ILL Celebrates First 40 Years
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Announcement EBEA Erice Course 2016
Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (President: prof. Antonino Zichichi) EBI International School of Bioelectromagnetics “Alessandro Chiabrera” Director of the School: prof. Ferdinando Bersani (University of Bologna, Italy) The Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice (Sicily, Italy) is named after the great Italian scientist Ettore Majorana. Antonino Zichichi, the President of the Centre, has said: “At Erice, those who come in order to follow a certain School are called ‘students’, but actually they are young people who have successfully completed their University studies and who come to Erice in order to learn what the new problems are. However, what is distinctive for Erice is the spirit animating all participants: students no less than teachers. The prime objective is to learn. The student listens to the lectures and after that comes the most amusing part: the discussion session.” Topics in Bioelectromagnetics have come to Erice many times in the past, especially in the 1980s, with international courses and workshops on non-ionising radiation, and today many participants of those courses contribute greatly to the development of this research field. Following the request of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA) and the Inter-University Centre for the study of the Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB), in 2003 the Ettore Majorana Centre has established a Permanent School of Bioelectromagnetics, named after Alessandro Chiabrera, who is considered as a master by the young -
Ettore Majorana: Genius and Mystery
«ETTORE MAJORANA» FOUNDATION AND CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC CULTURE TO PAY A PERMANENT TRIBUTE TO GALILEO GALILEI, FOUNDER OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TO ENRICO FERMI, THE "ITALIAN NAVIGATOR", FATHER OF THE WEAK FORCES ETTORE MAJORANA CENTENARY ETTORE MAJORANA: GENIUS AND MYSTERY Antonino Zichichi ETTORE MAJORANA: GENIUS AND MYSTERY Antonino Zichichi ABSTRACT The geniality of Ettore Majorana is discussed in the framework of the crucial problems being investigated at the time of his activity. These problems are projected to our present days, where the number of space-time dimensions is no longer four and where the unification of the fundamental forces needs the Majorana particle: neutral, with spin ½ and identical to its antiparticle. The mystery of the way Majorana disappeared is restricted to few testimonies, while his geniality is open to all eminent physicists of the XXth century, who had the privilege of knowing him, directly or indirectly. 3 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ETTORE MAJORANA: GENIUS AND MYSTERY Antonino Zichichi CONTENTS 1 LEONARDO SCIASCIA’S IDEA 5 2 ENRICO FERMI: FEW OTHERS IN THE WORLD COULD MATCH MAJORANA’S DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSICS OF THE TIME 7 3 RECOLLECTIONS BY ROBERT OPPENHEIMER 19 4 THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON – RECOLLECTIONS BY EMILIO SEGRÉ AND GIANCARLO WICK 21 5 THE MAJORANA ‘NEUTRINOS’ – RECOLLECTIONS BY BRUNO PONTECORVO – THE MAJORANA DISCOVERY ON THE DIRAC γ- MATRICES 23 6 THE FIRST COURSE OF THE SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS SCHOOL (1963): JOHN BELL ON THE DIRAC AND MAJORANA NEUTRINOS 45 7 THE FIRST STEP TO RELATIVISTICALLY DESCRIBE PARTICLES WITH ARBITRARY SPIN 47 8 THE CENTENNIAL OF THE BIRTH OF A GENIUS – A HOMAGE BY THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 53 REFERENCES 61 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 Ettore Majorana’s photograph taken from his university card dated 3rd November 1923. -
Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence -
Cockcroft: a Novel This One, the Comprehensive Compilation Lutely Fundamental Discovery
~7~~-------------------------------------SPRINGBCXJKS------------------------N_A_ru_~__ v_o_L._Jo_s_~_AP __ Rr_L_r9M_ same, when it's compiled as successfully as what was in the sheer physics of it an abso Cockcroft: a novel this one, the comprehensive compilation lutely fundamental discovery. The authors perspective undeniably earns its place in the library. of this book take in their stride Cockcroft I was an admirer of Cockcroft, a fine, and Walton's being made to wait so long William Cooper stocky, sensible, cautious Yorkshireman, theirs not to reason why, they say. But what who indulged in a minimum of speech and about ours? Did it take the Nobel Cockcroft and the Atom. in practically no change of facial committee nineteen years to recognize the By Guy Hartcup and T.E. Allibone. expression. (That expression was neverthe experiment as breaking open an entirely Adam Hilger, Bristol!Heyden, Phila- less amiable, thoughtful, smiling.) If one new line of powerful experiments to be delphia: 1984. Pp.320. £18.95, $34. addressed a remark to him, it was only made with particle-accelerators? Or did it when, after the ensuing silence, he either take those members who opposed the took the famous black notebook out of his award all that time to disappear from the SrNCE the title of Hartcup and Allibone's pocket or actually said something, that one scene? Or what? Someone must know. book may sound a bit vague, perhaps I knew for certain that he'd heard. It gave me There's a fascinating detail I should really should begin by saying what Cockcroft and lasting pleasure to think that at a dinner like to be told. -
