James A. Michener, Youth, and Eternal Spain Eternal and Youth, Michener, A

Home , Hawaii (novel), Iberia (book), Journey (novel), Legacy (Michener novel), Mexico (novel), South Pacific (novel)

Palabras vida. su de grande más momento crisis la de dejó, la sobre el en todo nunca alma cuya pero aEspaña, fue vez que una americano un de pundonor. el eincluso Por Iberia lengua último, la política, la festivales, los tauromaquia, la a literatura y filosofía arte, música, comida, ra, cultu historia, su desde española, civilización la de aspecto volumen cada de un en crónica Iberia de página cada en que aparecen exhaustivas, lecturas y sus investigaciones gente. Sus y su España de dinario extraor tejió tapiz Michener un pobres, más alos prominentes más los de españoles con mantenido que había conversaciones de por miles ayudado país, del rincón cada acasi viajes y, sus de hogar», através segundo «mi llamándola aEspaña, visitas muchas hizo Michener xx siglo el durante escritos obra Iberia la examina artículo Este Resumen Keywords crisis. personal moment greatest the in of his especially it, left spirit butwhose never who wentonce to Spain American an of love affair lifelong and pundonor language, politics, festivals, bullfighting, to philosophy, literature, and art, music, food, culture, history, from civilization, Spanish of aspect every of one-volumechronicle definitive most the possibly very is what to write of Iberia page on every to bear brought reading, and research haustive ex His people. its and of Spain collage afascinating to poor, together pieced Michener prominent from Spaniards with of conversations by thousands aided nation, of the corner every to virtually travels through home», «second and, it his calling to Spain, trips numerous made Michener years, of over aperiod forty During on Spain. century twentieth the during written books finest theas Michener’s one A. of Iberia James examine will article This Abstract JAMES A. MICHENER, YOUTH, AND ETERNAL SPAIN ETERNAL AND YOUTH, MICHENER, A. JAMES clave : James A. Michener, A. Iberia : James JAMES A. MICHENER, LA JUVENTUD Y LA ESPAÑA ETERNA ESPAÑA YLA JUVENTUD LA MICHENER, A. JAMES A SEARCH FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE: MEANING FOR THE A SEARCH Revista de Filología de Revista : James A. Michener, A. Iberia : James Saint Peter’s University, Jersey City (New Jersey, USA) (New Peter’s City Saint Jersey University, UNA BÚSQUEDA DEL SENTIDO DE LA VIDA: LA DE SENTIDO DEL BÚSQUEDA UNA , le facilitaron a Michener escribir la que posiblemente sea la mejor que la posiblemente la sea escribir aMichener , le facilitaron DOI: http://doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2019.38.003 DOI: acerca de España. Durante un período de más de cuarenta años años cuarenta de más de período un Durante España. de acerca Mark DeStephano Mark , 38; enero 2019, pp. 43-60; ISSN: e-2530-8548 ISSN: 2019, enero , 38; pp. 43-60; de James A. Michener como uno de los mejores libros mejores los de libros uno como Michener A. James de , Spain, Teruel,, Spain, Hispanophile. travel, , España, Teruel, hispanófilo. viaje, , España, es el testimonio del amor de toda la vida vida la toda de amor del testimonio el es . Finally, Iberia . Finally,

, enabled Michener Michener , enabled is a testimony to a atestimony is

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REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 43 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 44 Month Club» and with patrons of grocery-store reading racks. So successful was was successful So racks. Month reading of patrons grocery-store Club» with and «Book of the the in readers everyday with popular wildly he was from critics, praise lukewarm irony garnering the writer. of Michener’s Generally afiction as career (quoted showmanship» Day 1977: in for literary characterization 102). Such was true for pageantry, drama people», «sacrifices he often and than rather «prototypes are critic, to this Michener’s anovelist. according as much career of characters, his TribuneChicago Sunday of Hawaii evaluation alternate of an example work. his popularize to further 1966 in of novel 1970 the and into film parts of helped adaptation several The him readership. to afaithful gateway to his be was that style upon literary the settled had 102). Hawaii weeks, nine Within of United the (quoted most interesting perhaps States» and newest the Day 1977: in emergence as to sociological from geologic building of islands the account mental amonu and of storytelling, absorbing performance an job of research, masterful to Michener’s regard with critics of Hawaii many approachattitude to writing novels were Horace Sutton his set. which of Saturdayin the Review or event of area the celebrated personages and into history, folklore, the customs, of Michener’s hallmark to novels: become the research deep was what reflected novels, Hawaii historical of his he about first wrote. The which places the of were plots into embedded histories that the engrossing and detail, historical tive exhaus Michener’s prose, exotic settings, of were works clear noted mix for their 1983: (Becker Pennsylvania in College 4). at Swarthmore History and English in abachelor’s earned having prepared, degree well he for was which atask was This historian. to work aNavy as assigned been who had Pacific South the in officer he wrote before Iberia Pacific Pacific South Tales for 1948 his the Prize awarded been of had the Pulitzer articles, of newspaper 1968,tion in Michener (1907-1997) novels eight dozens and written already had and glorious land that in countless ways was to change the history of world. the history the to change was ways countless in that glorious land and ancient that of Spain, heart me into Ifelt, descriptions, very were the and bringing Michener’s but attractions. of Spain, tourist not Spain words the just tour through a not put Michener’s taking like book from down; chapter to chapter was moving I could Studies. Hispanic a Professor and of as of Spanish my career years middle the into well day, moving Iam to this as lasted has that cultures Hispanic with journey a began so and my language, sleep, intense so were Spanish my the encounters with in phrases toldstudy. Spanish me of to how speak My I used laughingly parents of Spanish year adventure for atwelve-year-old boy completed just first who had his (1968), Travels Spanish engrossing Reflections and and extended for an passport the Michener’s A. copy of apaperback James It was Iberia: camera. cube «Instamatic» new my Itook of equally with apicture thing first very –the my favoritebeing gift , and had published seven non-fiction books. His early works, especially those those especially works, early published His non-fiction had seven , and books. Not all critics, though, were enthusiastic about were Michener’s though, enthusiastic critics, Not all work. One Iberia of morning 1970 by Iremember what as mesmerized On Christmas Iwas (1947), South into hit later adapted Broadway the musical was which was not work the was of aneophyte. of work’s By the time the publica , reflect many of Michener’s personal experiences as a naval of anaval Michener’s many as experiences personal , reflect , who voiced criticism that the writer would hear through through writer would hear the , who voiced that criticism was at the top of the best-seller list, and Michener and top at the of best-seller list, the was was that of William Hogan of the Hogan of William that was captured the the captured (1959), (1959), : «A : «A - - - the traveler in Spain: traveler in the confront that love and for conundrums the fascination his book, Michener declares (quoted memory» Michener living in in 2015: about Spain books i). Very the in early over ( over sold have been world the languages, intoMichener’s thirty-two translated books, 75 copies 100 of and million between to date that estimated been ithe, has that hailed hailed