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Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures; page numbers in bold refer to tables. acrobats Pompeii 270, 271 ancient Egypt 27 Rome 275–6, 279 Hittite 44, 45, 46 Anatolia 44, 46 Minoan 38, 39–40, 42, 43, 44 ancient Egypt 26–32, 43, 49 Roman 337 animal baiting 255, 255, 337 Syrian 44 see also beast shows Actian games 281 animals, in Roman spectacles 256–7 age classes exotic 257, 274, 275, 281 equine 122 supply of beasts 310–11, 336–7 Hellenistic 233, 235 see also beast shows Isthmian Games 137 anthippasia 157–8, 160 Olympia 113 see also cavalry events Panathenaic games 147, 152, 153–4, 154, 157 anthropological perspectives 22–3, 24 Roman 281 Antioch, Syria Sparta 177 female games 218 see also boys latest continuing ‘Olympic’ Games 336 Agesilaos 184–5 Roman-Hellenistic games 263–4 agonism 3, 24, 190–1 Antiochos IV Epiphanes 263–4 Agrippa 279, 317 Aphrodisias 323 Alcibiades 164–5, 165–6, 168, 185, 203–4 apobatai 155, 156 Alexander the Great 227–32, 239,COPYRIGHTED 345 apodyterion MATERIAL Alexandria 210, 237 Nemea 140, 142 see also Ptolemaic Egypt Olympia 110 amateurism 8, 15, 72, 94, 198–9 see also dressing rooms amphitheaters Apuleius 11 Greek attitudes to 308–9 Archaic Greece 70–88 Mérida, Spain 279, 280 agonistic spirit 24, 190–1 Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World, Second Edition. Donald G. Kyle. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002217156.INDD 348 9/23/2014 12:09:50 PM Index 349 athletic festivals 70, 72–3 punishments 84–5, 109, 119, 126, 192, 285, 322 competitiveness in 6, 24, 123, 190–1 in Roman Empire 282, 314, 315, 316, 320–2 cultural significance of athletics 5–6, 23, 24 in scene of sacrifice 111 funeral games 9, 53, 70, 73, 77, 87, 100 social class 165–6, 169, 197–205 growth of athletics 73–80 supervision and scrutiny 112 gymnasiums, hoplites, and society 81–2 swearing of sacred oaths 112 literary sources 53–67 training for games 112, 203, 238–9, 320 map of 71 transfers of allegiance 126 men, boys, and erotic pursuits 85–7 athletes’ guilds 281, 318, 320–1, 336 nudity, status, and democracy 82–5 athletic festivals origins of sport 22 ancient Greece 70, 72–3, 111 recreational games 53, 56 Classical Greece 159–61 archery Greek East 318–19 ancient Egypt 26, 29–30 see also under headings for specific festivals and games ancient Greece 53 athletic nudity 38, 72 Hittite 45 Etruscan 245 in Homer’s epics 56, 62, 65, 66 female 180 Archibius, Titus Flavius 320 Greek 70, 75, 81, 82–5, 114, 202–3 arena shows see Roman spectacle(s) Roman disdain for 262 Aristotle, list of Pythian victors 100, 134 Spartan 178, 180–1 Arles, France, amphitheater 308 athletics Asklepiades, Marcus Aurelius 320 Archaic Greece 73–80 Asklepios 143 Egyptian 29–31 Assyria, hunting traditions 32–3, 33 Hittite 45–6, 46 Atalanta 211 Mesopotamian 25–6 Athenodoros 236 Mycenaean 47, 48 Athens Olympia 114–21 athletic facilities 160–1 Panathenaic games 152–9 festival games 87, 159–60 pre-Greek origins 38 modern Olympic revivals 92–4 Spartan 181–4 politics and sport 161–5 terminology 7, 8 see also Panathenaic games see also under headings for specific sports ‘athlete’ 7 Atticus, Herodes 318, 347 athletes Augustalia 217, 281–2, 283 abuses by 92, 126, 126–7, 191, 198–9 Augustus 217, 276–86, 293, 316, 317 competitiveness 6, 22, 24, 123, 190–1 Aurelius, Marcus 291, 333 criticism of 167–9 Autolykos 164 eligibility for games 114, 158, 203–4 Avaris 43 Etruscan 246 awards facilities for 110, 135, 140, 142 Archaic Greece 56, 57, 76, 78–9 famous 191–4 Panathenaic games 114, 164, 202 fines 113, 126–7, 192, 235, 318 Panhellenic games 78, 113 Greek 190–205, 203–4 Roman games 248 injury and mortality 16, 39, 43, 119, 120–1 see also monetary rewards; prizes Mesopotamian 25–6 professional guilds 281, 318, 320–1, 336 ball games 178, 219, 221, 229, 262 professionalism 2, 8, 198–9, 203, 236, 281 bear baiting see animal baiting 0002217156.INDD 349 9/23/2014 12:09:50 PM 350 Index beast shows bull fights 275 demise of 336–7 bull sports depictions of 310, 337 Anatolia 42 Hittite 45 ancient Egypt 43 as hunts 45, 232, 253, 311 Hittite 44, 45, 46 late Republic 273, 274, 275, 278, 281 Hittites 44 meat for the people 311–12 Minoan 40–1, 42, 43, 44 Roman Empire 291, 309–12 Mycenaean 42, 48 Roman Republic 253–4, 256–7 Roman 49 supply of beasts 310–11, 336–7 Syria 42, 43–4 see also bull sports bull-leaping belt wrestling ancient Egypt 43 depictions of 144 Hittites 44 Mesopotamian 24 Minoan 39, 40, 40, 41 Mycenaean 48, 48 Mycenaean 42, 47 Beni