Reversed out (White) Reversed
Berkeley rev.( white) Berkeley rev.( FALL 2014 reversed out (white) reversed IN THIS ISSUE Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory Tabletop Physics Bringing More Women into Physics ALUMNI NEWS AND MORE! Cover: The MAVEN satellite mission uses instrumentation developed at UC Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory to explore the physics behind the loss of the Martian atmosphere. It’s a continuation of Berkeley astrophysicist Robert Lin’s pioneering work in solar physics. See p 7. photo credit: Lockheed Martin Physics at Berkeley 2014 Published annually by the Department of Physics Steven Boggs: Chair Anil More: Director of Administration Maria Hjelm: Director of Development, College of Letters and Science Devi Mathieu: Editor, Principal Writer Meg Coughlin: Design Additional assistance provided by Sarah Wittmer, Sylvie Mehner and Susan Houghton Department of Physics 366 LeConte Hall #7300 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-7300 Copyright 2014 by The Regents of the University of California FEATURES 4 12 18 Berkeley’s Space Tabletop Physics Bringing More Women Sciences Laboratory BERKELEY THEORISTS INVENT into Physics NEW WAYS TO SEARCH FOR GOING ON SIX DECADES UC BERKELEY HOSTS THE 2014 NEW PHYSICS OF EDUCATION AND SPACE WEST COAST CONFERENCE EXPLORATION Berkeley theoretical physicists Ashvin FOR UNDERGRADUATE WOMEN Vishwanath and Surjeet Rajendran IN PHYSICS Since the Space Lab’s inception are developing new, small-scale in 1959, Berkeley physicists have Women physics students from low-energy approaches to questions played important roles in many California, Oregon, Washington, usually associated with large-scale of the nation’s space-based scientific Alaska, and Hawaii gathered on high-energy particle experiments. -
Bibliography
Bibliography F.H. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA, 1986) V. Balashov, Interaction of Particles and Radiation with Matter (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1997) British Journal of Radiology, Suppl. 25: Central Axis Depth Dose Data for Use in Radiotherapy (British Institute of Radiology, London, UK, 1996) J.R. Cameron, J.G. Skofronick, R.M. Grant, The Physics of the Body, 2nd edn. (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, WI, 1999) S.R. Cherry, J.A. Sorenson, M.E. Phelps, Physics in Nuclear Medicine, 3rd edn. (Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2003) W.H. Cropper, Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001) R. Eisberg, R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1985) R.D. Evans, TheAtomicNucleus(Krieger, Malabar, FL USA, 1955) H. Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safco, Classical Mechanics, 3rd edn. (Addison Wesley, Boston, MA, USA, 2001) D. Greene, P.C. Williams, Linear Accelerators for Radiation Therapy, 2nd Edition (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK, 1997) J. Hale, The Fundamentals of Radiological Science (Thomas Springfield, IL, USA, 1974) W. Heitler, The Quantum Theory of Radiation, 3rd edn. (Dover Publications, New York, 1984) W. Hendee, G.S. Ibbott, Radiation Therapy Physics (Mosby, St. Louis, MO, USA, 1996) W.R. Hendee, E.R. Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, 4 edn. (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2002) International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Electron Beams with Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV,ICRUReport35(ICRU,Bethesda, MD, USA, 1984) International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons, ICRU Report 37 (ICRU, Bethesda, MD, USA, 1984) 646 Bibliography J.D. -
Calculating from Sicily to CERN ROME ECFA LEP Meeting
target. From these pictures, some course was Walter R. Nelson of The programs were run on the 350 charged current neutrino inter SLAC, presently at CERN as a visit CERN computers and the users, actions in the emulsion have been ing scientist. guided by the authors, were able to identified, and so far 60 have been The calculation of the energy solve specific problems. The experi located. This sample contains one deposited by accelerator beams, or ment was very successful. Many of event which shows all the character particles from nuclear reactors, in the programs presented at the istics of charm decay. targets or machine components is course are now available in the It includes, amongst other parti rather a complicated physical CERN computer files. They cover cles, a negative muon identified by