DOCSLIB.ORG

Pollination-Induced Gene Changes That Lead to Senescence in Petunia × Hybrida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pollination-Induced Gene Changes That Lead to Senescence in Petunia × Hybrida Pollination-Induced Gene Changes That Lead to Senescence in Petunia × hybrida DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Shaun Robert Broderick, M.S. Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Michelle L. Jones, Advisor Feng Qu Eric J. Stockinger Esther van der Knaap Copyrighted by Shaun Robert Broderick 2014 Abstract Flower longevity is a genetically programmed event that ends in flower senescence. Flowers can last from several hours to several months, based on flower type and environmental factors. For many flowers, particularly those that are ethylene- sensitive, longevity is greatly reduced after pollination. Cellular components are disassembled and nutrients are remobilized during senescence, which reduces the net energy expenditures of floral structures. The goal of this research is to identify the genes that can be targeted to extent shelf life by inhibiting pollination-induced senescence. Identifying and characterizing regulatory shelf-life genes will enable breeders to incorporate specific alleles that improve post production quality into ethylene-sensitive crops. Petunia × hybrida is particularly amenable to flower longevity studies because of its large floral organs, predictable flower senescence timing, and importance in the greenhouse industry. A general approach to gene functional analysis involves reducing gene expression and observing the resulting phenotype. Viruses, such as tobacco rattle virus (TRV), can be used to induce gene silencing in plants like petunia. We optimized several parameters that improved virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in petunia by increasing the consistency and efficiency of silencing. They included applying inocula to wounded apical meristems, growing petunias at temperatures of 20 °C day/18 °C night, utilizing ii the cultivar ‘Picobella Blue’, and inoculating plants at three or four weeks after sowing. As a control for VIGS experiments, an empty vector is frequently used, but severe TRV symptoms often lead to death in petunia. We developed a control construct, which contained a fragment of the green florescent protein. This construct eliminated all severe viral symptoms and served as a better control. This optimized protocol and control construct enabled us to silence many genes and screen for phenotypic results within a few months. To identify candidate, pollination-associated genes for VIGS analysis, RNA- sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries were developed from RNA extracted from pollinated and unpollinated petunia corollas at 12, 18, and 24 h after flower opening. The libraries were sequenced and an expressed sequence tag (EST) library of 33K contigs was generated, which represents the largest petunia corolla transcriptome to date. Differential gene expression analysis and a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed to identify pollination-associated genes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment provided a biological overview of the gene networks and molecular pathways associated with flower senescence, which included cellular catabolic processes and pathways such as the Regulation of autophagy, Plant hormone signal transduction, and Sucrose & starch metabolism. With this molecular information, better targets can be selected for further studies. Fifteen differentially expressed, pollination-associated genes were phenotypically characterized using VIGS for alterations in flower longevity. Petunias inoculated with a iii VIGS vector containing a putative EIN3-binding F-box protein (EBF) resulted in accelerated senescence. Two additional PhEBFs were identified from the assembled RNA-seq transcripts. PhEBF2b and PhEIL expression increased sooner in plants inoculated with the CHS-EBF2b construct than in the CHS control. We hypothesize that this work will lead to improved post production quality in floricultural crops. iv Acknowledgments I wish to thank Dr. Michelle L. Jones for this doctoral opportunity. Her guidance and expertise were critical to the ultimate success of this program. She provided plentiful opportunities to grow, learn, and wholly experience what it is to be a scientific researcher. She imparted not only her expertise, but she truly cared for my success. I also want to thank my Student Advisory Committee, Drs. Feng Qu, Eric Stockinger, and Esther van der Knaap, for challenging me to push my research skillset into new territories. I also thank them for reviewing manuscripts and providing helpful