Index
Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures; page numbers in bold refer to tables.
acrobats Pompeii 270, 271 ancient Egypt 27 Rome 275–6, 279 Hittite 44, 45, 46 Anatolia 44, 46 Minoan 38, 39–40, 42, 43, 44 ancient Egypt 26–32, 43, 49 Roman 337 animal baiting 255, 255, 337 Syrian 44 see also beast shows Actian games 281 animals, in Roman spectacles 256–7 age classes exotic 257, 274, 275, 281 equine 122 supply of beasts 310–11, 336–7 Hellenistic 233, 235 see also beast shows Isthmian Games 137 anthippasia 157–8, 160 Olympia 113 see also cavalry events Panathenaic games 147, 152, 153–4, 154, 157 anthropological perspectives 22–3, 24 Roman 281 Antioch, Syria Sparta 177 female games 218 see also boys latest continuing ‘Olympic’ Games 336 Agesilaos 184–5 Roman-Hellenistic games 263–4 agonism 3, 24, 190–1 Antiochos IV Epiphanes 263–4 Agrippa 279, 317 Aphrodisias 323 Alcibiades 164–5, 165–6, 168, 185, 203–4 apobatai 155, 156 Alexander the Great 227–32, 239,COPYRIGHTED 345 apodyterion MATERIAL Alexandria 210, 237 Nemea 140, 142 see also Ptolemaic Egypt Olympia 110 amateurism 8, 15, 72, 94, 198–9 see also dressing rooms amphitheaters Apuleius 11 Greek attitudes to 308–9 Archaic Greece 70–88 Mérida, Spain 279, 280 agonistic spirit 24, 190–1
Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World, Second Edition. Donald G. Kyle. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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athletic festivals 70, 72–3 punishments 84–5, 109, 119, 126, 192, 285, 322 competitiveness in 6, 24, 123, 190–1 in Roman Empire 282, 314, 315, 316, 320–2 cultural significance of athletics 5–6, 23, 24 in scene of sacrifice 111 funeral games 9, 53, 70, 73, 77, 87, 100 social class 165–6, 169, 197–205 growth of athletics 73–80 supervision and scrutiny 112 gymnasiums, hoplites, and society 81–2 swearing of sacred oaths 112 literary sources 53–67 training for games 112, 203, 238–9, 320 map of 71 transfers of allegiance 126 men, boys, and erotic pursuits 85–7 athletes’ guilds 281, 318, 320–1, 336 nudity, status, and democracy 82–5 athletic festivals origins of sport 22 ancient Greece 70, 72–3, 111 recreational games 53, 56 Classical Greece 159–61 archery Greek East 318–19 ancient Egypt 26, 29–30 see also under headings for specific festivals and games ancient Greece 53 athletic nudity 38, 72 Hittite 45 Etruscan 245 in Homer’s epics 56, 62, 65, 66 female 180 Archibius, Titus Flavius 320 Greek 70, 75, 81, 82–5, 114, 202–3 arena shows see Roman spectacle(s) Roman disdain for 262 Aristotle, list of Pythian victors 100, 134 Spartan 178, 180–1 Arles, France, amphitheater 308 athletics Asklepiades, Marcus Aurelius 320 Archaic Greece 73–80 Asklepios 143 Egyptian 29–31 Assyria, hunting traditions 32–3, 33 Hittite 45–6, 46 Atalanta 211 Mesopotamian 25–6 Athenodoros 236 Mycenaean 47, 48 Athens Olympia 114–21 athletic facilities 160–1 Panathenaic games 152–9 festival games 87, 159–60 pre-Greek origins 38 modern Olympic revivals 92–4 Spartan 181–4 politics and sport 161–5 terminology 7, 8 see also Panathenaic games see also under headings for specific sports ‘athlete’ 7 Atticus, Herodes 318, 347 athletes Augustalia 217, 281–2, 283 abuses by 92, 126, 126–7, 191, 198–9 Augustus 217, 276–86, 293, 316, 317 competitiveness 6, 22, 24, 123, 190–1 Aurelius, Marcus 291, 333 criticism of 167–9 Autolykos 164 eligibility for games 114, 158, 203–4 Avaris 43 Etruscan 246 awards facilities for 110, 135, 140, 142 Archaic Greece 56, 57, 76, 78–9 famous 191–4 Panathenaic games 114, 164, 202 fines 113, 126–7, 192, 235, 318 Panhellenic games 78, 113 Greek 190–205, 203–4 Roman games 248 injury and mortality 16, 39, 43, 119, 120–1 see also monetary rewards; prizes Mesopotamian 25–6 professional guilds 281, 318, 320–1, 336 ball games 178, 219, 221, 229, 262 professionalism 2, 8, 198–9, 203, 236, 281 bear baiting see animal baiting