problem. Nor is it trivial to calculate hadronic cascades, electromagnetic the EMI and a positively charged the shielding needed for radiation cascades, reactor shielding, unfold particle which, after travelling a protection of an accelerator or reac ing methods, gamma spectrum ana distance of about one millimetre, tor because of the complex geome lysis and detector efficiency and produces three charged hadrons tries of the radiation sources and the response. For further details of these which are seen in BEBC. Many inter engineering requirements for the programs, contact G.R. Stevenson pretations in terms of charmed parti shielding itself. It takes a broad or W.R. Nelson at CERN. cle decays involving at least one knowledge of the physics of particle neutral particle are possible, but the interactions with matter, of the ROME experimental evidence rules out transport of radiation through differ known strange particle decays. -
VIEWS from PRESIDENTS ZICHICHI and FRIEDEL >>>HISTORY
news and views 40 YEARS OF THE EPS: VIEWS FROM PRESIDENTS ZICHICHI AND FRIEDEL >>> HISTORY The 1979 EPS Conference in Geneva “It was the first time that EPS mem- During this year celebrating the 40th an- was the best proof that the exchange pro- bers, working in different branches of niversary of the EPS, Europhysics News gramme for scientific activities was effec- physics, had the opportunity to meet and publish a sequence on this event in each tively improving the situation. Let us not discuss large future projects. The interest in issue. In the first one, EPN 39/1, the arti- forget that it was ten more years to go be- this new EPS Seminar was such – and this cle of H. Kubbinga recalled the early fore the fall of the Berlin Wall. we could only find out after the Seminar years of the EPS. For the next issues, con- The second point is the establishment was over – that the forecast for the future tributions have been asked from several of the International Seminars on the “Eu- appears promising.” former Presidents of the EPS and will be ropean Great Projects”. This initiative cov- “Let us hope that an EPS forum can be es- published, possibly in the order of pres- ered four fields: (1) Sub-nuclear Physics; tablished where the status of all European idencies, together with some testimonies (2) Nuclear Fusion; (3) Astrophysics and Great Projects can be reviewed and dis- from other former EPS actors. In the pres- (4) Synchrotron Radiation. For the first cussed regularly.” ent 39/2 issue we have the great pleasure time, all these activities were brought to- In the picture below there is a view of to publish the reflections of former Pres- gether and, on March 1979 in Rome, the the Aula Magna “Pietro da Cortona” of idents A. -
Programma EP-2016
WORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENTISTS ICSC - WORLD LABORATORY ETTORE MAJORANA FOUNDATION AND CENTRE FOR SCIENTIFIC CULTURE TO PAY A PERMANENT TRIBUTE TO ARCHIMEDES AND GALILEO GALILEI, FOUNDERS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TO ENRICO FERMI, THE "ITALIAN NAVIGATOR", FATHER OF THE WEAK FORCES INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON PLANETARY EMERGENCIES 49th Session SCIENCE FOR PEACE THE WORLD OVER THE NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT Erice 20 – 23 August 2016 UNDER THE HIGH PATRONAGE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ITALY SCIENCE AND CULTURE NEEDED IN THE III MILLENNIUM CLIMATE THE SCIENCE OF COMPLEX NETWORKS NUCLEAR ENERGY AND SAFETY THE FUTURE OF CYBER SECURITY STUDIES IN CONFLICTS AND TERRORISM ORGANIZING PLANETARY DEFENCE AGAINST COSMIC OBJECTS CHILDREN WELFARE HUMAN WELFARE IN AN ELDERLY SOCIETY HUMAN AND SOCIAL MEDICINE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH ON NEURODEGENERATION AND DEMENTIA SUSTAINABILITY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE WATER CRISIS Chair A. Zichichi – Co-chairs T.D. Lee, M.J. Duff, H. Wenninger, T. Taylor Paul A.M. Dirac Lecture Hall – Patrick M.S. Blackett Institute INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON PLANETARY EMERGENCIES 49th Session Under the High Patronage of the President of the Republic of Italy SCIENCE FOR PEACE THE WORLD OVER THE NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT CONTENTS ___ • Synthesis of Sessions and Times …… 3 • Sessions List ………………………… 5 • Programme of Plenary Sessions ……... 9 2 INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS ON PLANETARY EMERGENCIES 49th Session Under the High Patronage of the President of the Republic of Italy SCIENCE FOR PEACE THE WORLD OVER THE NEW MANHATTAN -
CERN and ITER Begin Cooperation