Hasan tombs 27, 28 Byzantine Empire, chariot events in 338–9, 339 Berlin Olympics 1936 1, 2, 2, 95 boat races Caesar, Julius 274–6 Isthmian Games 137 Caligula 291, 308, 312 Panathenaic games 157 Camelos 320 see also sea battles Campania 259, 259, 260, 305 boxing see also Pompeii Archaic Greece 54 Capitoline Games 316 depictions of 120, 121 Capua, gladiatorial training at 270, 272, 275 Etruscan 245 Carnuntum 298–9 finger submission signal 119 cash prizes see monetary rewards in Homer’s epics 60, 63, 65–6 cauldron prizes 47, 57, 59, 62, 77 Mesopotamian 24, 25 cavalry events Minoan 38–9, 39 Alexander’s 230 Mycenaean 48, 49 Panathenaic games 152, 155, 156, 157–8, 160 Nemean Games 139–40 Roman Republic 275 Olympian 119 ceremonial processions see processions Pythian games 134 changing rooms see dressing rooms in Roman spectacles 281 chariot dismounting 155 thongs and gloves 60, 119, 314 chariot events violence of 119, 120–1, 314 ancient Egypt 26, 29, 30 boys Archaic Greece 87 contests for 113, 115, 133–4 in Christian Byzantine Empire 338–9, 339 eligibility for games 114 depictions of 48, 122, 135, 294 in gymnasia 85–6, 235 Etruscan 247 judging age of 112–13 factions 249, 293, 338 Spartan physical education 177–8 female participation in 184, 216 see also age classes Hittite 46 Bronze Age 37–50 in Homer’s epics 54, 56, 57–60, 74 Hittites 44–6 Mycenaean 47, 48, 48, 49 Minoans 37–44 Olympia 110, 121, 122 Mycenaeans 46–9 owners as victors 122–3 0002217156.INDD 350 9/23/2014 12:09:50 PM Index 351 Panathenaic games 152, 155 Daimon, Agathos 320 Panhellenic games 135 Damonon 183 Pythian games 134 dancing Roman 247, 248–9, 292–7, 294, 338, 345–6 Archaic Greece 75 Spartan participation 184–5 female 210, 211, 213–14, 213 violence of 296 Hittite 44, 45, 46 charioteers 295–6 in Homer’s epics 65, 210 becoming managers 293, 338 Minoan 38 colors worn by 249 Panathenaic games 157 dress and protection 121, 247, 296 Delphi 78 superstitions 296 see also Pythian games cheating see corruption at Olympia Demaratos 223 chrematitic games 72 democratization of sport 161, 198, 200–1 see also local games Diagoras of Rhodes and the Diagorids 193, 215 Christians Diem, Carl 95 martyrs 333–4 Dioxippos 165, 231 opposition to Roman spectacles 329–31, 347 discus throwing 117 Roman reaction to 331–5 ancient Greece 53, 62 chronological systems 11–12 in Homer’s epics 64, 66 Cicero 251, 258, 268, 274 Panathenaic games 152 civic games see local games Domitian 304, 316, 347 Claudius 217, 293, 297, 308, 311 Doreius 193 colonization, games spread by 79–80, 107 dramatic contests 14 combat events 119–21 Alexandrian 227 ancient Egypt 29 Greek games at Rome 316 in Homer’s epics 61 Panathenaic games 137, 152, 159, 163 Mesopotamian 24–6 Pythian games 134 Minoan 44 Sebastan Games 281 Spartan 178 dressing rooms violence of 119, 120–1, 134 Athens 161 see also boxing; mock battles; pankration; Delphi 135 wrestling Nemea 140, 142 Commodus 291–2, 292, 323 Olympia 110 competitiveness 6, 22, 24, 123, 190–1 Constantine 295, 335, 336 Egypt see ancient Egypt; Ptolemaic Egypt Constantinople 337, 338, 339 El Djem, Tunisia, amphitheater 308 Corinth 137, 263 eligibility for games amphitheater 308 Ancient Olympics 114 see also Isthmian Games Panathenaic games 158, 203–4 corruption at Olympia 92, 123, 126–7, 317 see also age classes Coubertin, Pierre de 94–5 Elis 74, 91, 98, 99, 111–12, 125, 127 Crete, Minoan 37–42, 99 elitism, Greek 197–8, 200 criminals see also meritocratic sport in gladiatorial combat 270 entrance tunnels public executions 260, 285, 312–14, 313 Athens 161 crown games see Panhellenic games Nemea 141, 142 cultural significance of athletics 5–6, 23, 24 Olympia 110 0002217156.INDD 351 9/23/2014 12:09:50 PM 352 Index ephebeia 170, 234, 235–6 Olympia 115–17 Ephesos 236 origins 101 equality in sport 84–5, 197–8, 200 Panathenaic games 157 equestrian events 102, 107 in pentathlon 117, 118 Archaic Greece 87 Pythian games 133 female participation in 181, 184, 216, 219 Spartan 182 Isthmian Games 137 see also running; torch races jockeys 114, 121 funeral games Olympia 121–3 Archaic Greece 9, 70, 73, 77, 87, 100 Panathenaic games 152, 154–5, 157–8 Athens 160 Pythian games 134 Hittite 45 Spartan 181, 182 in Homer’s epics 54, 56–62, 58, 75 see also anthippasia; chariot events; horse races; Macedonian 230 mule-cart races; racecourses/tracks Minoan 42 Eratosthenes 100–1 Mycenaean 47, 48, 49, 53 eroticism and sport 85, 86 Etruscans 244–7 Game of Troy 247, 275, 280 euandria 157 Gardiner, E.N.
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