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Çağdaş Anglikan Kilisesinin Idari Ve Dini Yapisi Doktora

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Çağdaş Anglikan Kilisesinin Idari Ve Dini Yapisi Doktora T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ÇAĞDAŞ ANGLİKAN KİLİSESİNİN İDARİ VE DİNİ YAPISI DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Mehmet Aydın HAZIRLAYAN Vedat Şafak YAMI KONYA - 2007 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com ÖNSÖZ …………………………………………………………….…. 4 GİRİŞ ………………………………………………………………….. 5 1. A. Araştırmanın Amacı, Kapsamı, Yöntemi ……………. 5 B. Konu İle İgili Yapılan Araştırmalar Ve Kaynaklar …. 8 2. A. Çalışmanın Yapıldığı Coğrafi Saha …………………. 12 B. İngiltere’nin Kısa Tarihi ………………………………. 12 BÖLÜM 1 İNGİLİZ ANGLİKAN KİLİSESİNİN TARİHÇESİ A- Reform Öncesi İngiliz Kilisesi 1.1 Magna Carta ……………………………………………… 20 1.2 John Wycliffe ……………………………………………….. 21 B- Kral VIII. Henry ve Anglikan Kilisesinin Doğuşu 2.1 VIII. Henry Dönemi (1509–1547) …………………………… 26 2.1.1 VIII. Henry’nin Evlilikleri ve Papa Tarafından Tekfir edilmesi … 30 2.2. VIII. Henry’nin Döneminde İngiliz Kilisesinin Durumu ……….. 32 2.3. Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556) …………………………….. 35 C- Kraliçe I. Elizabeth ve Anglikan Kilisesinin Oluşumu 3.1 VIII. Henry’nin Ölümünden Sonra …………………………… 41 3.2 Kraliçe I. Mary (1553–1558) …………………………..…… 44 3.3 Kraliçe I. Elizabeth Dönemi (1558–1603) ……………………. 48 3.3.1 Kilise ve Puritenler ………………………………………..…… 56 D- Kraliçe I. Elizabeth Sonrası Günümüze Uzanan Süreçte Anglikan Kilisesi 1 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com 4.1 Kral I. James dönemi (1603–1625) ……..…………………… 65 4.2 I. Charles Dönemi (1625–1649) ……………………………… 70 4.3 Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) ve Bağımsızlar ……………….. 76 4.4 Kral II. James ve Görkemli Devrim …………..…..…………… 84 4.5 Kral I. George (1714–1727) ve Kilise-Devlet İlişkisi …………… 89 4.6 John Keble ve Risaleciler (Tractarians) ………………………… 96 4.7 XX. Yüzyıl ………………………………………………..………… 98 BÖLÜM 2 İNGİLİZ ANGLİKAN KİLİSESİNİN TEMEL ÖĞRETİLERİ, DOKTRİNİ VE İBADET UYGULAMALARI A- İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin Temel Öğretileri, Doktrini 1.1 Roma Kilisesi ile Ayrılığın Siyasi Temelleri ………………… 103 1.2 Liturjik Yenilikler …….………………………………………….. 105 1.3 Westminster İnanç Açıklaması ……………………………….. 109 1.4 Anglikan Amentüsü ……………………………………………. 110 B- İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin İbadet Uygulamaları 2.1 Genel Dua Kitabı …………………..……………………………. 112 2.2 I. Elizabeth Devri İbadet Şekilleri ……………………………… 114 2.3 Anglikan Kilisesi Sakramentleri ……………………………….. 115 2.3.1 Komunyon Ayini ………………………………………………… 116 2.3.2 Vaftiz …………………………………………………………… 119 BÖLÜM 3 İNGİLİZ ANGLİKAN KİLİSESİ TEŞKİLAT YAPISI 1.1 Antik Çağ İngiliz Kilisesi ……………………………………… 121 1.2 VIII. Henry Dönemi gelişmeleri ………………………………. 123 2 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com 1.3 Orta Yol (The Via Media)…………………………………….. 135 1.4 Çağımız İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin Teşkilat Yapısı ……... 137 1.4.1 Canterbury Başpiskoposluğunun Resmi Görevleri ……… 141 1.4.2 Canterbury Başpiskoposunun Atanma Şekli ……………. 143 1.5 İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinde Farklı Sesler ……………………. 144 1.5.1 Yüksek Kilise …………………………………………………. 