FACES AND PLACES The director-general of the International Fusion Energy Organization (ITER), Kaname Ikeda (right), and CERN director-general Robert Aymar signed a The CERN–ITER committee holding their first meeting in Cadarache in February. From left to right, cooperation agreement on 6 March. Arnaud Devred, ITER, Lucio Rossi and Philippe Lebrun, CERN, and Neil Mitchell, ITER. (Courtesy ITER.) COLLABORATION CERN and ITER begin cooperation CERN and the International Fusion as finance, procurement, human resources the cooperation agreement held its first Organization (ITER) signed a first cooperation and informatics. meeting in Cadarache earlier this year, agreement at a meeting on 6 March. The Currently in its start-up phase at its on 14 February. This meeting marked the agreement was approved by the councils of Cadarache site, 70 km from Marseilles, ITER first step towards sharing the key common the two organizations last year, with the aim will focus its research on the scientific and technologies involved in the LHC and ITER, of sharing knowledge and information on technical feasibility of using fusion energy such as superconductivity, magnet coils and technologies. as a future source of power generation on cryogenics. The collaboration has already One of the main purposes of this Earth. In doing so, the organization will need assisted the ITER organization and domestic agreement is for CERN to give ITER, through to call on certain key technologies, such agencies in preparing technical specifications the provision of consultancy services, as superconductivity, cryogenics, control for the procurement arrangements for the the benefit of its experience in specific systems and data acquisition, which are toroidal field coils. -
1 Antonino ZICHICHI Italy Nuclear Physicist Leading Scientist, CERN
Antonino ZICHICHI Italy Nuclear physicist Leading scientist, CERN, Geneva Founder of the World Laboratory, Geneva Founder of the Ettore Majorana Centre, Erice/Sicily Introduction by Gottlieb GUNTERN Currently one of the most influential scientists in Italy, physicist Antonino Zichichi is known the world over for his work on four major fronts. In collaboration with the CERN, the University of Bologna and the Gran Sasso Laboratory, of which he is one of the founders, he is, above all, a pioneer passionately engaged in detecting the most minute components of matter. He has also founded a bustling centre for scientific culture in Erice, in his native Sicily, where tens of thousands of scientists in every field have exhibited their work over the past thirty years. The outcome of his third field of work is history. In the midst of the Cold War, Professor Zichichi succeeded in bringing together in Erice top armament scientists and experts responsible for the nuclear programmes of the United States and the USSR and persuaded them to evaluate the risk and consequences of a nuclear war. The seminars, held annually from 1981, greatly contributed to bringing East and West closer together on a basic principle: promoting science without secrets and without frontiers. The physicist's competence inspired NATO to entrust him with the chairmanship of the NATO Science Committee's Panel for Disarmament Technologies. His concern to bring North and South closer together through science gave way to his fourth field of activity. Through the World Laboratory, a non-governmental organisation which he founded in Switzerland and of which he is the chairman, he has opened the doors to young scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America through a scholarship programme and launched a multitude of joint research projects. -
The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics
Phys. Perspect. 20 (2018) 124–158 Ó 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 1422-6944/18/010124-35 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00016-018-0216-0 Physics in Perspective The History and Impact of the CNO Cycles in Nuclear Astrophysics Michael Wiescher* The carbon cycle, or Bethe-Weizsa¨cker cycle, plays an important role in astrophysics as one of the most important energy sources for quiescent and explosive hydrogen burning in stars. This paper presents the intellectual and historical background of the idea of the correlation between stellar energy production and the synthesis of the chemical elements in stars on the example of this cycle. In particular, it addresses the contributions of Carl Friedrich von Weizsa¨cker and Hans Bethe, who provided the first predictions of the carbon cycle. Further, the experimental verification of the predicted process as it developed over the following decades is discussed, as well as the extension of the initial carbon cycle to the carbon- nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) multi-cycles and the hot CNO cycles. This development emerged from the detailed experimental studies of the associated nuclear reactions over more than seven decades. Finally, the impact of the experimental and theoretical results on our present understanding of hydrogen burning in different stellar environments is presented, as well as the impact on our understanding of the chemical evolution of our universe. Key words: Carl Friedrich von Weizsa¨cker; Hans Bethe; Carbon cycle; CNO cycle. Introduction The energy source of the sun and all other stars became a topic of great interests in the physics community in the second half of the nineteenth century.