Mr. done Saturday ever the Michener Review that on subject», has any best whilst «[m]assive, [...] beautiful the and on Spain unquestionably writing some of best the Wall Journal The Street Hispanophile. of fide of abona view century, Iberia twentieth the during written on Spain accomplishes. travels epic with touches»]ratives (1997: fact-laden his book of what is Spanish 44). This nar épicos» [«a con matices of builder geographical-historical geográfica-histórica narración de la albañil «un as instead he excel did portraits, and dialogues creating for agift with Michener craftsman not may though asophisticated even have been País El newspaper he wrote for Spanish that the obituary the in of epic enveloped sobriety. amist and with Cavestany, Juan occasionally yet fact of Michener’s on grounded to Quite contrary, solidly to be it the was imagination. travelogue the sagas, so deeply ingrained that an obituary piece in the Spanish newspaper newspaper Spanish the piece in obituary an that deeplyso ingrained unreal portraits of lands and peoples: and of lands portraits unreal creating and cultures, local simplifying myths, work his forberated perpetuating Michener’spoorly (225). and written» dismissed characterization short, he In firmly rather and dated and Fiji, in «superficial general Indians in but the was maligned to Return Paradise Michener’s that book Happy The travel the (1992). in Islesof Oceania him against considered Theroux railed celebrated novelist Paul the Theroux for instance, late years, his In criticism. 1997:(Martín 51). from caustic save him not did always However, distinction this [«veteran of best-seller best-seller» del lists»] the a«veterano as remembered him The Economist 1997: Economist The 92). Iberia Iberia Hailed by a number of critics as one by anumber as of of most comprehensive the critics Hailed books travel of Michener’s many later, demonstrate However, Iwill unlike historical as 1992: (Theroux 226). it much unexpectedness so gives and there of traveling sure plea the intensifies crap– of itmost utter is –indeed, inaccurate is Pacific the about much written so that fact very the amisnomer. that is say But Ishould Pacific the of name very The is. it all How misleading it aparadise. to make and Pacific the to invent felt who aneed tourists and travelers and of explorers long parade the in another just is Michener (of to discuss. judgements silly too Michener)These are who live within the peninsula and were born there understand it much better than than it much better understand there were born and peninsula the within live who those that convinced not atall Iam and amystery is not unhappy, for Spain am I failure this in and not Ihave succeeded, peculiarities. its to unravel endeavoring trips subsequent spent many Ihave and land, a special was Spain that I knew When Michener passed away, the notion that he was a «popular» writer was away, writer was Michener passed a «popular» When notion he the was that as «[a] dazzling panorama [...] panorama «[a]as dazzling most one satisfying and of richest the Iberia: Spanish Travels Reflections and , written decades earlier, not apparently decades only had , written is a tale told point from the atale is acclaimed the book as book as the acclaimed would be no figment would no be figment , points out that La VanguardiaLa - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 45 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 46 which famed Spanish literary scholar and historian Américo Castro believed to be believed Castro Américo historian and scholar literary Spanish famed which de Compostela, War.Civil center Santiago the of Spain, in book ends Catholic The of the some and of major the conflicts Andalusia with associations carry but also culture on «The of Spanish not symbol enduring are only the reflection which Bulls», War, Civil intervening of an Spanish the with some saw fighting of heaviest the also Teruel, he Empire. and moves Next, to Barcelona Spanish the and ancient that cities language of Castilian the birthplace and Spain of Christian Pamplona,and heart the Salamanca to Madrid, then and rituals; Muslim and home to time-honored Christian on of rice; to cultivation Seville, the with experimented and horses raised Arabs the Toledo, (Badajoz, glories where Arab and its Roman Córdoba); Marismas, to Las development history. to from its ancient It past of amovement Iberian is flows that order Michener’s The of of work’s Spain. the culture reveals chapters of the sense and history the through itinerary acarefully-charted fact in but is which strange, tour-de-force upon aliterary he embarks this, about quality, not its enduring (1968: preoccupations» its current 25). stated Having my second home as to know Ihave wanted and Spain regarded «I have always that, work, the writer confesses in the empire. Early Spanish the nation and Spanish the 1492, in of become crown Castile under the contributed would to eventually what Moorish kingdoms and Christian of disparate the unification to the Peninsula the on of Iberians the arrival peoples from the which, and product cultures of many it worthy of the same recognition granted to other contemporary travel texts. travel to other contemporary granted recognition it of same worthy the author’s on deeming Spain, writing travel awelcomed book addition as to American (quoted subject» for his Michener in 2015: the saluted i). positive appraisals These affection curiosity, and asustaining and discovery of continuing sense delightful Post Houston voiced the in praise, A similar Manjón: of Fuertes showered Roberto assessment the on book is the Typical acclaim of people, Spain. history, culture of critical and the language, the Iberia is a personal account that spans over forty years of Michener’s years over with forty spans experience that account apersonal is Iberia Iberia title The mediated at the same time by the great admiration he felt for Spain]. admiration great by the time same atthe mediated vision, author’s complements the which intellectualized grandeurs, and miseries undeniable its with country, of the portrayal comprehensive and sympathetic, ahuman, on reality, perspectives personal their with us, to offer pages its across or nobles parade bullfighters, mayors, poets, folk, country Priests, perspectives. [ (39). por España que sintió admiración gran por la vez, ala autor,del mediatizada, por parte realidad la de lo intelectualizada que complementa visión la y grandezas, miserias indudables sus con país, del ytotalizadora comprensiva humana, imagen una de realidad la de enfoques personales sus con ofrecernos para páginas sus por toreros onobles desfilan alcaldes, poetas, campesinos, Curas, perspectivas. Iberia no doubtbe (1968: 25). can there land beautiful passionately contradictory, wild, love the we all I, but that Iberia Iberia revela aspectos inéditos de la nación a través de la confluencia de diversas diversas de confluencia la de através nación la de inéditos aspectos revela reveals unknown aspects of the nation through the confluence of diverse of diverse confluence the through nation of the aspects unknown reveals reveals Michener’s of Spain’s a as reveals understanding history , noted that «Michener writes with a with «Michener, noted writes that that to the untrained eye might seem seem might eye untrained to the that Michener then shares Torres’sMichener shares then flan recipe for perfect the of flan Torres, maker Madrid’s legendary out, who, was it turns Manolo man, of this befriending Michener’s led to his locals for penchant meeting Madrid. in Boyer», time whom his Charles he frequently during saw a «Spanish gentleman, of acertain to adiscussion leads of Christ, birth beforesometime the by to Iberians sculpted have been believed is that de Elche»,iconic astatue «Dama description encounters. of For his the of personal example, accounts with intertwines (Day 1977: 127). you to know» want you more book «tells than the