Life-Cycle Management Other Titles from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
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Life-Cycle Management Other Titles from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC): Asking the Right Questions: Ecotoxicology and Statistics (Reprint on CD-ROM) Chapman, Crane, Wiles, Noppert, Mclndoe 2003 Code of Life-Cycle Inventory Practice de Beaufort-Langeveld, Bretz, van Hoof, Hischier, Jean, Tanner, Huijbregts, editors 2003 Effects of Plant Protection Products on Functional Endpoints in Soil (EPFES) Rombke, Heimbach, Hoy, Kula, Scott-Fordsmand, Sousa, Stepenson, Weeks 2003 Life-Cycle Assessment and SETAC: 1991 to 1999 (15 SETAC LCA books on CD-ROM) 2003 Life-Cycle Assessment in Building and Construction Kotaji, Edwards, Shuurmans, editors 2003 Procedures for Assessing the Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicity of Pesticides (Reprint in CD-ROM) Lynch, editor 2003 Life-Cycle Impact Assessment: Striving Towards Best Practice Udo de Haes, Finnveden, Goedkoop, Hauschild, Hertwich, Hofstetter, Jolliet, Klopffer, Krewitt, Lindeijer, Miiller-Wenk, Olsen, Pennington, Potting, Steen, editors 2002 10th LCA Case Studies Symposium 2002 9th LCA Case Studies Symposium 2001 For information about SETAC publications, including SETAC's international journal, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, and its new journal, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, contact the SETAC Administrative Office nearest you: SETAC Office SETAC Office 1010 North 12th Avenue Avenue de la Toison d'Or 67 Pensacola, FL 32501-3367 USA B-1060 Brussels, Belgium T 850 469 1500 F 850 469 9778 T 32 2 772 72 81 F 32 2 770 53 86 E [email protected] E [email protected] www.setac.org Environmental Quality Through Science® Life-Cycle Management David Hunkeler AQUA+TECH Geneva, Switzerland Konrad Saur Five Winds International Donzdorf, Germany Gerald Rebitzer Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland Alcan Chippis, Switzerland Matthias Finkbeiner DaimlerChrysler Sindelfingen, Germany Wulf-Peter Schmidt Ford Koln, Germany Allan Astrap Jensen FORCE Technology Copenhagen, Denmark Heidi Stranddorf Ballerup Kommune Copenhagen, Denmark Kim Christiansen 2.-0 LCA consultants Copenhagen, Denmark Coordinating Editor ofSETAC books Andrew Green International Lead Zinc Research Organization Raleigh, North Carolina, USA ^ ^ preMI Published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Cover design by Kerri Charlton. Indexing by Information Retrieval and Indexing Services (IRIS). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Life-cycle management / David Hunkeler ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-880611-77-5 (alk. paper) 1. Production engineering. 2. Product life cycle. 3. Production management. I. Hunkeler, David (David Jerome), 1962- TS176.155 2004 6 5 8 .5 -d c 2 2 Information in this book was obtained from individual experts and highly regarded sources. It is the publisher's intent to print accurate and reliable information, and numerous references are cited; however, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot be responsible for the validity of all information presented here or for the consequences of its use. Information contained herein does not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). Mention of commercial or noncommercial products and services does not imply endorsement or affiliation by the author or SETAC. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or for the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA (Telephone 978 750 8400) or to SETAC. Before photocopying items for educational classroom use, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center (http://www.copyright.com) or the SETAC Office in North America (Telephone 850 469 1500, Fax 850 469 9778, E-mail [email protected]). SETAC's consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from SETAC for such copying. Direct inquiries to the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, FL 32501-3367, USA. © 2004 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) This publication was printed on recycled paper using soy ink. SETAC Press is an imprint of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. No claim is made to original U.S. Government works. International Standard Book Number 1-880611-77-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 109 8 765432 1 Co)The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard ^ -'ro r Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Reference Listing: Hunkeler D, Saur K, Rebitzer G, Finkbeiner M, Schmidt W-P, Jensen AA, Stranddorf H, Christiansen K. 2004. Life-cycle management. Pensacola FL, USA: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). 104 p. SETAC Publications Books published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) provide in-depth re views and critical appraisals on scientific subjects relevant to understanding the impacts of chemicals and technology on the environment. The books explore topics reviewed and recommended by the Publications Ad visory Council and approved by the SETAC North America Board of Directors, the SETAC Europe Council, or the SETAC World Council for their importance, timeliness, and contribution to multidisciplinary approaches to solving environmental problems. The diversity and breadth of subjects covered in the publications reflect the wide range of disciplines encompassed by environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, hazard and risk assessment, and life-cycle assessment. SETAC books attempt to present the reader with authoritative cov erage of the literature, as well as paradigms, methodologies, and controversies; research needs; and new de velopments specific to the featured topics. The books are generally peer reviewed for SETAC by acknowledged experts. SETAC publications, which include Technical Issue Papers (TIPs), workshop summaries, newsletter (SETAC Globe), and journals (Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Man agement), are useful to environmental scientists in research, research management, chemical manufacturing and regulation, risk assessment, life-cycle assessment, and education, as well as to students considering or pre paring for careers in these areas. The publications provide information for keeping abreast of recent develop ments in familiar subject areas and for rapid introduction to principles and approaches in new subject areas. SETAC recognizes and thanks the past SETAC books editors: C.G. Ingersoll, Midwest Science Center U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA T.W. La Point, Institute of Applied Sciences University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA B.T. Walton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA C.E1. Ward, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Rice University, Elouston, Texas, USA Contents List of Figures.............................................................................................. x List of Tables................................................................................................ x About the Authors.................................................................................... xi Preface.........................................................................................................xiv Acknowledgments....................................................................................xv 1: Introduction: Business Perspective: What Life-Cycle Management Should and Should Not Be.......................................1 Environment as Core Business...........................................................................................2 Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats Analysis of Life-Cycle M anagem ent............................................................................................................................. 2 Typical Uses of Life-Cycle Management.......................................................................3 Decision Support..................................................................................................................... 5 Use of Metrics and Indicators............................................................................................5 Requirements for an Objective Management Index.................................................5 Sustainability............................................................................................................................6 What Life-Cycle Management is Not..............................................................................6 The Life-Cycle Management Toolbox.............................................................................6 2: Definition of Life-Cycle Management............................................9 The Environment in the 21st