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beast shows bull fights 275 demise of 336–7 bull sports depictions of 310, 337 Anatolia 42 Hittite 45 ancient Egypt 43 as hunts 45, 232, 253, 311 Hittite 44, 45, 46 late Republic 273, 274, 275, 278, 281 Hittites 44 meat for the people 311–12 Minoan 40–1, 42, 43, 44 Roman Empire 291, 309–12 Mycenaean 42, 48 Roman Republic 253–4, 256–7 Roman 49 supply of beasts 310–11, 336–7 Syria 42, 43–4 see also bull sports bull-leaping belt wrestling ancient Egypt 43 depictions of 144 Hittites 44 Mesopotamian 24 Minoan 39, 40, 40, 41 Mycenaean 48, 48 Mycenaean 42, 47 Beni Hasan tombs 27, 28 Byzantine Empire, chariot events in 338–9, 339 Berlin Olympics 1936 1, 2, 2, 95 boat races Caesar, Julius 274–6 Isthmian Games 137 Caligula 291, 308, 312 Panathenaic games 157 Camelos 320 see also sea battles Campania 259, 259, 260, 305 boxing see also Pompeii Archaic Greece 54 Capitoline Games 316 depictions of 120, 121 Capua, gladiatorial training at 270, 272, 275 Etruscan 245 Carnuntum 298–9 finger submission signal 119 cash prizes see monetary rewards in Homer’s epics 60, 63, 65–6 cauldron prizes 47, 57, 59, 62, 77 Mesopotamian 24, 25 cavalry events Minoan 38–9, 39 Alexander’s 230 Mycenaean 48, 49 Panathenaic games 152, 155, 156, 157–8, 160 Nemean Games 139–40 Roman Republic 275 Olympian 119 ceremonial processions see processions Pythian games 134 changing rooms see dressing rooms in Roman spectacles 281 chariot dismounting 155 thongs and gloves 60, 119, 314 chariot events violence of 119, 120–1, 314 ancient Egypt 26, 29, 30 boys Archaic Greece 87 contests for 113, 115, 133–4 in Christian Byzantine Empire 338–9, 339 eligibility for games 114 depictions of 48, 122, 135, 294 in gymnasia 85–6, 235 Etruscan 247 judging age of 112–13 factions 249, 293, 338 Spartan physical education 177–8 female participation in 184, 216 see also age classes Hittite 46 Bronze Age 37–50 in Homer’s epics 54, 56, 57–60, 74 Hittites 44–6 Mycenaean 47, 48, 48, 49 Minoans 37–44 Olympia 110, 121, 122 Mycenaeans 46–9 owners as victors 122–3
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Panathenaic games 152, 155 Daimon, Agathos 320 Panhellenic games 135 Damonon 183 Pythian games 134 dancing Roman 247, 248–9, 292–7, 294, 338, 345–6 Archaic Greece 75 Spartan participation 184–5 female 210, 211, 213–14, 213 violence of 296 Hittite 44, 45, 46 charioteers 295–6 in Homer’s epics 65, 210 becoming managers 293, 338 Minoan 38 colors worn by 249 Panathenaic games 157 dress and protection 121, 247, 296 Delphi 78 superstitions 296 see also Pythian games cheating see corruption at Olympia Demaratos 223 chrematitic games 72 democratization of sport 161, 198, 200–1 see also local games Diagoras of Rhodes and the Diagorids 193, 215 Christians Diem, Carl 95 martyrs 333–4 Dioxippos 165, 231 opposition to Roman spectacles 329–31, 347 discus throwing 117 Roman reaction to 331–5 ancient Greece 53, 62 chronological systems 11–12 in Homer’s epics 64, 66 Cicero 251, 258, 268, 274 Panathenaic games 152 civic games see local games Domitian 304, 316, 347 Claudius 217, 293, 297, 308, 311 Doreius 193 