about Spain that interview an once joked in author the himself about much so that so Spain, data historical with (1968:mind» 5). of Iberia Readers prompting the Michener to«it comment that challenged Armada, of Spanish the assembly the as well as of Drake, Sir Francis vessels continent marauding the seen had promontory westernmost of European this the that studentthe of history, recalled of pitching ship, Michener, the young the mists the ever through Finisterre Spotting of (Michener Dundee 1968: 5). factories by the of marmalade making the in used to be to Scotland back oranges brought then Spanish and to Italy shipped coal that vessel on «Clydeside», the boy» aScottish a«chart as beloved to Iberia his came (2005: 184). on country» the regime of Franco’s effects the when discussing particularly analytical, and would didactic be per W. Somerset Maugham’s Don Fernando Spain in model for Iberia chief the history. and Stephen life J.of Spanish May, biography his in of Michener, notes that aspect every with visually– and textually –both engages fully which writing, travel of classic this provide as acomprehensive books such Few of Spain bulls. overview who moved from 1958Hispanophile to Spain to 1964 photograph and to just study avid Vavra, of friend an MichenerRobert not intimate but who only an was also photographer black-and-white mysterious the international in of famed plates the reader’s the of Spain, delight eyes artifact historical and cultural every to practically mind the word to the transport if were not as sufficient And life. inner of his analysis apenetrating as well of chronicle Michener’s as thoroughgoing activities and travels a and themselves by Spaniards of observations provide awealth also They events. current religion, and pastimes, nature, dance, music, architecture, art, sine, politics, geography, customs, life, cui history, language, of Spanish aspect every virtually explore that lengths of varying subsections unnumbered into two-hundred-two eight-hundred-page of Iberia almost span the of work. chapters Over the stated simple the consideration of thirteen the than conclusion. profoundly-moving a to came journey spiritual Michener’s of phase important where an Santiago, in here, it also see, was we shall As 362-406). (Michener 1968: self-fashioning eternal 326-327; to Spanish pivotal 1975: Castro (1954). However, Michener nostalgic, «[w]hereas often and lyrical Morton was Scattered on practically every page are historical data that Michener skillfully Michener skillfully that data historical are page every on practically Scattered 1932 in to traveled Spain Michener of first twenty-five, age at Having the more even of book is the revealing of structure the Closer examination (1955) and that likewise the author inspired himself in other texts such as as such (1955) other texts in author himself the inspired likewise that and was H.V.was Morton’s conventional book AStranger travel find that, above all, this is a work that is replete is awork is that this above all, that, find (1935) or V.S. Pritchett’s Tem Spanish The , Michener has subdivided his narrative narrative his subdivided , Michener has , which segues into adiscus segues , which (1968: 345-346). - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 47 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 48 a local workman, his first paseo first his workman, a local of befriending soil, his on steps Spanish notwriter’s first days only brought his first youthful The happenstances. site the ofMichener’s extraordinary was Spain case, went fortuitously awry. of in plans how account Indeed, his an byrative offering of author’s the traces many life. inner with us people providing but of Spanish also the feelings and not thoughts only the revealing class, social of every individuals lively conversations the with in captured usually of Iberia page every found be onSuch «memorable almost can days», which for unique formula tourism: his acombinationis also of and fate byevoked other(1968: nations» 5). Michener’s questions these approach to answering those unlike questions raising and effects creating into imagination, the intrudes concept the of Spain philosophically so isolated, stands and juts into Atlantic the of he second show sentence of aversthe work, in the as over course and also the will (1968: Spain» concerning attitude his sooner or 5). later define Michener But, as must of life or romanticeither aspects mystic interested in the the man any that Iberia sentence in first very to the back reader the brings turn, in This, Spain. «romantic» love in with fallen for he having offers that reasons work,of his to one of first the pages mid-point original to the back ofalmost book Michener us the thereby brings a of seeing sion experience of Don Manolo’s first his love Michener to of recall leads opera and young man responded by saying, «Teruel». responded by saying, man young along president the silence, only After President Michener the the where Spain, in visited When he asked had meeting. unimportant foreign to visitor would an the have seem what been to in greet paused who briefly Zamora, Alcalá Michener. of group the was midst the In youthful the of city, the towards squares alongone procession of of main directly men the headed traveler went through to Valencia, passing to where rejoin ship. he was While his (1968: nota corner by visited of strangers» often Spain 11). From young the there, to Teruel, aticket into Ipurchased myself projecting thus of astraggler advice the on and about countryside, wandered the come],just which arailroad but was there [from he had which to Burriana ran available then only buses the «It that seemed War.Republic, just before outbreak of Civil event, the Michener the the recounts As (1877-1949), President then and of Second Spanish the Prime Minister first the Zamora encounter Niceto with Alcalá exceptional brought an it also bullfight; Iberia , Michener’s «I have long book: the believed for writing reason clearly-stated In another instance of engaging travel writing, Michener enlivens his nar his Michener enlivens writing, travel of engaging instance another In ones (1968:ones 11). some memorable but also days, dull some very produces This talking. and looking and sitting just acouple Ispend of days there and country, out the in village little some me in drops This line. random end of forany the buy aticket and station bus to the go then me, with to talk who cares anyone with talk me, before scene look atthe and back Istand to anyone. aletter without and unannounced country I enter the recall. I can long as for as procedure this for followed I have land, astrange for exploring my technique now remember how Idiscovered I cannot , the subject of the book is unusual: «For just as this forbidding peninsula forbidding peninsula «For this as just subject unusual: , the of book is the zarzuela zarzuela as a teenage deckhand (1968: writer, deckhand at this a teenage as 346-347). A skillful («courtship walk»), his first zarzuela («courtship first walk»), his , and his first first his , and , are , are - its trade, and cripple its agriculture? (7) For several centuries Spain was one of was the Spain centuries (7) For cripple several and its its trade, agriculture? restrict its manufacturers, it did hamstring fashion, calculated Why, almost an in goods. of quality manufacture the aleader in Revolution, was Spain Industrial to the world? one the and Europe in in of poorest (6) Prior the it country into poorest the converted which of gold inflation silver to generate and an influx the allowing then control World of New the gaining spend Europe, much so in nations energy and one offorms of richest government? the already when (5) it Spain, did was Why major sought it solutions repeatedly has dictatorial in Why of life? pattern regional a it preserved strongly so why has centralism, and uniformity Withtoward its drive (4) Jesuits? and