia of The
Version 1.0 | Last updated 02 March 2021 Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire By Mathieu Panoryia Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire French general and statesman Born 14 January 1852 in Rivesaltes, France Died 03 January 1931 in Paris, France Joseph Joffre was commander-in-chief of the French army at the beginning of the First World War, which was supposed to be short. He fought to stop German progression and maintain the war effort in France over time. Despite being idolized by the people of France, he was removed from his positions at the end of 1916 due to a mixed record of success. Table of Contents 1 A colonial officer of the French Republic 2 At the head of the Army (1911-1916) 2.1 From preparations for war to practice 2.2 A global vision of the conflict 2.3 French dissensions 3 Disgrace or apotheosis? 4 Selected Archives: Selected Bibliography Citation A colonial officer of the French Republic Born in Rivesaltes, southern France, Joseph Joffre (1852-1931) entered the prestigious École Polytechnique in 1869, the youngest student of his year. In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War interrupted his classes and he was called to command an artillery battery in Paris. He was, however, never involved in action. A year later, he refused to take part in the Commune. After the second siege of Paris, he went back to his classes. He was a brilliant student and after graduating joined the Engineer Corps, where he became a specialist in fortifications and railways. He helped build several forts in mainland France, before applying his expertise, with great success, during the French colonial expeditions in Taïwan, Tonkin, Mali, and Madagascar. -
The Causation of World War 1
LEARNING ACTIVITY Student worksheet The causation of World War 1 Task 1: What happened in Sarajevo? It is 28th June 1914. You work for the newsroom of the Sarajevo Daily Show. Today is a big day for the city of Sarajevo. Sarajevo is the capital of the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The province is ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It can often seem like a very long way from the capital of the Empire in Vienna to the small city of Sarajevo. However, Sarajevo has a strong sense of identity and a proud history. Today is a big day! The heir to the Austro-Hungarian Imperial throne is visiting the city. Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, as he is known, is visiting with his wife Sophie. They will be arriving at the station just before 10AM. They will be met by General Oskar Potiorek, the governor of the province. He will accompany them in an open top car cortege to the City Hall for an official reception. The cars will drive down the Appel Quay along the river and there are expected to be many crowds lining the route. The Archduke is not popular in Austria, but is keen to make a good impression on his future subjects in Sarajevo. This story will be the news of the day. How are you going to report it? Where are you going to send reporters? Whose views would you like to get? What pictures need taking? How are you going to present the story? Start planning! Your colleague has arrived in the office. -
The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914 House, Simon Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914 Title: Author: Simon House The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. -
The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War Author(S): Stephen Van Evera Source: International Security, Vol
The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War Author(s): Stephen Van Evera Source: International Security, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Summer, 1984), pp. 58-107 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538636 . Accessed: 18/04/2011 15:23 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mitpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Security. http://www.jstor.org The Cult of the StephenVan Evera Offensiveand the Originsof the First WorldWar During the decades beforethe FirstWorld War a phenomenonwhich may be called a "cultof the offensive"swept throughEurope. -
The First World War
The First World War (Outline) Many different opinions on some questions (for example): - Why did it start? - Why couldn’t they stop it? - Who was to blame? - Why did the pre-war plans all fail? - How important was the American contribution? - Were the generals (generally) dumb? - Was the German Army actually defeated? - Could the war have been continued after Nov. 1918? - Should the Allies have pressed on into Germany? Part 1: The War Begins, 1914 (The Tinderbox Explodes) I. Set up and causes 1. FEAR!!! 2. Ism’s a. Nationalism (Jingoism) b. Imperialism (Colonialism) c. Militarism (War Plans: Schlieffen Plan, Plan XVII, etc:) d. Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism 3. Other general factors a. Arms race (specifically the Naval Arms Race) b. Population pressure in Germany (Lebensraum) II. Individual Countries and where they stood 1. Italy (to be treated as a great power) 2. Turkey (Regain N. Africa, Balkans, and long-standing enemy of Russia) 3. Austria-Hungary (To survive as an empire and fear of Russia) 4. Germany (To hold a “place in the sun” + fear of two front war) 5. Russia (Pan-Slavism, Lebensraum, and to regain lost prestige) 6. France (Regain Alsace & Lorraine + fear of Germany) 7. England (Maintain her empire, supremacy of the RN & integrity of international rule of law; channel ports) III. The spark initiates an inferno (“some damn foolish thing in the Balkans”) 1. Assassination of the Arch-Duke (ho-hum) 2. Austria decides to punish Serbia 3. Gets a “BLANK CHECK” from Germany 4. Austria issues ultimatum and mobilizes 5. Willie/Nicky telegrams 6. -
1 UIL Social Studies – World War I Links and Terms