feedback for the dissertation. I also want to thank the current members of the Jones lab, Laura Chapin, Eileen Ramsay, and Scott Menicos, and former lab members Cassi Sewell, Nichole Edelman and Emma Locke for teaching me new skills, problem solving techniques, and for being good friends. The staff of the Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center and computer lab has been essential in providing genetic sequencing, microscopy equipment, and computational power for this experimental work. I would like to thank Dr. Asela Wijeratne and Saranga Wijeratne for their assistance in bioinformatics, and Dr. Tea Meulia for her expertise in RNA-sequencing experimental design. v I acknowledge the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), the D.C. Kiplinger Endowment, The American Floral Endowment Gus Poesch Fund, and SEEDS: The OARDC Research Enhancement Competitive Grants Program. Additionally, I thank Drs. Dinesh-Kumar and Sophien Kamoun for providing VIGS vectors and Ball Horticultural Company and Syngenta for their petunia seed donations. We also thank Jason Van Houten and Esther van der Knaap for help with the library construction and experimental design. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their perseverance, patience and support over these last few years. My loving wife and daughters motivate me to be the best person that I can and to work diligently to achieve all of my goals and ambitions. I would also like to thank my parents, who worked their entire lives to ensure that I would be provided with the best opportunities. They always had confidence in me that I would achieve great things. vi Vita 2000-2003; 2005-2008 ...................................Nursery Customer Consultant, Linden Nursery 2005................................................................A.S. General Academics, Utah Valley University 2008................................................................B.S. Genetics & Biotechnology, Brigham Young University 2010................................................................M.S. Genetics & Biotechnology, Brigham Young University 2008-2010 ......................................................Graduate Student and Teaching Assistant, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University 2011................................................................Intern, Ball Helix Genetic Laboratory, Ball Horticultural Company 2010 to present ..............................................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University Publications Broderick, S.R. and Jones, M.L. (2014) An optimized protocol to increase virus-induced gene silencing efficiency and minimize viral symptoms in petunia. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 32, 219-233. vii Broderick, S.R., Stevens, M.R., Geary, B., Love, S., Jellen, E.N., Dockter, R.B., Daley, S.L., Lindgren, D. (2011) A survey of Penstemon’s genome size. Genome, 54, 160-173. Fields of Study Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xv List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Plant hormones ................................................................................................................ 2 Ethylene ....................................................................................................................... 2 Abscisic acid ................................................................................................................ 3 Auxin ........................................................................................................................... 4 Cytokinin ..................................................................................................................... 5 Gibberellin ................................................................................................................... 5 Jasmonic acid ............................................................................................................... 6 Salicylic acid................................................................................................................ 6 ix Sugars .............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Genetic Delineation of 2Q37.3 Deletion in Autism and Osteodystrophy: Report of a Case and of New Markers for Deletion Screening by PCR