Illuminati, Protestants, Muslims, from its Jews, soil extirpate denly sud so why Spain did accommodation, religious and ethnic, of cultural, centuries (3)world lay, possessions? interests away its its basic colonial fritter After thus and to where the upin as itsnot? mind able never seem (2) towas make Spain did Why Italy whereas to her peninsula (1)uniqueness. confined emotionally Spain was Why of Spain’s enigma the surround that he enters into of «speculations» nine aseries one question, this however, attempt to answer an In of Spain. character eternal the author’s the that for constitutes what clear search preoccupation the overriding is also situation current of nation. the Nonetheless, it the intensely interested in indeed, is not itspreoccupations», «current and with Iberia Spain’s concerned with quality» «enduring he primarily is that he affirms Although Spain. with associated have of been which all Michener moments life, at many his in Michener’s in and of Spain life. life the in personal significance Teruel see, not to lost be on to have Michener.particular we shall was As comment empty President by to the end an in appeared encounter was that chance asimple «Teruel.made observation: to Not Teruel» get many (1968: 22). Yet, this throughout throughout (8). never exposed» are ends nerve sensitive The The reader, that however, find will outside hotel he the sees window. music, faces old the the folklore, churches, local Mr. no traveler, adventures. cautious There Michener are the is the interested in surprises. few so are there that is «What writer: of surprising the is Michener as 1968,in Payne critic Robert of New evaluation York the following the Times made published when Iberia review unflattering of an something In ing? ‘beyond’»own (2011: 205). representation, its generates every gaze, the attracting not the Everything seen. and unsaid or the seen, is there said is noted: that «Tourists for everything that know has MacCannell sociologist Dean nation, the as and individual the of both soul and for medium profound into the heart the as insights served often citizens local with encounters principle the unplanned Michener that enshrines Thus, locals. with tions interac chance from seemingly arose that of issues significance the intobring focus which explanations, cultural and opinions Michener’s are historical lengthy often these psychology, history. and Illuminating language, religion, pastimes, politics, cuisine, customs, their have viewed themselves of how Spaniards acollage but also Spain across destinations innumerable tourist describes not that only atravelogue It is these personal encounters with individual Spaniards that make Iberia make that Spaniards individual encounters with personal It these is Yet, Michener for search «beyond» which of is the Spain is precisely what Iberia one gets a profound sense of the concerns and the struggles of struggles the a oneprofound and of gets concerns the sense demonstrates that Michener is, that demonstrates first appeared appeared first - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 49 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 50 their burden: their weight of under the struggling and men should straining have been these energies, vast who to exerting seemed be and of oranges out barrels Clydeside to the with future generations. of those with as well as of past the those with ourselves thereby uniting us, within always was what doing so, in find and we plumb unknown, which ofthe in travel adventures the 692). between aconnection Michener does, draws he often so As (1968: theme» of this permanence the to reflect was problem storyteller the with rich, the them make will that or success famous them make will of adventure that search in men villages young leave their that fact but universal the not detail the was Irealized, important, «What was story: own history, his legend, time, and place, of city, the streets traveler unites the the In Hartzenbusch. author Eugenio Juan de (i.e., Molina Tirso Golden-Age master Fray Téllez) Gabriel Romantic the and the by numerous as such writers popularized love was that of tragic celebrated tale in Teruel,in Teruel de legend the of amantes Los ( he recalled spirits. Yet kindred again seemingly with home filled a spiritual truly was Spain we have seen, that as discovering, he could, as far as and often Michener as traveled (1992: regimen world, the way in young the reading ous his to make 447). Anxious a rigor and one study, work,youth of was activities, hard constant intense athletic poverty, mother moved Michener his and constantly. his Michener comments that of sting (1992: the one feeling home knowing always and Never truly 436-437). occupants for she them paying prepared as properties rental occupying temporarily by aroof keeping over heads of numerous their orphans, caretaker the as acting mother, of Michener his of Mabel Doylestown, Pennsylvania, Mrs. speaks writer the father, his known Never having discovered. Michener’s been have never truly origins My Home: A Memoir autobiography, his in he confesses As ofnations World The Michener Is man. the incli spiritual to a testimony the as and a work as of writing travel both greatness because, as he states, «I have always regarded Spain as my second home» as (1968: Spain regarded «I have always he states, as 23).because, he «Other» conduct must the that among asearch of himself, questioning deep-seated a 23-25). conducting about he questions also is Spain, these Michener But asks while (1968: mystical? inwardly and profoundly withdrawn as well as vivacious earthy, and at once is outgoing, psychology, Spaniard the of Spanish that mystery» «central the Finally, to from «Rome Church save the (9) itself»? it is considering critical What Church, even of Catholic the defender preserver the and as itself seen always Spain (8) leadership? it did producer abandon consumer. that has abruptly and Why Why novel, poetry, the philosophy, and music, drama, as both art, in leaders exciting As Michener explained of his very first encounter with the men who swam men encounter the who swam with first very of his Michener explained As This seemingly polite comment in many ways reveals the reason for Iberia reason the reveals polite ways comment many in seemingly This such an opening meal in my new country and I paid my bargeman for my share for my share my bargeman Ipaid and country my new in meal opening an such someone’s not but resist Icould share, taking Iwas that me to Iknew join. invited they and breakfast some were having Ashore not would complain. they lot and their was This stoic. and powerful something them, about different something was there that compelling so smiles their handsome, were so engaged men thus But the (1992), death, before his years published just five was which The Lovers of Teruel ), a ’s ’s - - chener embody the essence of eternal Spain. of eternal chener essence embody the for Mi that backwaters and mountains, buildings, number of any plazas, unlike empty, leave writer feeling of the souvenirs modern Spain the but eternal, Anything and falsity of the booming tourist trade, which is the antithesis of Spanish honesty: of Spanish antithesis the is which trade, tourist of booming the falsity and on section Toledo,the shallowness he to the what be perceives writer despises the again’. (1968: persistent» fight Ihave been and rise then 499). he points out As in bleed lay me awhile, and down ‘I Ihave will notwhose source able been to identify: once but Iheard Ihave muttered asaying setbacks my physical when Ihave suffered But indulgence. for that too hard been has my life aromantic dreamer; as myself of «I do of not life: path think the along he journeys as himself Michener views Day 1977:in 131). much of how reveals of statement Spain about nature the This it» (quoted liked always had that’s artist why the Ithink concession artist. to the little makes that It’s country first-rate Spain. to-hell-with-you –a country a rugged, appreciation an for authenticwith the statement. There’s not much phoniness in me –people like you It’s fellows know,«Spain, aunique area. is attracted always that people. remarked He of once Spanish genuineness the baldly the as ceived author’s hope. areinjection and of youth, thus, energy and some in way, was, the visit to Every Spain with a reconnection renewal. youth and of asource everlasting and greatness of eternal aland Spain make elements that stoicism. It above all, these and, is optimism, honesty,vivaciousness, earthiness, joy, energy, industriousness, youthful Spaniards: the bonds with particular shares novels» (8). Michener work hard himself, grand-scale and want, of hardship, Achild «one of America’s became with and favorite Prize, he storytellers won Pulitzer the novel forty, at age for which first published his childhood, a«Dickensian» survived Michener had that by observing extraordinary author the extent to was which notes 1997 the his of In Michener, been. succinctly he has obituary Krebs Albin I have felt at home» (1968: what who are individuals 9). writer finds the Spain, In vision particular come to close that whenever subsequentand in Ihave again visits years, the me through with been has that Spain «It this life: is offor his rest the quality (1968:quality 9). Spanish its how in honest it How was, good wine. red and cheese harder bread, hard my delight, been always have which anchovies, it yet: taste Ican of food. degenerated (1968:degenerated 96). so had splendid wares, world with of Toledo, medieval the supplied had which crafts once-great the that to think depressing it was and hundreds, but the in dozens not the in shops numbered graceless These colors. iridescent woven with banners gaudy and atawindmill, tilting knight awan showing ceramics florid daggers, Moorish were ancient they you believe to make tried that openers letter penknives, inlaid trays, ash damascened junk: tourist cheapest of the acres selling shops Iwent, of by little rows wherever confronted, Zocodover, Iwas the Ileft As Michener’s on he what per based love was anything, of Spain More than country new to anchor Michener «his» in was that experience this It was - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 51 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 52 Jewess who brought disaster to her village and herself». Of this particular particular this herself». Of and to her village who broughtJewess disaster apetenera who sang «Gafas», celebrated the like Tomás and of flamenco singers de Victoria, and de Sarasate, Luis Pablo Enrique Granados, Albéniz, Isaac de Falla, works: Manuel their with pleasure who Michener’s have enriched musicians a few. many the Then, are there listening de Vega, Lope but and to name Lorca, Pío Federico García Baroja, Cruz, de la Juan San Matute, de Unamuno, Teresa Santa María Miguel Ana de Jesús, Cervantes, Mio Cid de author anonymous the of Cantar the de Castro, Rosalía Pardo Bazán, mentioned, been were there who Emilia have Frayde León, already Molina, Luis de Tirso and of other authors world the Hartzenbusch over:imaginations besides the who have inflamed and masterpieces their with landscape literary the graced 1976: who writers have of Spanish 31). series endless aseemingly is there Likewise, (Castro yGasset José Averroës, Ortega and Avicenna, Maimonides, Senecas, two Quintilian, as such ages, the across and backgrounds philosophers cultural across contributions the of at eminent length Spanish writer discusses the rationalism», philosophy, interested in been pure scarcely able been when to except it escape has has Spaniard «the that Castro’scially, philosophy. Américo assertion with Agreeing espe music, and, art, literature, families, of tables royal genealogical Michener are once a critical link between the Spanish homeland and its colonies throughout the the its colonies homeland throughout and Spanish the between link once acritical of Spain. role history the in played acritical actually outpost of no an importance, seemingly while which, de Barrameda, of Sanlúcar town small the one wonderland wild finds that of this edges It the along is rebirth. and of death ancient the cycles and heat, the cold and the of waters, the flow and quite literally, undergoes, ebb land the the as of seasons, the each fowl in of various movement the (1968: of birds the observing 217). paths writer follows the the Thus, by fitting, is one as whole it and, watch must «we through year», general, in Spain of land the and to appreciate area, that the Michener birds. explains of migrating for thousands grounds breeding and one resting is of most important the area the Park, National 1969 in Coto of Doñana to the which be part declared Europe, was in sanctuaries nature River. One of largest the of Guadalquivir the southern estuary the along marshes of coastal area an Marismas, to Michener Las travelled raised, were of finest– –some the bulls ySierra» where to «Concha see the time this bulls, of the experience of an search in Yet land. again of Spanish the quality enduring of modern Madrid. streets to the ofprehistoric Altamira caves of the ancient from the past of civilization unbroken of chain an cities, greatest the of and towns smallest the in come to life they Spain throughout meanderings prominently, Michener’s in figure as apparent luminaries of these Greco.El All Spanish, way became every almost who in Cretan the Miró, and Joan Zurbarán, de y Velázquez, Silva Francisco Diego Rodríguez de Goya, Francisco Antonio Gaudí, world’s the who have forever conception changed of beauty, Pablo as such Picasso, architects and artists Spanish 290). host of the outstanding Finally, also is there (1968: song of Spain» my particular sense real Michener «It comments, avery in is Among the many measures of the eternal glory of Spain that are dear to dear are that of Spain glory of eternal the measures many the Among Like so many apparently insignificant places in the nation, Sanlúcar was was nation, the Sanlúcar in places insignificant apparently many so Like consider must the of Spain contemplation character Any of eternal the –a medieval flamenco ballad– about a«forbidden ballad– flamenco medieval –a petenera - ,

fantástico of honor»).a sense estupendo comments on adjectives the He also ambiente duende as such expressions Therescendence. are tran to have seem metaphysical that phrases of colorful examples offers Spanish», Michener, and «poor of who his frequently complains language, Castilian from the Peninsula. beyond shores the of Iberian the far lands in even Spain, of eternal contributed legacy to the also had conquistadors worse, these (1968: Ocean upon Pacific the to gaze 67, European first 70, 80). For or for better the to Vasco given birth Núñezde Balboa, had of Peru, Jerez de los and Caballeros conqueror the of Pizarro, Trujillo of Francisco homehamlet the of family was the conqueror to the become poor Cortés of the Mexico, Hernán sent had forth Medellín pretensions of their (1968: throne to the fear 232). humble the of town Likewise, here for of were France, banished her ason of and husband, King II the Isabella of sister younger Queen The outpost. colonies to werefrom the stop required at this returning galleons Spanish all that World,New more even is what significant, and, to the voyage third on port his world. from this left Michener Columbus notes that «current preoccupations» by posing a very modern, political question: modern, political avery by preoccupations» posing «current he not is Spain’s interested in that assertion early his betrays Michener once again (1968: matches of important stars the and places 625-675). the of statistics, lists the He comments on even bullfighters. mostinvolvement famous the and of fans, the of most «noble» the the bull, qualities supposed to is the perform, fighter each that «components» six the or maneuvers of bullfight, the structure the responsibilities, his