Content Analysis

Publication Word Count Emotional Language (LIWC) Percentage Positive Negative

NPR 454 1.1 4.1

NPR 606 1 4.2

NPR 861 1.4 // 9.3 2.1 // 1.3

NPR 328 1.8 2.4 NPR 782 0.6 5

BBC 304 0.6 1.9

BBC 319 1.9 1.2

BBC 611 2.4 4.3 BBC 410 2.4 3.2

BBC 302 3.6 6.9

BBC 309 3.5 5.5

NYT 1217 2.9 // 1.4 1.6 // 1.7

NYT 1499 .8 // 1.2 1.5 // .9

NYT 933 3 // 2.3 4 // 4.7

NYT 88 3.3 3.3 NYT 345 1.7 6.3

NYT 1497 2.6 // 3 4.1 // 4.9

NYT 1195 2.3 // 1.8 3.8 // 3.7

NYT 1058 2.1 // 1.3 3.5 // 3.2

NPR - National Public Radio BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation NYT - The New York Times Content Analysis

Presence of Contextual Language References to France - Examples References other nations - (Presence/Abscence) (Presence/Abscence)

1 - "Paris-style terrorist attack" - "The UK 1 prime minister said Britain stood beside France"

1 - "The suspected architect of the Paris attacks 1 was killed " - "Of the six planned attacks that have been foiled in France"

1 - "Last week's terrorist attacks in Paris" - 1 "Friday's deadly attacks in France"

1 - "France and England played their friendly 1 match " - marred by fans who disrupted the moment of silence for the victims in the Paris attacks" 1 - "As Paris assesses the full toll of Friday 1 night's terrorist attacks" - "The victims were attacked at several sites across the French capital"

1 - "since the 1 Paris attacks [of 13 November]"

1 - "it has become clear following the Paris 1 attacks"

1 - "All doubt has been dispelled in Paris" - "The 1 "jihadists' highway" down which the foreign fighters have been travelling was opened in 2011 with the agreement both of Washington and of Paris" 1 - "called in response to the Nov. 13 terrorist 1 attacks in Paris" - "Referring to the France terror attacks"

1 - "security agencies did not learn the lesson 1 from the series of attacks in Paris" - "contact with radical Islamists in France and Syria" (quote from Dzevad Galijasevic)

1 - "A coordinated massacre in the heart of 1 Paris" - "suicide attacks in Iraqi mode at the Stade de France, and butchery at the Bataclan"

1 - "Seizing on the anxieties of Americans after 1 terrorist attacks by Islamic extremists in Paris and California"

1 - "PARIS -- For reasons that may never be 1 known, maybe just by chance, the Nov. 13 assaults here, which killed 130 people" - "Rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud is Paris in a nutshell"

1 - "The terrorist attacks in Paris immediately 1 changed the course of the [U.S.] presidential race" - "a tragedy like the attacks in Paris is giving candidates who have experience in public office an opening to highlight their national security credentials"

1 - "cautious in the wake of the attacks in Paris 1 on Nov. 13" - " "The attacks to Paris were not to Paris but to the civilized world." " (Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes quote) 1 - "no evidence that 1 anyone in the United States was linked to the terrorist attacks in Paris" - "We are not aware of any credible threat of a Paris-type attack here" (quote by FBI director James B. Comey)

1 - "The deadly terrorist attacks in Paris last 1 week" - "Tell us how you wrestle with this debate, and how, if at all, the attacks in Paris changed your views"

1 - "American and French officials say there is 1 still no definitive evidence to back up their presumption that the terrorists who massacred 129 people in Paris" - "used it again last week, in Arabic, English and French, to broadcast responsibility for the Paris carnage"

1 - "Friday's ghastly assaults on Paris" - "In the 1 wake of the 129 deaths in Paris"

Presence = 1 Yes = 1 Absence - 0 No = 0 * Information is tentive and not confirmed Content Analysis

Presence of Contextual Language Timeliness Examples Publication Date - by Updates days after the incident

- "Brussels will remain in a heightened state of 10 0 security until at least Monday" - "the country [Brussels] is still facing a "serious and imminent" threat"

- "was a Belgian national" - "issuing orders from 6 1 Syria"

- "how it [attacks] could directly influence a 5 0 contest could come this Saturday in the Louisiana governor's race" - "Obama's sending Syrian refugees to Louisiana"

- "NPR's Newscast reported that in Hanover, 4 0 Germany" - "Belgian soccer officials postponed a friendly against Spain" - "The French national team was taking on 1 1 Germany at the time of the blasts" - "a concert venue where the American rock band Eagles Of Death Metal was playing" - "The death of American Nohemi Gonzalez"

- "is to question the Spanish national arrested in 32 0 Ceuta" - "Spain has now arrested 74 people over links to jihadist terrorism so far this year"