144 1.5.2 Alt (Aşağı) Kilise ……………………………………………… 146 1.5.3. Geniş Kilise ………………………………………………… 147 SONUÇ …………………………………………………………………. 150 EKLER Ek: 1 Coğrafi Saha ………………………………………………… 153 Ek: 2 Magna Carta (İngilizce Metin)………………………………. 154 Magna Karta (Türkçe Metin) ………………………………… 168 Ek: 3 The Litany / Dua ………………………………………………. 177 Ek: 4 39 Madde ve Türkçe Metni (1571)…………………….……. 178 Ek: 5 Westminster İnanç Açıklaması (1643) ……….…………. 202 Ek: 6 Amentü / Catechism ……………………………………… 214 Ek: 7 Canterbury Başpiskoposları ………………….………….. 216 Ek: 8 Piskoposluk Bölgeleri Haritası……………………………. 219 Ek: 9 Hiyerarşik Şema …………………………………………. 220 Bibliyoğrafya ………………………………………………………. 221 3 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com ÖNSÖZ Bugün dünya haritasına baktığımız zaman, İngilizce konuşan halkların ne kadar geniş bir coğrafyada yayılmış olduklarını kolayca görebiliriz. Bu bölgelerde yaşayan ve kendisini İngiliz Milletler Topluluğuna (Commonwealth) ait hisseden insanların nasıl bir kültürün mirasçısı oldukları ve ait oldukları kültür ile mensup bulundukları dini yapının hangi evrelerden sonra bugünkü halini aldığı hususu bugüne değin Türkçede kapsamlı bir çalışmanın konusu olmamıştır. Avrupa Birliği’nin de önemli ortaklarından biri olması dolayısı ile ülkemizin müttefik olduğu ülkelerden biri olan İngiltere’nin kültürel dokusunu oluşturan Anglikan Kilisesini daha yakından tanımak, bugüne değin geçirdiği değişimleri anlamak, Türk bilim çevreleri için yararlı olacağı düşüncesi ile böyle bir konuyu doktora tez konusu olarak seçtim. Konu ile ilgili bilgileri toplamak amacıyla literatür taramasına başladığımda gördüm ki aslında Anglikan Kilisesini anlamak için önce, İngiltere’de bugün de varlığını sürdüren monarşik yapıyı anlamak ve incelemek gerekiyor. Monarşi ile dinin, içice girmiş iki kurum olduğu gerçeği beni biraz da monarşinin tarihini ve gelişim sürecini incelemeye mecbur bıraktı. Umarım okuyucular çalışmamı incelerken bu durumu göz önüne alırlar. Böylesine geniş bir tarihi süreci ve konu başlığını, her biri başlı başına bir tez olabilecek genişlikte inceleme yapmaya kalkışmak beraberinde konunun bütünlüğünü kaybetmek gibi bir riski de beraberinde getirmektedir. Yine de konumla ilgili başlıkları mümkün ölçüde ele almaya çalıştım. Aksi takdirde konu başlıkları arasında ki ilişki ve bütünlük sağlanamayacaktı. Bu çalışmamızda, tez danışmanlığımı yapan ve değerli yardımlarını benden esirgemeyen sayın Prof. Dr. Mehmet Aydın hocama en derin şükranlarımı belirtmek isterim. Vedat Şafak Yamı 4 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com GİRİŞ 1. A. ARAŞTIRMANIN AMACI, KAPSAMI, YÖNTEMİ Anglikan Kilisesi gerek idari yapısı, gerekse de dini inanç ve ritüelleri açısından diğer hıristiyan mezheplerinden bir takım yönleri itibariyle farklılıklar göstermekte ve öneminden dolayı da ayrı ve kapsamlı çalışmada ele alınması gerekmektedir. Ayrıldığı noktalar olduğu kadar neden ayrıldığı sorusuna da çalışmamızda cevap aramaya çalışacağız. Tabii bunu yapabilmek için de bu mezhebin tarihsel köklerine ineceğiz ve ayrılış sürecindeki sebeplerin siyasal mı, sosyal mi yoksa dini mi temellere dayandığını anlamaya çalışacağız. Bunu yapmamızın sebebi ise bu sorunun oldukça tartışmalı bir konu olması ve değişik kaynaklarda farklı şekilde yanıtlanıyor olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin diğer büyük mezheplerden ayrılırken aldığı yeni şekil nedir sorusuna da cevap arayacağız. Protestan mezhepler içinde, Katolikliğe en yakın olan Anglikan Kilisesi, Roma ile Protestanlık arasında köprü teşkil eder1 denirken acaba tam olarak ne kast olunmaktadır? Konuyu tek başına ele alıp incelediğimizde çoğu zaman Protestanlığın bir kolu olarak gösterilen İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin, Protestan mezheplerinin aksine2, “Apostolik Silsile”yi benimsediği3 gerçeği ile karşılaşıp acaba bu mezhep Katolikliğe ve Ortodoksluğa, Protestanlığa olduğundan daha mı yakın sorusu ile kafamız iyice karışmaktadır. İbadet dili olarak Katolik mezhebinin Latinceyi kullanmaya devam ettiği, aksine İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinin diğer Protestan mezhepleri gibi kendi dilinde ibadet ediyor olması ne ifade etmektedir? Gene aynı şekilde ruhban sınıfı bulunmayan Protestanlığın aksine İngiliz Anglikan Kilisesinde ruhban sınıfının olup olmadığı şayet var ise nasıl bir hiyerarşik yapıya sahip 1 SCHIMMEL Annamarie, Dinler Tarihine Giriş, Bahar Yayınları, Istanbul, 1999, s.199 2 SARIKÇIOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ekrem, Başlangıçtan Günümüze Dinler Tarihi, Tuğra Ofset, III. Basım, Isparta, 2000, (s. 406), s.373 3 RAHNER Karl, Encylopedia of Theology “apostolic succession”, Crossroad, New york ABD 1989, s.37 5 PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com oldukları gibi çıkış noktalarımızı göz önünde bulunduracağız. Zira bildiğimiz gibi Katolik mezhebindeki ruhban sınıfı aşağıdan yukarıya rahip, piskopos, kardinal ve papa şeklinde hiyerarşik bir yapıya sahiptir. “Yanılmazlık” ilkesi ile maruf papalık makamına sahip Katolik mezhebi gibi İngiliz Kilisesinde de “Başpiskoposluk” makamı “yanılmaz” mı kabul edilmektedir? Zaman zaman demokrasi’nin ‘beşiği’ olarak tanımlanan İngiltere’de bu makamın sahibini halk mı seçer yoksa siyaset adamları ve kraliçe tarafından mı atanır? “Alt Kilise”4 mensubu bir din adamının “Kilise şayet Roma’ya doğru yürümeye devam ederse, bu ülkede dini bir savaş çıkacaktır” demesi ve gene bu gruba mensup din adamlarının “Bu ülkede (İngiltere’yi kasten) şayet piskopos atamaları, Anayasa ve 39 Maddelik Bildirge’ye uygun bir şekilde yapılmış olsaydı bir çok piskopos bugün görev yapıyor olmazdı, zira Onlar (Yüksek Kilise5 mensubu din adamlarını kasten) Dua Kitabına (Anglikan Genel Dua Kitabını kasten) inanmıyorlar ve kabul de etmiyorlar” demeleri acaba neyin göstergesidir?6 1992 yılında alınan bir karar neticesi kadınların da din adamı olarak bu Kilise içinde görev yapabileceklerinin açıklanmasından sonra, 16. ve 17. yy.larda meydana gelen acı hadiselere benzer bir takım küskünlüklerin tekrar yaşanıp yaşanmayacağı konusunun, zihinlerde ciddi bir soru işareti olarak durduğunun farkına vardım. Bu ve benzeri tartışmalar bizzat “Yüksek Kilise” ve “Alt Kilise”nin müntesiplerince, geçmişe dönük hesapların kapanmadığının bir belirtisidir ve basın yayın organlarında da yerini almıştır. Konunun çıkış noktası her ne kadar dini bir meseleden kaynaklanıyor gibi görünse de bu ciddi sorunun arkasında, acaba sadece dini konularda uzlaşamayan din adamlarının yarattığı liturjik bir tartışması mı vardır yoksa arkasında siyasal ve sosyal bir 4 Anglikan Kilisesi içinde John Wycliffe’i (1330-1384)
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