and team member of bullfighting the every he discusses as of bulls» the of «culture the (1968:moments of corrida» the aspect 635). every minute in detail traces writer The [...] forms at certain seen from their be picador and separated can a bull these all [...]Quixote [...] [...] by Picasso drawing of Altamira Caves awash from the echo an «Don of bull: the quality Spanish truly and enduring the Michener underscores bull, black-and-whitecaption below ashadowy photograph of apicador (1968: not a game» and in to prehistoric back times dating 18-19).tragedy a telling In atribal in participating Iwas that Iunderstood were– they ones if only inadequate Valencia in day were either that not pads Iremember or used if correctly –because horse first the He of notes: ancient ghost the Iberia. «When killed with bull the present, not the but connected with just once again Michener Spain, was in days Iberia of length the throughout perspective every from practically and times countless writer discusses the which bullfighting, (1968: 50-56). independence acombination is outlook of that honor, on life fierce and pride, vivaciousness, Spanish peculiarly writer the for demonstrate travel expressions words the and these ofnon-native Spanish), on idiom and the Viva speakers («I yo of come first»). All Much can be told of how the Spaniards think and feel about themselves about feel themselves and think told be ofMuch how can Spaniards the anachronistic spectacle; if the Republicans had won the Civil War 1939 in Civil won the had Isup Republicans the if spectacle; anachronistic an is bullfighting that discovers soon traveler perceptive the hand, other On the A uniquely Spanish custom that is especially dear to Michener’s dear is heart especially is that custom A uniquely Spanish («atmosphere»), pundonor («atmosphere»), , and magnífico , and (which Michener believes are rarely used appropriately used by rarely (which are Michener believes («sense of honor») sinvergüenza and . Witnessing a bullfight in his very first first very his in abullfight . Witnessing («spirit»), gracia («spirit»), («good humor»), confronting a a confronting , («one lacking maravilloso - - ,

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 53 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 54 accuses himself sharply: Michener Spain? in fight and Brigade Lincoln he not join celebrated Abraham the people Why, people, died. did million over of all two estimates, bywhich, highest in terrible of brought by war that is arecollection to life which confusion personal into amoment thrown of himself writer suddenly finds the dalliances, historical War» (1968: Civil the bombardment during some 685). artillery making an After Teruel, in first butwhen say Iwas some tremendous apart, ripped force them had there have «They must been observation: they if looked as awry Michener makes 1932, visit in he to seemed remember first that from his some buildings observing journey, asimple, While timental visit. updated much on going more than was of asen on something returning was Hispanophile now the seasoned Although 1932: visit in first his since Teruel changed that markedly had writer explains The of Spain. recent history the in events site the been of had significant that capital a provincial but as rather Spain, to visit in hemeditation on towns was Teruel, one not time as of first the this before writers him. travel American and other British it many haunted much had as War,Michener Civil to the back writer’s atopic the haunts spirit that and as mind much so of nation’s the like of sport Spain, eternal identity,This to bring seems ment, it had become clear in the latter months of latter 1938 the ment, in it become clear had «[t]he that of afree defense govern to Republican support wanted he the much had as as that, explanation the offering pages, several over next the anguish authorThe his continues to describe In the penultimate chapter of penultimate Iberia the In and that in the end my country would be involved (1968: be would end my country the in 696). that and upon us was aworld war that convinced Iwas Europe; in ensue must what clearly for Isaw Republic, the volunteeredto defend have Ishould years, crucial those in America in men available young the all Of desolate. Iwas change to end that arose revolt army an when and most, than better I knew overdue Spain, in was change ... That life into Spanish introduced had party his changes of the many applauded me Ihad not he impressed had while president and the with spoken Ihad steps; faltering first its seen had and Republic of the birth the hand atclose watched I had to comprehend (1968: unable be sometimes Iwould 684). that ofbe amagnitude were to changes the ago; years thirty-four been it way had the to be not going was Teruel that more Irealized more the Isaw the And place. the here Iknew when weren’t They right. to the big apartments those and left to the buildings Those 670-671). (1968: permanent become will 1967 its if to television to see return interesting be It will pressure. serious under come will bullfighting London, it that quite possible and is Berlin to opinion in men alert Franco, from over responsibility to about take is managers of generation anew now that system; afeudal and land of uncultivated areas large upon operation areactionary essentially is for bullfighting areprieve, with art the provided Franco of Generalísimo victory approved. The have would Spaniards progressive most and to progress, it deference in outlawed have would they pose , Michener engages in an extended extended an in , Michener engages - - meaning for the author: the for meaning Yet, ostensibly it Teruel ground, aproving just was though even held much more abilities. mental and site physical of his testing the to visit and he was place first the journey, of Teruel return this in significance the Michener explains particular, In clear: very was renewal spiritual, especially of and, physical, plan The (1992: come well» mores so to Ihad know and whose history splendid country 420). «the to Spain, decision to return author afateful the made book onof Russia, his not on able writing and the months being to of focus recovery After attack. heart a Michener suffered had immediately: ambulance for an writer’sthe called pulse, who, summoned, upon was aphysician checking morning of hours next the early (Michener 1992: indigestion» of [he] violent«a what was thought case 417). the In with home»?«second 1965, in On aSeptember afternoon afflicted writer was the on his to reflect Michener chance the afforded finally decades, four after which, to do (1968: so» opportunity have the opportunity 5). particular Yet, that was what upon now had me, and I has land vibrant this impact the to describe wanted always Ihave Spain in Ihave traveled that decades four the «During authorthe explains, of book the pages Michener’s in of other trips the first many so the In been. had life to assault. rebound from agreat was Spain, like he himself, about to reveal, was 709-710). writer the happened. As has what indeed, is, Michener this concludes that 1939 in other Spaniards (1968: recent enemies» should able have their been to accept 1171 in Spaniards city, of their symbol the then as were able abull such to accept the «If He adds: then man. the but us, we to converted it», destroy It came affirms enemy. an as Christians the sent against bull ASaracen bull? But particular what «We Spain: of of Teruelsecret eternal symbol the that other day the saw abull. is Teruel in guide of the Michener something offers Alocal come victories. defeats from life; new From always for quest is there renewal. death, of eternal the a part (1968: years» the 700). from Teruel much to lesson learned very be the Still, also is through not diminished has agony that aspiritual Iexperienced city mountain this Michener’s «With He writes, filled of heart. 