- "between Macedonia and Greece in relation to 11 0 the refugee issue" - "at a briefing with Greek journalists visiting Macedonia"

- "In Syria the Russians and the Iranians are 19 0 going to fight their war in the company of [Syrian President] Al-Asad, while the United States and the Europeans are going to be fighting a different war altogether" - "the clash between the Russian czar and the Turkish sultan" - "the Romanian officials conveyed 7 0 condolences and the solidarity of the Romanian people with the victims and their families" - "as Romanian citizens died in Paris" (quote from Interior Minister Petre Toba) - "last night's attack in Rajlovac [Sarajevo 6 0 suburb]" - "fighting against terrorism in Bosnia- Hercegovina"

- "which brings to 3 0 mind the Bombay and Madrid massacres" - "It is impossible not to link these brutal events to the fighting under way in the Middle East"

- "spans the Cooper 26 0 River from here to Charleston [U.S.] - "Donald J. Trump is calling for a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States" (quote from candidate Trump)

- "Headlines lately have 20 0 fixated on borders: the ones colonial powers drew in the Middle East after World War I" - "Factory jobs attracted waves of postwar immigrants from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia"

- "in a 15 0 Republican race dominated by two outsider candidates" - "an amped-up candidate speaking at the Citadel military college in South Carolina,"

- "Mayor Eduardo Paes of Rio de Janeiro 9 0 expressed confidence in security for next year's Olympics in his city" - "Brazilian government officials have said that 85,000 soldiers, police officers and security agents will be deployed for the Rio Games" - "F.B.I. agents are paying special attention to 7 0 what Mr. Comey says are dozens of people in the United States" - "agents have found no travel records, communications or other evidence to suggest that the attackers had any connection to the United States"

- "A physician who was raised in Calcutta and 6 0 lives in Phoenix" - "The greatest terrorist threat to European and American cities comes from radicalized Muslim citizens"

- "to claim responsibility for the crash of the 4 0 Russian jet in the Sinai Peninsula that killed 224 people" - "arguments between American intelligence officials and Silicon Valley"

- "a Russian airliner blown 4 0 up in Egypt, a double suicide bombing in Beirut" - "lawsuits and new restrictions on electronic Content Analysis

Authority Authorship Attributions Education Time With Publication Count in years B.A. Journalism 8 11/12 10

B.A. Journalism 8 11/12 18

B.A. Political Science 1 11/12 24

B.A. Government and 1 2/12 4 Journalism B.A. History and English/ M.A. 13 1/2 /// 2 9/12 48 English /// B.A. Journalism (News/Editorial)

N/A N/A 4

N/A N/A 6

University of Milan (level not 7 7/12 (Il Sole 24 Ore) 1 given) N/A N/A 6

N/A N/A 6

N/A (most sources in French and 2 10/12 (with 0 difficult to navigate/ no Libération) - prior time information on LinkedIn) with the publication before this

B/A* 3 10/12* 14

B/A History, M/A Art History, More than 20 years (at 24 Honorary Doctorate (2) least from 1994*- present)

B.A. Journalism 8 11/12 15

N/A N/A 3 B.A. Government and English 15 3/12 9

B.A. Social Studies, M.A. 4 6/12 // 11 7/12 // 11 7 Journalism // B.A. American Civilization // B.A. International Relations and Affairs

B.A. Government // B.A. Politics 35 3/12* // 5 5/12 23 and Near Eastern Studies, M.A. Communications

B.A. English 13 23 Content Analysis

Authority Negative Language in Relation to ISIS Attributions Graphics Presence/Absence Source Count Type

- Brussels Prime Minister Charles Michel (2) - 2 - photograph - 1 NPR's Russell Lewis - Police - French tweet with video Authorities - BBC Report (attributes to UK and visual Prime Minister Cameron w/in) - Press Conference with UK Prime Minister Cameron and French President Hollande - Reuters (3)