UIL Social Studies – World War I links and terms http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/timeline/ http://www.greatwar.co.uk/timeline/ww1-timeline.htm http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ http://www.greatwar.co.uk/battles/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/cousins_at_war_01.shtml http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/monarchs.htm http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/timeline/ http://www.home.zonnet.nl/rene.brouwer/majorbattles.htm http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbattles.htm Section III monarchs / leaders http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/monarchs.htm King Albert I Belgium King Alexander I Serbia / Yugoslavia Tsarina Alexandra Russia King Carol I Romania King Constantine I Greece Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary King Ferdinand I Romania Tsar Ferdinand I Bulgaria Emperor Franz Josef I Austria-Hungary King George V United Kingdom Emperor Karl I/ Charles IV Austria Hungary Sultan Mehmed V Turkey Sultan Mehmed VI Turkey Grand Duke Mikhail Monarch Tsar Nicholas I Russia King Peter Serbia / Yugoslavia King Vittorio Emanuele III Italy Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany Crown Prince Wilhelm Germany 1 KEY TERMS – GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Entente Cordiale events / concepts / objects February Revolution field marshal ace pilots flamethrowers African Theatre Franco-Prussian War African Wars Gallipoli Front Agadir crisis German Revolution Allied Powers Goeben Allies Hague Convention Alsace-Lorraine hand-to-hand combat American Expeditionary Force High Seas Fleet Anglo French Entente Hindenberg Line Ardennes hydrophones Armistice In Flanders Fields Armistice of Mudros Imperatritsa -
The Great War 1914-15
The Great War 1914-16 The Illusion of Maneuver and Stalemate German soldiers on their way to the front, August 1914. Some Military Terminology • Company: 200 men • Battalion: 600 men • Regiment: 1800 men • Division: 5400 men • Corps: 16,200 men • Army: 49,600 men • Flank: the side of an army Helmuth Von Moltke - German Chief of Rival Plans Staff, 1914 • Schlieffen Plan • Plan XVII – German – French – original conceived – calls for a powerful between 1897 and 1905 offensive into Lorraine by General Schlieffen – although France knows – Changed slightly by about Schlieffen Plan, Helmuth von Moltke they carry out XVII in when he transfers 6 the hopes of recovering divisions to Eastern the “lost provinces.” Front The Western Front: August 1914 The Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII in Action German Difficulties German soldiers engaging in hand to hand combat with French troops. Even in August, the fighting between the two sides was bloody and fierce. German Difficulties • German communications are poor and are not able to keep up with the speed of the advance. Germans begin to lose coordination of their advance. • Held up twice by the small British army at Mons and LeCateau • Instead of capturing Liege in two days it takes them 10 days. – Allies are thus allowed to deploy in the way of Germans. Some units are even able to dig in to some extent. French Mistakes French infantry march through the streets on their way to war in August 1914. French citizens called their soldiers by the nickname les poilus, or “the bearded ones”. In 1914, French troops still wore red caps and pants with blue coats. -
The Influence of Airpower on the Marne T
The German Army was on the march through France until aerial reconnaissance led the Allies to a critical victory. The Influence of Airpower on the Marne By Walter J. Boyne he mere mention of World ing in 1918 than by a handful of fragile France, in 1908. As a result, the major War I aviation elicits images aircraft gathering the vital data early in European powers adopted a more sys- of dogfights between Spads the war. Airpower, in its earliest form, tematic approach to acquiring and ex- and Fokkers, or of Gotha led to the decisive Battle of the Marne perimenting with this new phenomenon. Tbombers over London. The fact that the in September 1914. Aviation was also fashionable, and advanced airplanes of 1918 stemmed From the start, the Wright brothers was adopted as a sport by wealthy men from a handful of harmless-looking presumed their invention would be in many nations. Thus, it had sponsors aircraft first taking flight at the beginning adapted by the military services. This at high levels in government who were of the war in 1914 rarely comes to mind. was not realized until 1909, when the able to funnel resources into aviation. Most of these early warplanes were US Army purchased the Wright Military Besides its glamour, the aircraft offered conversions of civil aircraft. They were Flyer. In the Army, aviation came to be what every military man always sought, slow, with perhaps a 20 to 40 mph regarded as a dangerous hobby, pursued a means of viewing “the other side of margin between stalling and top speed. -
The Saylor Foundation Saylor.Org the Planning of the First World War The
The Planning of the First World War The war plans of the European powers are often seen as one of the causes of the First World War. This is not simply because they existed; war plans tend to be contingent – they are made in case of a war, not out of a desire to start one. Nonetheless, the war plans of the European powers assumed startling influence in the months before and after the outbreak of the war. European leaders allowed their decisions to be dictated, to a certain degree, by their war plans. Moreover, the way the French and Germans wrote their plans showed that they believed that any war would be quick and decisive and won by offensive action. In this, they epitomized a widespread belief in Europe that it was possible to win an offensive war in a short period of time; British soldiers leaving for the front in August 1914, for instance, fully believed that they would return by Christmas. None of the European powers anticipated the trench-war stalemate that quickly developed in the first weeks of the war; no one realized that each side’s defensive capabilities were stronger than any offensive. Background: The Franco-Prussian War Throughout most of the second millennium CE, the Holy Roman Empire and the French monarchy competed for the territory between them. By the end of the nineteenth century neither the Holy Roman Empire in the German lands nor the Bourbon monarchy in France had survived, but the German and French states that succeeded them continued to live in animosity. -