1968,death in the even still sadness struggle. away from the kept him that not it cowardice was that World during Michener service heritage, avers War voluntary despite II, Quaker his government»,nist he simply which not could support (1968: of his 697). Speaking aCommu of establishing goal expanded to the subordinated been had democracy Iberia of Iberia writing The yet, Franco, of and forces Francisco Nationalist Teruel to the fell eventually pilgrimage of the utmost importance (1992: importance utmost 420). of the pilgrimage physical and aspiritual was to Spain My return career. into awriting back way work my Icould comfortably, things do those Icould if Ifelt that country. of the corner northwest holy ancient site the the in Compostela, de to Santiago journey traditional the to make atPamplona and bulls the with to run again, Spain to see now I wanted and famous– became who later Ortega, Domingo of whom was –one of agroup bullfighters with for awhile traveled Ihad said, Ihave as man, ayoung As was much more than a typical long, investigative stay, long, investigative as atypical much morewas than -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 55 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 56 high altar, in the passageway behind the gilded bust of Saint James: of bust Saint gilded the behind passageway the in altar, high up on Michener the was blasting, organ the and finery, their in arrayed all clergy nave, the the across swinging censer massive the postela’s with renowned cathedral, Com in unfolding was pomp Mass 25). of Catholic the (July full St. the James As of day on feast the its climax reaching was which pilgrimage, of his purpose true the about Michener to fulfill was cathedral, of medieval the sculptures the to study (1992: thing» amost real 793). was which pilgrimage, ofinappropriate this to speak it not is Ithink now, to Compostela, from Finisterre and Ireturn on as pilgrimage, conviction: «Throughout deepest chapter Ihave spoken of his being this confesses condition,Yet, religious outwardly writer to the the despite apparent indifference his ayouth (1992: as learned he had poems Bible, the in English but great 4). the in guidance emotional and intellectual his not to aQuaker, find Michener claimed as Raised of element Spain. of history the essential an been has faith Catholic Roman the that fact the event reasserting life», emotional of his of areminder central is the «[t]o that states acrucifix Spaniard the wooden crucifix plate of acarved beautiful people. to a Acaption next Spanish to the faith of Catholic the significance the he underscores road to Santiago, the along everywhere crucifixes Finding peasants. gallegocaldo recipe for, the and with, delight his Michener shares tourist, history. Ever cultural the of local the intricacies the to understand helped old who him had met many friends momentous on and this trip, he to Santiago, fortuitously made he had pilgrimages previous two route, the recalled writer way along the he his made As life. professional de Compostela. route to pilgrims’ Santiago the following journey: of his stage next by the he confirms which and to recognize, writer appears the which plan, into to a divine seemed fit almost that chener of a source renewal (1992: chest for Mi his was attack, heart 421). his like just death, with brush This of inches six within bull’s horn the came as fate same avoiding the narrowly and away from him feet several of man another goring the witnessing bulls, the with run Michener indeed did past, distant from the Spaniards with Uniting himself himself a Roman Catholic, this communion with the patron saint of Spain was to was of patron Spain saint the communion with this Catholic, aRoman himself of Michener’s pinnacle the perhaps he never was declared for although This life, Although he first explains that he spent a week in Santiago de Compostela de Compostela he spent Santiago that in aweek explains he first Although and personal his in phase a crucial was pilgrimage his Michener that records saint and Spain’s and (1968:saint 795). my patron of Santiago, shoulder stone-cold the about my arm with at last stood and my completed vow of Ihad pilgrimage that except ceremonial no proper role the in interloper with an if as darkness the in Ihid there and witnessed, Ihad that any as spirit of Spain the with filled as and pageantry in rich moment, as adazzling It was (1968: Spain northern 794). across long trip the Pamplona and at feria for the ready I was that I decided streets hilly those negotiate I could that way, Idiscovered when another in and important now became for years, a magnet [...] Republic Spanish the with Teruel, been died had and which lived Ihad where [...] ago decades Teruel, three more than Spain true the seen Teruel, first where Ihad , an ancient staple of Galicia and a reminder of the heartiness of the local of local the of areminder heartiness the and ancient staple of, an Galicia - - a review amusingly titled «Allá va! Ra! Ra! Ra!». In Carr’s In opinion, Ra!». Ra! Ra! va! «Allá titled amusingly a review about Michener’s enthusiastically work in than century, wrote less of twentieth the its author. of as inspiration sense Carr, one Sir Raymond of foremost the Hispanists author’sthe people. devotion Spanish to his the and love land of that Iberia so heart, or his never thoughts to leavenation his was by the it inspired so that was youth and his in Spain MichenerJust discovered as of Spain: of essence the some aspect have to sought capture that books along of in line timeless latest the book as his implicitly adding Spain, of eternal of writing Ilove toland my regeneration» and own (1992: 421). probably Iberia longest, the live will book that of the write mine to started [I] of reassurance asurge «in he confesses, As energies. professional of his arekindling as well as rebirth, amoment to mark spiritual was and of mental tests, for author. interlude the he of life at anew Santiago, This in beginning the mark of discussions. personal Morton, complemented and others, Walter thousands and it literally Starkie, with D. Eby, Cecil Trevor V. Kamen, Aronson, Henry Henry Theo Reginald Davies, as such work the of noted Hispanists professional of book against the facts the fied Iberia in states author himself the As of assistants. of ateam complementing research it the experiences, and with reading own about his much trove of Spain, of data it through atreasure amass Michener to do is does What Studies. of Hispanic or aspect any language Spanish the in formally trained Nor writer a Hispanist, professional of the regime. is the or about achievements failures the discussion extended in Michener not does engage from governance, Franco Francisco of Generalísimo departure the after be will of up publication to the leading he found years it as the situation in of Spain political current the with enough Michener’s for not criticized engaging been often work has Iberia Iberia Iberia Iberia embraced critics it not received, all praise the For all the and to Santiago pilgrimage final of this centrality the to reaffirm if As of Spain’s attitude toward the world the (1992:of toward Spain’s attitude 421). wrote who philosopher the Unamuno, Miguel and music; to imperishable tale the Carmen novella his wrote of visits briefest the after in Spain Bible The Iberia which explain so much at the cost of so much boring work. of much boring so cost much atthe so explain which and Spain, in even white, and black than rather gray are things where history, of modern stretches drearier for War, the Civil no feeling the about but he has guilt intellectual’s middle-aged the he has course Of him. fascinate who Azaña, and not Cánovas, Prim, James, St. Jews, the Isabella, and Ferdinand Moors, the is but it illustration; historical fascinating contains book [Michener’s] diffuse long, in 1968. Although he frequently questions what the future of nation the 1968. future hein the frequently what questions Although