colonization, games spread by 79–80, 107 dramatic contests 14 combat events 119–21 Alexandrian 227 ancient Egypt 29 Greek games at Rome 316 in Homer’s epics 61 Panathenaic games 137, 152, 159, 163 Mesopotamian 24–6 Pythian games 134 Minoan 44 Sebastan Games 281 Spartan 178 dressing rooms violence of 119, 120–1, 134 Athens 161 see also boxing; mock battles; pankration; Delphi 135 wrestling Nemea 140, 142 Commodus 291–2, 292, 323 Olympia 110 competitiveness 6, 22, 24, 123, 190–1 Constantine 295, 335, 336 Egypt see ancient Egypt; Ptolemaic Egypt Constantinople 337, 338, 339 El Djem, Tunisia, amphitheater 308 Corinth 137, 263 eligibility for games amphitheater 308 Ancient Olympics 114 see also Isthmian Games Panathenaic games 158, 203–4 corruption at Olympia 92, 123, 126–7, 317 see also age classes Coubertin, Pierre de 94–5 Elis 74, 91, 98, 99, 111–12, 125, 127 Crete, Minoan 37–42, 99 elitism, Greek 197–8, 200 criminals see also meritocratic sport in gladiatorial combat 270 entrance tunnels public executions 260, 285, 312–14, 313 Athens 161 crown games see Panhellenic games Nemea 141, 142 cultural significance of athletics 5–6, 23, 24 Olympia 110
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ephebeia 170, 234, 235–6 Olympia 115–17 Ephesos 236 origins 101 equality in sport 84–5, 197–8, 200 Panathenaic games 157 equestrian events 102, 107 in pentathlon 117, 118 Archaic Greece 87 Pythian games 133 female participation in 181, 184, 216, 219 Spartan 182 Isthmian Games 137 see also running; torch races jockeys 114, 121 funeral games Olympia 121–3 Archaic Greece 9, 70, 73, 77, 87, 100 Panathenaic games 152, 154–5, 157–8 Athens 160 Pythian games 134 Hittite 45 Spartan 181, 182 in Homer’s epics 54, 56–62, 58, 75 see also anthippasia; chariot events; horse races; Macedonian 230 mule-cart races; racecourses/tracks Minoan 42 Eratosthenes 100–1 Mycenaean 47, 48, 49, 53 eroticism and sport 85, 86 Etruscans 244–7 Game of Troy 247, 275, 280 euandria 157 Gardiner, E.N. 198–9 euripus 293–4 Geometric Olympia 102 execution of criminals 260, 312–14, 313 girls see also mass executions Athenian races or rites 212–14 participation in Greek sport 209, 210 factions 249, 293, 338 participation in Roman sport 217–19 females Spartan physical education 179–81 athletic nudity 180–1 gladiatorial combat 258–60, 269–70, 271, 298–309 charioteer 184 demise of 335 fertility cults 99–100 depictions of 259, 300 gladiators 304, 304 finger submission signal 301, 302 participation in Greek sport 209–17 missio 284, 285, 301, 302 participation in Roman sport 217–19, 218 regulation of 284–5, 301–2 participation in Spartan sport 179–80, 184 gladiators 257–9, 270–1, 301–4 Spartan physical education 179–81 compared with athletes 309 spectators 214–15, 217, 246, 279–80, 316 female 304, 304 festival games injury and mortality 258, 284, 301–3 ancient Egypt 27 professionalism 270–1, 272, 273 Archaic Greece 73, 75, 87 sparing defeated 271–2, 284–5, 285, 301 Mesopotamian 24, 25, 26 training 270, 272, 285, 298–9 Olympia 108, 111 types of 272, 299 see also athletic festivals volunteers and dilettantes 259, 275, 303 fines, athletes 113, 126–7, 192, 235, 318 Gracchus, Gaius 271 Flavian amphitheater 10 Greek city-states 78, 345 food prizes see meal prizes Greek East footraces amphitheaters 308–9 depictions of 116 arena games in 309 for girls 217, 218 athletes’ guilds in 320–1 Hittite 45 athletic festivals 318–19 in Homer’s epics 61 Greek evidence 9–10