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Molecular genetic delineation of 2q37.3 deletion in autism and osteodystrophy: report of a case and of new markers for deletion screening by PCR. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/83f0x61r Journal Cytogenetics and cell genetics, 94(1-2) ISSN 0301-0171 Authors Smith, M Escamilla, JR Filipek, P et al. Publication Date 2001 DOI 10.1159/000048775 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Original Article Cytogenet Cell Genet 94:15–22 (2001) Molecular genetic delineation of 2q37.3 deletion in autism and osteodystrophy: report of a case and of new markers for deletion screening by PCR M. Smith, J.R. Escamilla, P. Filipek, M.E. Bocian, C. Modahl, P. Flodman, and M.A. Spence Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine CA (USA) Abstract. We recently studied a patient who meets criteria us to determine the parental origin of the deletion in our for autistic disorder and has a 2q37 deletion. Molecular cyto- patient. DNA from 8–13 unrelated individuals was used to genetic studies were carried out using DNA isolated from 22 determine heterozygosity estimates for these markers. We re- different 2q37 mapped BACs to more precisely define the view four genes deleted in our patient – genes whose known extent of the chromosome deletion. We also analyzed 2q37 functions and sites of expression in the brain and/or bone make mapped polymorphic markers. In addition DNA sequences of them candidates for involvement in autism and/or the osteo- BACs in the deletion region were scanned to identify microsa- dystrophy observed in patients with 2q37.3 deletions.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Journal of Chemistry Asian Journal of Chemistry
    Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014), 4445-4448 ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16897 Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity and Toxicity of Essential Oils from the Leaves of Chimonanthus praecox Located at Two Different Geographical Origin † † * * * REN-YI GUI , WEI-WEI LIANG , SHENG-XIANG YANG , LI LLU and JIAN-CHUN QIN College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China; The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China *Corresponding authors: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] †Contributed equally to this study Received: 19 December 2013; Accepted: 24 February 2014; Published online: 5 July 2014; AJC-15493 The composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of different geographical origin of Chimonanthus praecox, including Hangzhou and Wenzhou samples, were investigated by GC/MS. Forty three components comprising 93.05 % of the leave oils from Hangzhou plant, and 32 components comprising 94.26 % of the leave oils from Wenzhou plant were identified. The major components in the leaf oil from Hangzhou samples were (-)-alloisolongifolene (10.20 %), caryophyllene (9.31 %), elixene (8.52 %), germacrene D (7.30 %), germacrene B (7.44 %), δ-cadinene (6.17 %) and β-elemen (4.67 %). While, the oil from Wenzhou samples contained furan, 3-(4,8- dimethyl-3,7-nonadienyl)-, (E)-(21.69 %), eucalyptol (19.02 %), terpilene (12.41 %), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (6.65 %) and geraniol (5.29 %) as the major components.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Roles of Euap2 Genes in Plant Development Charles U
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0035.v3 Review Besides and Beyond Flowering: Other roles of euAP2 genes in plant development Charles U. Solomon1, 2* and Sinead Drea1 1Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, UK; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: EuAP2 genes are famous for their role in flower development. A legacy of the founding member of this subfamily of transcription factors, whose mutants lacked petals in Arabidopsis. However, studies of euAP2 genes in several species have accumulated evidence highlighting the diverse roles of euAP2 genes in other aspects of plant development. Here, we emphasize other developmental roles of euAP2 genes in various species and suggest a shift from regarding euAP2 genes as just flowering genes to consider the global role they may be playing in plant development. We hypothesize that their almost universal expression profile and pleiotropic effects of their mutation suggest their involvement in fundamental plant development processes. Keywords: EuAP2 genes; Flowering; Plant Development Introduction APETALA 2 (AP2) genes are named after a series of Arabidopsis mutants characterized by homeotic transformations of their sepals to leaves and petals to staminoid petals. Analysis of the ap2 mutants along with other floral mutants gave birth to the ABC model of flower development where AP2 is classified as an A-class gene [1, 2]. The forerunner AP2 protein was cloned and characterized in Arabidopsis [3]. The Arabidopsis AP2 protein comprising 432 amino acids (aa) is mainly characterized by the possession of two AP2 domains, each made up of 68-aa with an 18-aa core conserved section that forms an amphipathic -훼–helix .