the book, Michener yet again links his personal history with the history history the with history personal his links book, Michenerthe again yet is my letter of gratitude to my notable forebears: George Borrow, George wrote who to my notable forebears: of gratitude my letter is , one of the noblest of all travel books; Prosper Mérimée, who who Mérimée, Prosper books; travel , one of noblest all of the ’s «Acknowledgements», he has painstakingly veri ’s painstakingly he has «Acknowledgements», , and Georges Bizet, who set set who Bizet, Georges , and is the embodiment of the is , a testament to a , atestament with the same same the with - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 57 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 58 the eternal search for «Spanishness» remains the same. Michener found Spain to Michener found same. Spain the remains for «Spanishness» search eternal the world’s the as storyteller. destiny ultimate his to fulfill consolation spiritual and energy to supply necessary was authorthe the with that of Iberia writing the point it In of was fact, realization. spiritual inspiration, and patient’s for ailing the recovery, cause the rejuvenation, most likely was that Spain cherished of his story the to tell desire lifelong of his rather, fulfilling the it was appointment on his propelled destiny; Michener with that forward of death a fear told, be not it truth was that, life’s at his we find achievements, we lookIf carefully John Keats, but the author concludes otherwise: concludes author the but Keats, John production, it into did as just mass him shocked had that of death fear the it was of seven them, Michener queries publishing whether when he wrote eleven books, 1986 (1992: years the ten years» to 1991, career, especially on back his 4). Looking about jolt lasts it’s sure a«substantial be that to noting send amessage, also heard», «[i]f commented that employed? farmer or number wise The of the nails you’re goin’ done had its job trick to the produce is that apples». rust the in Was it minerals the given it had it «to ashock remind into tree that the old nails rusty hammering that explained possible, man the was how this farmer the he asked When never seen. had Michener young produced the old of abumper crop which tree» of apples likes the previously. years A«tired eighty incident occurred an he that recounts of eighty-five, Spain. nation as ofinto aplural such complexity the investigation deeper in to engage myself– –like travelers and professors, scholars, generations of to future inspire was contribution which eternal to Hispanism, and atrue he make did 509). not Michener Hispanist, aprofessional was Although that see will book originally the not who did those like years passing the with that trust «Writers Spain: and of to written eternal be essence has feel they should what write the he to sought discover as just lasting, contributions are worthy that –making life compassionately, in concern them true of his attitude the adopting discusses memoir chapter of his he final the In from writing. him to discourage critics harsh (2011).about Spain» many spite In his Michener never of allowed assessment, such But opinions ordinary. information good give he are his does and he bland, is again once And when cloying. Michener’sthough, and too just intrusive is reportage of Kirkus the Reviews that as such assessments, of Iberia approach writing to the personal this and it was a truthful effort. Writers can afford to wait» (1992: to wait» Writers afford effort. can atruthful it was aeternitatis specie sub Iberia’s enormously Iberia’s since changed has Spain on that obligation (1992: obligation on that 6). concentrated Ihave and stories, to tell is job of The astoryteller apples. to bear is apple job tree of The an prowess. their about recitations imaginative with hunters the regaled and atnight campfire by the sat who man ancient that been Ihave had. have might readers which adventures the dramatize that tales to tell experience, to organize to communicate, desire apassionate with born Iwas at forty-five: me to write impelled that reasons same for the ateighty-five not. Iwrite I think autobiography, of his pages opening the In Michener age which wrote at the Spaniards of «real» life the with engagement Yet, intimate somewhat this on April 1, on April 1968: «There times, are led to other unfavorable critical led to other critical unfavorable publication 1968; in however, wonders that Spain and its culture embody. its culture and wonders Spain that and er’s truths conduit eternal it generations to atimeless the of offers readers life, one’s in stages Iberia life, different for truths holds different Quijote Don Cervantes’s beloved as just masterpiece And, fulfillment. personal for quest lifelong and own self-knowledge of his land the be not only tells the tale of the seasons of Michen of seasons the tale the not only tells Recibido : junio de 2018; de : junio aceptado : octubre de 2018. de : octubre -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 59 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 43-60 60 Theroux, Theroux, (1968): York Times Robert New The Man’s «One Spain», Payne, Michener, (1992):Michener, A. AMemoir James Is My Home: World The (1968):Michener, A. James Iberia: Spanish Travels and Reflections S May, A Martín, (2011): Dean Maccannell, Sightseeing of Ethics The Roberto (2016): «España como descubrimiento en la obra de James Michener», Michener», James de obra la en descubrimiento como (2016): Roberto «España Manjón, Fuertes K E Castro Castro Becker Cavestany, J Krebs, Krebs, Day Carr conomi ir k , Arthur Grove (1977): Grove Michener A. James , Arthur u The New York Review of Books of York Review New The Ra!», Ra! Ra! va! (1968):, Raymond «Allá s

tephen J. (2005): Michener:tephen A Writer’s Journey R Albin (1997): «James Michener, Author of Novels that Sweep Through the History of Places, of Places, History the Through Sweep (1997): that of Novels Author Michener, Albin «James , George J. (1983):, George Michener A. James , Américo (1976): «The Meaning of Spanish Civilization», in José Rubia Barcia and Selma Selma and Barcia Rubia José in Civilization», (1976): of Spanish , Américo «The Meaning España de (1975): histórica , Américo realidad La eview st Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin. The New York Times New The Dead», Is www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/james-a-michener/iberia/ Argutorio: Revista de la Asociación Cultural “Monte Irago” Press. 23-40. Press. of California University Angeles: Los Civilization Spanish of Meaning the and (eds.),Margaretten Castro Américo , T The Happy Isles of Oceania: Paddling the Pacific the Paddling Oceania: of Isles Happy (1992): The Paul na (1997):na La Vanguardia «Veteranos best-seller», del James A. (2015) A. James [1968]: Iberia: Spanish Travels and Reflections uan (1997): «Muere el cronista norteamericano James Michener», El País Michener», James norteamericano (1997):uan cronista el «Muere he s

(2011) [1968]: «Iberia: Spanish Travels and Reflections», September 30. URL: https:// URL: 30. September (2011) Reflections», Travels and [1968]: Spanish «Iberia: (1997): «James Michener», 30 October: 92. October: (1997): 30 Michener», «James BIBLIOGRAPHY , October 17:, October 8. , New York: Frederick Ungar. York:, New Frederick , Boston: Twayne. , Boston: , Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. of Oklahoma University , Norman: , Berkeley: University of California Press. of California University , Berkeley: , México, D.F.: Editorial Porrúa. D.F.:, México, Editorial , New York: Random House. York:, New Random , May 12: 8. , May , October 16: 51., October 36 (Semestre II): 38-42. II): (Semestre 36 , New York: Random House. York:, New Random , New York: The Dial Press. York: Dial , New The , Boston and New York: New and , Boston ; 10/06/2018 , December 19: 29-30. , December , October 17:, October 44. , Berkeley and and , Berkeley