Schlieffen's Perfect Plan
Schlieffen’s Perfect Plan he heavily analyzed Schlieffen Plan was the perfect bad hand. The General Staff in Berlin faced known ene - invasion strategy, and the hardworking officers of mies on two fronts. To the west, the vengeful French mar - the German General Staff knew it. The basic idea shaled their regiments, waiting for a chance to redress the T traced all the way back to Hannibal. That’s not the humiliating failures of 1870–71 and retake their lost Hannibal known to Americans today as the vicious yet ur - provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. To the east, the di - bane criminal mastermind of book and movie fame, but the sheveled but energetic millions of the Russian Empire original: Hannibal Barca of Carthage, one of the greatest bat - threatened to roll across the frontier. So the top graduates tlefield commanders in history. If you needed a good way to of the Berlin War Academy, the famous experts of the Ger - win—and win big—it only made sense to look to Hannibal. man General Staff, wrestled with the same dilemma that In his most decisive victory, Hannibal cornered a Roman plagued their country again and again: How do you win a army sent to stop him. The two forces met on August 2, two-front war? 216 B.C., facing off across a hot, flat Before Schlieffen’s time, Chancellor plain called Cannae, south of Rome. Otto von Bismarck and his General Tempting the overly aggressive Ro - Staff chief, the elder Field Marshal man commander to attack, Hannibal Helmuth von Moltke, didn’t resort to pulled back his center troops. -
The Command and General Staff School
SOLUTION NO &Q THE COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL M»p Probltn No fi. S*r<M...X. IN CA8E OP REPLY TO BE RETURNED TO RECEPTACLE BY 0:00 A.M. 1028 -C. % 0 . R. S<-h , Tort r**VMi«orll> -3 i&-.1l-2JM Ho. 60 IR - 193S. P * * [ INDIVIDDAL RBSEARCH STUDY. 0 U f> n F* n :.i > *'t < o t2 KCJUf-i TH E BATTL E O F o " S 2 B p ° S r-r o 3 e l ^? M 0 R HA N 01 5 8AR1EB0UR 0 5, O O M H O n t 2 0 A U 0 U S T 1 9 1 4 • w M -' :: b p: M ! t > o Submitted by t UAJOR BOUONT F. K0BNI0, Infantry, D.O.L. THB COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL. Port Loavenworth, Kana&8« Port Leavenworth, yensas 3 April 1933, MEMORANDUM FOR $ The Director, Second Year Class, the Ccmaand «nd General Staff School, Port Leavenworth, Kansas. SUBJECT t A Critical Analysis of the Battle of Morhange - Sarinebourg, 20 August 1914* I . PAPERS ACCOkPANYINO , 1. A 'bibliography for this study. 2. A geographie dictionary covering the German) and Frenoh syninyms of geogrsjphio loo at ions mentioned in this study, arranged both ways. 3. A brief description of the terrain. 4. The weather, 1-2 1 August 1914. 5. The organisation, down to divisions of the opposing foroes. 6. Maps as follows t No. 1 - So'.ilieffen vs. 2 - The Strategic Trap; 3 - Study acoording to Pooh, 1911. 4 - Concentration Plans* 6 - The Concentration. 6 - Situation, evening 13 August, 7 - The Prenoh advance on 14 and 16 August* 8 - " " " H 16 August, 10 - • • " * 18 " j 11 - " * * « 19 « , 12 -* The Plans of German OHQ on 16 August; « ' 15 - The operations as aotually conducted) 14 - The situation at 6»00 AM, 20 August. -
Baptisms of Fire: How Training, Equipment, and Ideas About the Nation Shaped the British, French, and German Soldiers' Experiences of War in 1914
BAPTISMS OF FIRE: HOW TRAINING, EQUIPMENT, AND IDEAS ABOUT THE NATION SHAPED THE BRITISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN SOLDIERS' EXPERIENCES OF WAR IN 1914 Chad R. Gaudet A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2009 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Nathan Richardson Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Stephen G. Fritz Dr. Beth A. Griech-Polelle ii ABSTRACT Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Training, equipment, and ideas about the nation shaped the British, French, and German soldiers’ experiences of war in 1914. Though current scholarship contained works that examined each of those topics separately or in combination, little research investigated the connection in a comparative model from the perspective of the soldiers. This work analyzed the British, French, and German soldiers of World War I during the initial phase (August--November 1914). This critical period of the war proved an excellent way to test these ideas. The project relied heavily on combatants’ personal accounts, which included archival sources. The troopers experience with initial combat served as a test. How those soldiers reacted suggested the connections with training, equipment, and ideas about the nation. The results supported the theory that the professionalism of the British soldier and the French soldier’s devotion to nation and comrade outweighed the German Army’s reliance on both equipment and the doctrine of winning at all costs. Nationalism, equipment, and training influenced soldiery. German equipment provided an edge, but it was not enough. Not only did nationalist sentiment among soldiers exist at the beginning of World War I, three different conceptions of nationalism were present.