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Blooming Shrubs by RICHARD E
    Winter Blooming Shrubs by RICHARD E. WEAVER, JR. Winters in the eastern part of this country south of Washington, D.C. are seldom as unpleasant as they are here in the Northeast. Of course the temperatures there are less extreme, but for those of us who appreciate plants and flowers, the real difference is perhaps due to the Camellias. Blooming through the worst weather that January and February have to offer, these wonderful plants with their bright and showy blooms make winter something almost worth anticipating. Although there are some hopeful new developments through con- centrated breeding efforts, we in most of the Northeast still must do without Camellias in our gardens. Nevertheless, there are a sur- prising number of hardy shrubs, perhaps less showy but still charm- ing and attractive, that will bloom for us through the winter and the early days of spring. Some, such as the Witch Hazels, are foolproof; others present a challenge for they are susceptible to our capricious winters and may lose their opening flowers to a cold March. For those gardeners willing to take the chance, a few of the best early- flowering shrubs displayed in the border, or as the focal point in a winter garden, will help to soften the harshness of the season. Many plants that bloom in the early spring have their flowers per- fectly formed by the previous fall. Certain of these do not require a period of cold dormancy, and in mild climates will flower intermit- tently during the fall and winter. Most species, however, do require an environmental stimulus, usually a period of cold temperatures, before the buds will break and the flowers open.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Genetic Determinants of Interventricular Septal Anatomy and the Risk of Ventricular Septal
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.19.21255650; this version posted April 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 Genetic determinants of interventricular septal anatomy and the risk of ventricular septal 2 defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 3 4 Mengyao Yu PhD1,2*, Andrew R. Harper MRCP DPhil3,4,5*, Matthew Aguirre AB1,6, Maureen 5 Pittman 7,8, Catherine Tcheandjieu DVM PhD1,2,9, Dulguun Amgalan PhD10,11, Christopher 6 Grace PhD3,4, Anuj Goel MBBS MSc3,4, Martin Farrall FRCPath3,4, Ke Xiao MS12, Jesse 7 Engreitz PhD10,11, Katherine Pollard PhD7,8,13, Hugh Watkins MD PhD3,4, James R. Priest 8 MD1,2,13,14 9 10 Affiliations: 11 1) Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School 12 of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA 13 2) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA 14 3) Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular 15 Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. 16 4) Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK. 17 5) Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, 18 AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK 19 6) Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford Medical School 20 7) University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA 21 8) Gladstone
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Calycanthaceae Sherwin Carlquist
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 10 | Issue 3 Article 6 1983 Wood Anatomy of Calycanthaceae Sherwin Carlquist Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1983) "Wood Anatomy of Calycanthaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 10: Iss. 3, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol10/iss3/6 ALISO 10(3), 1983, pp. 427-441 WOOD ANATOMY OF CALYCANTHACEAE: ECOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC IMPLICATIONS Sherwin Carlquist INTRODUCTION Wood anatomy of Calycanthaceae has not been studied as a unit. Wood features ofthe family have been summarized by Metcalfe and Chalk (1950); various authors have mentioned one or more traits in studies dealing with Calycanthaceae (e.g., Wilson 1979) or other families (e.g., Garratt 1934). In view of recent interest in Idiospermum australiense (Diels) Blake, a new comparative study is needed. One goal of the present study is clarification of relationships of Idiospermum to Calycanthus and Chimonanthus. Wood anatomy of Idiospermum was described by Blake ( 1972) and Wilson ( 1979); a new description is offered here to provide more quantitative data. De­ scriptions of the wood of Calycanthus and Chimonanthus provided here incorporate such quantitative data, but also modify earlier descriptions with respect to some important qualitative features. Material of the recently de­ scribed genus Sinocalycanthus (Cheng and Chan 1964) was not available, although the description of that genus suggests it is not strongly different from Calycanthus or Chimonanthus. The present study incorporates material of Calycanthus floridus L. var. floridus, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscaping Without Harmful Invasive Plants
    Landscaping without harmful invasive plants A guide to plants you can use in place of invasive non-natives Supported by: This guide, produced by the wild plant conservation Landscaping charity Plantlife and the Royal Horticultural Society, can help you choose plants that are without less likely to cause problems to the environment harmful should they escape from your planting area. Even the most careful land managers cannot invasive ensure that their plants do not escape and plants establish in nearby habitats (as berries and seeds may be carried away by birds or the wind), so we hope you will fi nd this helpful. A few popular landscaping plants can cause problems for you / your clients and the environment. These are known as invasive non-native plants. Although they comprise a small Under the Wildlife and Countryside minority of the 70,000 or so plant varieties available, the Act, it is an offence to plant, or cause to damage they can do is extensive and may be irreversible. grow in the wild, a number of invasive ©Trevor Renals ©Trevor non-native plants. Government also has powers to ban the sale of invasive Some invasive non-native plants might be plants. At the time of producing this straightforward for you (or your clients) to keep in booklet there were no sales bans, but check if you can tend to the planted area often, but it is worth checking on the websites An unsuspecting sheep fl ounders in a in the wider countryside, where such management river. Invasive Floating Pennywort can below to fi nd the latest legislation is not feasible, these plants can establish and cause cause water to appear as solid ground.