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Greek games Nemean Games 139 compared with Roman spectacles 17, 343 Olympia 102, 109, 110 in Roman Empire 314–20, 335–6, 346–7 Hipposthenes 183 romantic views of 15 Hittites 44–6 see also Archaic Greece; Olympic games; Homer Panathenaic games; Panhellenic games depictions of sport 53–67 Greek myth and legend 97–9 lack of mention of Olympics 74, 99, 101 gymnasia 72, 80, 81–2, 83, 84, 143 rhapsodic recitations of 155, 163 Athens 160, 161, 238 homosexuality 86 Delphi 135 Honorius 335 erotic dimension 85–6 hoplite races Hellenistic 234–5, 236 Olympia 115, 117 Roman 316 Panathenaic games 154 social class 202 Pythian games 134 gymnastics 8 hoplites 81–2 Nemea 139 horse races Panathenaic games 149, 152 Etruscan 245 Spartan 182 Olympia 102, 121, 122 Panathenaic games 152, 155 Hadrian 321–2, 347 Roman 248 Hedea 218 horse-dismounting races 115, 121, 144, 247 Hellenistic age 222–3, 232–9 human curiosities, in Roman spectacles 281 athletic professionalism 236–7 hunting and sport 23 females and competition 215–17 ancient Egypt 26, 31–2 gymnasia and ephebic training 234–6 Macedonia 231–2 Olympia in 238–9 Mycenae 47 Roman-style festivals 263–4 Roman 254–5 see also Ptolemaic Egypt Sparta 178–9 Heraia Games 212–14 hunting events Herakles 38, 98, 99, 138 Hittite 45 hero cults Macedonian 232 Athenian 160 Roman 253, 311 Greek 191–2 Macedonian 226 initiation rites see rites of passage Nemean 138, 139 injury and mortality Olympia 100, 102, 103 athletes 16, 39, 43, 119, 120–1 Spartan 183 gladiators 258, 284, 301–3 Herod the Great 282–3 see also violence Herodotus 96 inscriptions 10, 73, 77 Hetoimokles 183 Isthmian Games 132, 136–8, 262–3 Hipparchos 162, 163 Hippias of Athens 162, 163 javelin throwing Hippias of Elis 128 ancient Greece 53, 81 Olympic Victor List 12, 100–1 in Homer’s epics 65, 66 hippodrome on horseback 155–6 Athens 160 Olympia 118 Constantinople 338 Panathenaic games 155–6
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jockeys 114, 121 Marathon, battle of 81, 94, 96 Judea 282, 298 marathon race 96 judging of games 72, 84, 112–13, 114, 118, 127 see also ritual running; torch races jumping Marius, Gaius 272 Archaic Greece 77 Martial 10 in Homer’s epics 63 mass executions 276, 300, 313 Olympia 118 meal prizes Roman 245, 262 ancient Egypt 30 jumping weights 118, 140, 182, 202 Athenian 87, 164, 168–9 Juvenal 10–11 Hellenistic 233 Panhellenic games 78, 79, 114 Kallias, son of Didymias 163–4 Roman 321 Kallippos 165 meat meals for the people 168, 311–12 Kimon (fifth-century general) 160–1, 164 Mediterranean, map of 71 Kimon (I), son of Stesagoras 163 Melesias of Athens 195 kingship Menander of Athens 195 Egyptian 27, 29 Mérida, Spain, amphitheater 279, 280, 308 Mesopotamian 24, 26 meritocratic sport 161, 203–4 Kleisthenes 163 Mesopotamia 49 Kleisthenes of Sikyon 80 bull sports 44 Kleomedes of Astypalaia 123, 192 combat sports 24–6 Knossos 38, 40, 40, 43 hunting traditions 32 Koragos 231 military battles, staged see mock battles Koroibos 98, 101, 199 military connections 23 Kroton 79 ancient Egypt 27, 28, 30 Krypte see entrance tunnels Archaic Greece 72–3, 81, 124–5 Kylon 162 Mesopotamian 26 Kyniska 184–5 Milo of Kroton 136, 192–3, 200 Minoan Larissa 144 boxing 38–9, 39 ‘leisure’ 7 bull sports 40–1 literary sources Minoans 37–42 Greek 9–10 missio 284, 285, 301, 302 Roman 10–11, 319 mock battles local games 143–4, 344–5 Hittite 45 Archaic Greece 17, 72, 87, 103 Roman 256, 275, 297, 299–300 Hellenistic 233 see also sea battles prizes 72, 77, 319 Modern Olympics locker rooms see dressing rooms 1896 Olympic Games 92, 93, 95 lots, drawing of 53, 62, 84, 113, 294 compared with Ancient Olympics 92, 95, 96–7 Lucian 5, 9, 83, 96, 107 early revivals 94–5 Ludi Magni Votivi 248 ideology of peace and brotherhood 96 Ludi Victoriae Sullae 273 inspiration for 6–7 Lykaion see Zeus Lykaios monetary rewards 72 Alexandrian 230 Macedon 223–32 Greek East 319 Alexander The Great 227–32 Nemean Games 236 Philip II 224–7 Panathenaic games 78