- French Authorities/ Authoritites (4) - 1 - photograph 1 Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve (8) - NPR itself (2) - Paris Prosecutor François Molins - NPR's Dina Temple- Raston - NPR's Peter Kenyon - NPR's Lauren Frayer - La. (R) David Vitter ad announcer - Vitter 6 - photograph - 1 ad - David Vitter - La. (D) John Edwards (3) - YouTube videos - (D) Gumbo PAC - Edwards ad - Ohio John Instagram video Kasich ad - Kasich (2) - NPR's Audie Cornish - Donald Trump radio ad (2) - Barack Obama - Donald Trump - Donald Trump Instagram video (2) - Reuters poll - Ben Carson ad (3) - Pa. Pat Toomey's - NPR's Newscast - Neue Presse sports 3 - photograph - 0 editor Dirk Tietenberg (quoted thorugh BBC) - tweet with a link BBC - Reuters and other reports to a video - tweeted video - French Authoritites - Authorities (2) - law 5 - photograph - 1 enforcement officals in the U.S. and France thumbnail (2) - officals (2) - reports - investigators - photograph - police - announcements - one writer (linked) - video - Paris' prosecutor François Molins (3) - interactive map - witnesses (2) - French authorities (3) -Calif. Twitter video State University Long Beach - U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner (2) - BBC (2) (cites Britian's Foregin Office) - French President Hollande (3) - SITE Intelligence cites statement released by ISIS - reporter Joanna Kakissis cites Greece's deputy citizens' protection minister NikosToskas - Belgian newspaper The Last Hour - Le Parisien and other news outlets - Le Parisien - Bavarian police - NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson (2) cites German pulic radio and local media reports - Prime Minister Manuel Valls - France's soccer federation - a social media campaign - Associated Press - Le Monde - city goverment via Twitter - Charlie Hebdo cartoonist (linked to) - President Obama televised speech - member of the banch Eagles of Death Metal - NPR's Domenico Montanaro - U.S. law enforcement officals

- legal sources - officers - police 0 N/A 1 investigation - Interior Ministry

- Macedonian Foreign Minister Nikola 0 N/A 0 Poposki (6)

- Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan 0 N/A 1 - press release by Ministry of Internal Affairs 0 N/A 0 (4) - Interior Minister Petre Toba within the press release (2)

Dzevad Galijasevic, expert in the fight 0 N/A 0 against terrorism (6)

N/A 0 N/A 0

- Donald Trump - rally attendees (Susan 2 - photograph - 0 Kemmerlin, Tom Herold (2), Michele video (not visible Insinger, Chris Arnold (2), Randall Horres in PDF) (2), Joanna Horres (2), Ann Hunter (2), Muhiyidin d'Baga (local Black Lives Matter organizer)) - Vee Gomes, Dutch-born hairstylist (6) - 14 - photograph 0 Jean-Louis Cohen, French architectural (12) - map of historian (3) - headlines - Al-Azhar bookshop Paris (None storekeeper [didn't give name] (2) - Bernard visible in PDF) Godard, French Interior Minister political scientist (3) - Phelippe Mourrat, runs a city cultural center (2) - Bertrand Delanoë (past Paris mayor) & Frédéric Mitterand (past France's culture minister) - Marc Bédarida, architect - Jean Nouvel, architect - Charlotte Kruk, architect assistant - Cohen (declined to give first name), salesman (2)

- Rob Stutzman, Repub. political strategist - 1 - photograph 1 Senator Marco Rubio/ Rubio campaign ad (2) - Jeb Bush - Bush campaign ad by super PAC Right to Rise USA (3) - Larry McCarthy, Right to Rise USA media consultant - Ohio Gov. John Kasich ad - Jeb Bush speech - super PAC America Leads ad for Carly Fiorina - 4 radio ads by Donald Trump - Suffolk University/ Boston Globe poll - Stuart Stevens, Repub. political operative/ senior advisor to Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign (2)

- Mayor Eduardo Paes of Rio de Janeiro (2) - 0 N/A 0 Brazilian government officials - FBI Director James B. Comey (6) - 0 N/A 1 Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch (2) - Comey and Lynch

Note: the article is an edited compilation of 1 - photograph 1 comments submitted by NYT readers. - (not visible in Rajeev Achari, physician living in Phoenix, PDF) Ariz. - Roger Schwarz, criminal lawyer in New York City, N.Y. - "Lilou," American from Santa Monica, Calif. living in Paris teaching English - Ghulam Faruki, retired psychiatrist from Ahmedabad, India living in Queensbury, N.Y. - Valerie Natale, biomedical scientist living Santa Clara, Calif. - "Vieillemontagne," Frenchman living in Brittian - "GMR," paralegal living in Altanta, Ga.

- American and French officials - Obama 3 - linked 1 administration officials (2) - Barack Obama inforgraphics (2) - Apple's chief executive Timothy D. (not visible in Cook (3) - law enforcement and intelligence PDF) officials - Prime Minister David Cameron of Britian - Michael Morell, a former deputy director of the CIA (3) - Belgian officials - Jan Jambon, Belgium's federal home affairs minister - FBI director James B. Comey - study by White House counterterrorism advisor, Lisa Monaco and head of the White House cybersecurity office, Michael Daniel - William J. Bratton, NYC police commissioner (2) - security experts - Matt Blaze, a computer security expert at the University of Pennsylvania (3)

- John Brennan, CIA director (3) - Brennan 2 - video - lined 1 and some other officials - civil libertarians - inforgraphic Jameel Jaffer, deputy legal director of the Content Analysis