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Panhellenic games 114, 162 cheating and corruption 92, 123, 126–7, 317 Roman 295, 296, 320, 322 events programme 114–23, 116 Sebastan games 281 first man to run nude in 84 monuments see victory monuments frequency of games 112, 132, 322 mother-goddess cults 100 judging 72, 84, 112–13, 114, 118, 127 mule-cart races 114, 115, 121, 197, 225 myths about 6, 95–6, 98–9 Mycenaeans 38, 46–9 operation and administration 111–14 bull sports 42 origins funeral games 47, 48, 49 date of first Olympics 12, 98, 100–1, 107 as origin of Olympics 101 modern theories 99–100, 103 mythography 98–9 Naples, Augustalia 217, 281–2, 283 Panhellenic cooperation and peace 99, 124–6 naval battles see sea battles preparations for games 112–13 Nazi Olympics see Berlin Olympics 1936 punishments 85, 109, 119, 126–7 Nemea, Temple of Zeus 139, 140 Roman renaissance 317–18 Nemean Games 132, 138–43, 263 significance for modern Olympic movement 6 Nemesis 318 Spartan participation 182 Nero 297, 304, 305, 316, 332, 347 spectators 108–9, 123, 127–9 Neronia games 316 training for games 112, 203 Nikephoria games 233 transfer to Rome 273–4 Nikopolis 281 see also Panhellenic games nudity see athletic nudity Olympic rings 95 Opheltes 102, 138, 139 Olympia origins of sport 22–4 Altar of Zeus 108 archaeological excavations 101 palaistrai 86, 135, 160, 238 art works from 91 paleolithic humans 22, 23 ‘clubhouse’ 318, 336 Panathenaic amphoras 149–52, 153–4, 154 cults preceding Olympics 101–3 Panathenaic games 147–70 early development 87, 88 Actian games 281 entrance tunnel 110 athletes 203–4 facilities 108–10, 127–8, 238 controversy and criticism 165–9, 228 festival 111 events programme 152–9, 153–4 gymnasium 238 Hellenistic 233–4 Hellenistic 238–9 sociopolitical dimensions 161–5 layout 108–10, 125 Panhellenic cooperation and peace 99, 124–6 as most prestigious site for games 73, 74, Panhellenic games 70, 72, 77, 132–44 76, 107, 132 calendar for 132, 322 Nymphaion 318 Isthmian Games 136–8, 262–3 plan of 109 Nemean Games 138–43, 263 racecourse 109, 110 Pythian games 133–6 stadium 108–9, 110 see also Olympic games Temple of Zeus 108, 109, 125, 317, 336 pankration training facilities 112 Nemean Games 139 Olympic Council 113, 127 Olympia 115, 120, 192 Olympic games 91–103, 335–6 Pythian games 134 athletes eligibility 114 Pantakles 162 ban on women 214–15 Parthenon frieze 155, 159
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Paullus, Aemilus 253, 257, 263 prize wreaths 23, 100 Pausanias 9, 10, 97, 98, 101, 102, 108, 110, Archaic Greece 73, 77 112, 113 Augustalia 281 Peisistratid tyranny 162–3 Olympia 113–14 Peisistratos 162–3 Panathenaic games 150–1 Pelops 98, 99, 100 Pythian games 134 Pelopeion shrine 101–2 Roman 309, 346 pentathlon prizes depictions of 117 ancient Egypt 30 Etruscan 245 Archaic Greece 72, 73, 77–8 modern 97 in Hesiod’s writing 74 Olympia 117–19 Hittite 45 Panathenaic games 154 in Homer’s epics 54, 56–7, 59, 61, 62, 75, 76 Pythian games 133–4 inscriptions on 77 Spartan 182 Olympia 113–14 Pericles 164 Panathenaic games 149–52, 150, 153–4, periodonikes 163, 233–4 155, 157 periodos 73, 132, 316 in Roman Empire 322 Persia 33, 223–4, 228 see also meal prizes; monetary rewards Petronius 11 processions pharaohs Asklepios 143 ritual runs 27 Hittite 44–5 sporting 28–9, 30 Mycenaean 47 Philip II 224–7, 239 Olympia 112, 114–15 Philostratus 9 Panathenaic games 149, 152, 158, 159 Phrynon 162 Roman games 294 physical education 7 see also triumphs Spartan 176–81 professional guilds 281, 318, 320–1, 336 see also gymnasia professionalism Pindar 10, 91, 98, 194–7 athletes 2, 8, 198–9, 203, 236, 281 Pisa 98, 99, 125 gladiators 270–1, 272, 273 Pius, Antoninus 318, 321, 336 Ptolemaic Egypt 215–16, 237–8, 239 political dimensions 34, 161–5 Ptolemie 215–16 Alexander the Great 229 punishments ancient Olympics 125–6 for athletes 84–5, 109, 119, 126, 192, Hellenistic 223 285, 322 Macedonian 226 for criminals 239, 257, 312 see also sociopolitical perspectives in gymnasia 235 Pompeii 299, 305 see also fines amphitheater 271 pyrrhic dance 72, 157, 167 gladiatorial barracks 270 Pythian games 132, 133–6 Pompey “the Great” 252, 274 Poulydamas of Skotussa 193–4 race in armor see hoplite races prisoners of war racecourses/tracks in beast shows 337 Athens 148, 160 in gladiatorial combat 257, 270 Olympia 109, 110 made to fight duels 256 Rome 293–4, 295
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Spartan 182 negative views of 6–7, 15–16, 243 track barrier 293–4 popularity of 289–90 Zeus Lykaios 224 see also beast shows; chariot events; execution of ‘recreation’ 7 criminals; gladiatorial combat; mock battles recreational games 53, 56 Rome religious festivals see festival games athletes’ clubhouse 321 rewards see awards; prizes Campus Martius 274, 275, 276, 279, 305, 316 rhapsodic recitations of Homer 155, 163 Circus Flaminius 273, 279, 281, 295 riders see jockeys Circus Maximus 247–8, 248, 274, 275, 279, 290, Riefenstahl, Leni, Olympia 1, 2, 95 293–5, 294 rites of passage Circus of Maxentius 295 Athenian girls 212, 213 Colosseum 10, 290, 305–8, 307 Minoan 38, 39, 40, 42, 44 Forum 261, 271, 275–6 Olympia 100 Ludus Magnus 270 ritual running map of Imperial Rome 306 ancient Egypt 27 Saepta Julia 305 Athenian 159 Theater of Marcellus 279, 281 Mesopotamian 26 rowers 163, 166, 200 Minoan 40 rowing contests see boat races and modern matharon 96 running Roman Empire 289–323 ancient Egypt 27, 30 athletes in 282, 314, 315, 316, 320–2 Mesopotamian 26 beast shows 309–12 Minoan 39–40 chariot racing 292–7 Mycenaean 48 executions 312–14 ritual 26, 27, 40, 96, 159 female athletics 217–19 see also footraces; torch races gladiatorial combat 298–309 running tracks Greek games in 314–19, 335–6, 346–7 ancient Egypt 27 Imperial triumphs 297–8 Athens 161 map 277 Delphi 135 waning of Greco-Roman games 335–7 gymnasia 160 Roman epic 283–4 Lykaion 144 Roman evidence 10–11 Minoan 40 Roman Republic 243–64 Nemea 142 beast shows 253–4 Olympia 108, 109, 115 chariot racing 248–9 festivals and entertainments 247–8 sacred truce 98, 99 gladiators 257–61 ancient Olympics 112, 117, 124 and Greek sport 261–3, 273–4, 281–2 infractions of 125, 140, 143, 226 Hellenistic entertainments 263 Isthmian Games 138 late Republic and Augustus 268–302 Nemean Games 139 triumphs 249–53 Pythian games 134 Roman spectacle(s) Samnites 260, 270, 272, 273 Christian opposition to 329–31 sea battles, staged 275, 276, 278, 279 compared with Greek sport 17, 243, 343 Sebastan games 271, 281–2, 283 Emperors attending 283, 291 Secular Games 279 imperial abuses 291–2 Sed festivals 27, 30