Negative Language in Relation to ISIS Damages Example Death Toll Given Affect to Examples (Y/N) Infrastructure (Y/N)

- "the country is still facing a 1 (Note: only 1 - schools and unversities will "serious and imminent" given for one reopen - subway system will threat" - "we are coming location {89 begin reopening together to tackle this brutal killed at the organisation" (quote from Bataclan UK Prime Minister) Theater})

- "The suspected architect of 1 1 - mobilization of French the Paris attacks was killed authorities and police - press during a violent police raid" - conference "the three teams that attacked six locations across Paris and killed 129 people" - "America needs to get 0 0 - only talked about the tough on radical Islamic change in narratives with terrorism" (Donald Trump political candidates about the quote) future

Note: ISIS is never 0 1 - cancelled soccer matches mentioned. Only the Paris all over Europe - stadium attacks and other possible evacuation in Hanover, terrror attacks Germany - "Hollande is calling the 1 1 - police stormed concert attacks an "act of war" venue - several police raids committed by the Islamic took place - 3,000 soldiers State" - "this attack is being deployed Saturday in beyond anything shown by addition to the 1,000 the so-called Islamic State or that were deployed Friday - its affiliates so far" schools to reopen - public demonstrations barred until Thursday - three days of national mourning - most of city's subway running normally - all city facilities and offices would be closed Saturday (including museums, libraries, and tourist sites) - increased security in major cities

- "for recruiting minors in 0 1 - police operation - police order to enlist them in investigation DA'ISH [Arabic acronym for ISIL]" - "suspected jihadist offered to help vulnerable minors reach conflict zones after grooming and indoctrinating them" N/A 0 1 - discussion about country borders remaining open - meetings for the Foreign Minister scheduled to discuss refugee situation - "President Tayyip 1 Note: death toll 1 - bomb on the Istanbul Erdogan has taken in 2 given for Syrian subway -missiles on teh million refugees, backed the War Turkish border - Turkey has ISIL, and allowed foreign taken 2 million refugees fighters [previous expression in English in original] through" - "This is still the war of misjudgments for which we are now paying the price with terrorism" Note: terrorism is the 0 - meeting of extraordinary primary word choice for the Justice and Home Affairs actions of ISIS, but ISIS Council - decided to commit itself is never mentioned by to fund priority security name measures

Note: terrorism is the 1 (Note: Death 1 - attack on soldiers in primary word choice for the toll given for Rajlovac - terrorist attack on actions of ISIS, but ISIS incident in police station in Zvornik itself is never mentioned by Rajlovac, not name Paris) Note: ISIS referred to as 0 0 N/A "killers" and actions described as "terrorist barbarity" but ISIS is never mentioned by name Note: ISIS is never 0 0 - no direct affect on mentioned, but there is infrastructure, did spark extensive dialogue relating commentary about the terror the terror attacks in Paris attacks at a U.S. political and California to Muslims campaign rally

Note: Mentions the Paris 1 0 Note: the article is about the attacks only once, and only lack of infrastructure damage referrs to the attacker as in this particular Paris "terrorists" neighborhood

- "with messages 0 0 - only discussed the changed tinged with fear and images narratives of U.S. political of terrorist camps and campaign messages Islamic State recruits" - "released after the attacks featured an amped-up candidate speaking at the Citadel military college in South Carolina, declaring, "We are at war with radical Islamic terrorism." " Note: only referenced the 0 1 - increase in security for the Paris attacks, not the Olympic Games in Rio de attackers Janeiro: 85,000 soldiers, police officers, and security agents will be deployed (twice as large as 2012 London Olympics) - "who are regarded as high- 0 1 - joint briefing - FBI risk terrorism suspects canvassing efforts - federal because of their possible authorities have prosecuted support for the Islamic State" 70 people - Ohio man - "Federal authorities have arrested for encouraging prosecuted about 70 people people to kill American accused of trying to travel to service members Syria or offer support for the Islamic State"

- "Islamic State needs to be 1 (Note: in 1 - references French defeated in time" (Rajeev) - Lilou's retaliation bombings - French "I do believe the Islamic introduction, state of emergency declared State, or Daesh, has been mentions death an insidious enemy all along" toll near the (Lilou) Bataclan concert hall)

- "that the terrorists [ISIS] 1 (mentions 1 - Obama settled arguements who massacred 129 people Paris death toll for and against releasing in Paris used new" of 129, and protected conversations and ("terrorists" in this piece is Russian jet data -> government cannot referenced in conjunction attack which require companies to release with ISIS, not alone, which is killed 224) information why this statement qualifies for negative language) - "are less secure than terrorist and criminal groups may believe"

- "A diabolical range of 1 1 - renewed debate over proper recent attacks claimed by limits of government the Islamic State" - "[CIA sureillance / led to proposals