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sexuality and sport 85–6, 86 ‘sport’ 7, 8 shot putting 45 stadia sitesis 114, 164, 168–9 Athens 161 see also meal prizes Delphi 134–5, 135 slaves Hellenistic 234 charioteers 295 Nemea 10, 140, 141, 142 in gladiatorial combat 261, 270 Olympia 108–9, 110 jockeys 114, 122 Rome 275, 316 social class and sport 165–6, 169, 197–205, 279–80 see also amphitheaters; hippodrome sociological perspectives 13–14, 22–3 starting lines Roman games 289–90 Archaic Greece 84 sociopolitical perspectives Nemean Games 139, 142 Athenian sport 161–5 Olympia 109, 137 Roman spectacles 268–9, 274–5 starting mechanisms Solon 162 Isthmian Games 137 Sosibios of Alexandria 238 Olympia 110 Sotades 126, 236 Roman 293, 294 Soteria festival 233 stephanitic games see crown games Sparta 85, 87, 87–8, 125, 175–86 stick fighting 27, 28 athletics 178, 181–4 stick throwing 27 compared with Athens 185–6 ‘style points’ 72 herald’s run from Athens 96 submission see missio participation in Olympics 182–5 Suetonius 11 physical education in 176–81 Sulla 273 female 179–81, 211, 219 sword swallowing 44–5 male 177–9 Sybaris 80 as source of sporting customs 99 Symmachus 336–7 victory commemorations 183–4 Syria Spartacus 272 bull sports 42, 43–4 spear throwing 46, 62, 235 female games 218 ‘spectacle’ 7, 8 gladiatorial combat 264 see also under headings for specific types of spectacle latest continuing ‘Olympic’ Games 336 ‘spectator sport’ 8 Roman-Hellenistic games 263–4 spectators attendance and behavior Tacitus 316 Athens 166 Taurus, Statilius 279, 305 Nemean games 142 Tertullian 14 Olympia 123, 128–9 Theogenes of Thasos 192, 199 Roman games 248, 269, 283, 289–90, 296–7, 308 Theseia games 160, 235–6 facilities for Theseus 41–2 Delphi 135 Thucydides 13, 83 Nemea 140, 142 Tiberius 217, 303, 312, 317 Olympia 109, 127 Timonax 236 Rome 279–80, 293, 297 Titus 302, 304, 306 factions 249 torch races female 214–15, 217, 246, 279–80, 316 Alexandrian 229 spectatorship 14–15, 56 Athenian 87, 159 spina 293–4 Greek local games 144
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Hellenistic 234, 235 victory odes 194–7 Larissa 144 violence Panathenaic games 152, 157, 158, 160, 200, 201 of combat events 119, 120–1, 134 Roman 315 in Roman arena 269–70, 276, 312–14 torch relay 1, 2, 92, 95 see also injury and mortality track barrier 293–4 votive games, Roman 248, 262, 273 trainers votive offerings 102, 108, 111, 195 for athletes 195, 236 for gladiatorial combat 270, 272 weight lifting 45 training weight throwing 60, 61–2 for games 112, 203, 238–9, 320 Wenlock Olympic Games 94 see also gymnasia women see females; girls for gladiatorial combat 270, 272, 285, 298–9 wreaths see prize wreaths Trajan 309 wrestling Trapezus 223 ancient Egypt 27, 28 tripod prizes 57, 61, 74, 77 Etruscan 245, 246, 246 triumphs, Roman 249–53, 275, 276, 278, 297–8 female 218 truce see sacred truce Hittite 45 tyrants 80, 162–3 in Homer’s epics 60–1, 63 Mesopotamian 24–5 victor lists Olympia 119 Olympic 73, 100–1 Panathenaic games 154 Pythian games 134 in pentathlon 117, 118 Spartan 182 removal from modern Olympics 97 victory celebrations (athletic) 183–4, 195, 196 violence of 119 victory celebrations (military) see triumphs wrestling schools see palaestrae victory monuments Delphi 217 Zanes 126–7, 318 Olympia 108, 125 Zeus, cult of 93, 100, 102 Spartan 175, 176, 184, 186 Zeus Lykaios 144, 223
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