    [Show full text]
  • A Latent Ability to Persist: Differentiation in Toxoplasma Gondii
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE HHS Public Access provided by IUPUIScholarWorks Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Cell Mol Manuscript Author Life Sci. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 July 01. Published in final edited form as: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018 July ; 75(13): 2355–2373. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2808-x. A Latent Ability to Persist: Differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii Victoria Jeffers1,*, Zoi Tampaki2, Kami Kim2,3, and William J. Sullivan Jr1,4 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 2Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, and Pathology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA 3Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Abstract A critical factor in the transmission and pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii is the ability to convert from an acute disease-causing, proliferative stage (tachyzoite), to a chronic, dormant stage (bradyzoite). The conversion of the tachyzoite-containing parasitophorous vacuole membrane into the less permeable bradyzoite cyst wall, allows the parasite to persist for years within the host to maximize transmissibility to both primary (felids) and secondary (virtually all other warm-blooded vertebrates) hosts. This review presents our current understanding of the latent stage, including the factors that are important in bradyzoite induction and maintenance. Also discussed are the recent studies that have begun to unravel the mechanisms behind stage switching. Keywords Toxoplasma; toxoplasmosis; differentiation; encystation; tachyzoite; bradyzoite; latency; gene regulation; epigenetics; immunity INTRODUCTION Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite capable of infecting warm- blooded vertebrates world-wide [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Roles of Wrky Proteins in Mediating the Crosstalk of Hormone Signaling Pathways: an Approach Integrating Bioinformatics and Experimental Biology
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2006 Roles of Wrky proteins in mediating the crosstalk of hormone signaling pathways: An approach integrating bioinformatics and experimental biology Zhen Xie University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Xie, Zhen, "Roles of Wrky proteins in mediating the crosstalk of hormone signaling pathways: An approach integrating bioinformatics and experimental biology" (2006). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2711. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/0cw1-sipg This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROLES OF WRKY PROTEINS IN MEDIATING THE CROSSTALK OF HORMONE SIGNALING PATHWAYS: AN APPROACH INTEGRATING BIOINFORMATICS AND EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY by Zhen Xie Bachelor of Sciences Shandong Agricultural University 1998 Master of Sciences Shandong Agricultural University 2001 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biological Sciences Department of Biological Sciences College of Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Gems from China©
    1 Plant Gems from China© Donghui Peng1, Longqing Chen2 and Mengmeng Gu3 1College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, PRC 2College of Forestry and Horticulture, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, PRC 3Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX 77843, USA Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION A lot of plants native in China thrive in landscapes across the U.S. Chinese plant germplasm has been continuously introduced to the U.S., and used in breeding and selection. So many new cultivars with Chinese genetics have been introduced in the landscape plant market. The Chinese love plants and particularly enjoy ten “traditionally famous flowers”: lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), sweet olive (Osmanthus frangrans), peony (Paeonia suffruticosa), azalea (Azalea spp.), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.), Mei flower (Prunus mume), daffodil (Narcissus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), camellia (Camellia spp.) and cymbidium (Cymbidium spp.). Public and university breeders have focused on these taxa. In addition, many species and cultivars commonly grown in China may be of interest to growers and landscape professionals in the U.S, which this manuscript will be focused on. PLANT SPECIES AND CULTIVARS Sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans). There are mainly four types of sweet olives, Auranticus Group, Luteus Group, Albus Group, orange and Semperflorens Group. Ever-blooming sweet 1 2 olives have peak blooming in the fall like the others, and continue for about six months although not as profusely. Recently there are three variegated cultivars: ‘Yinbian Caiye’ with white leaf margins mature leaves and red/white/green on new growth, ‘Yintian Cai’ with red-margined maroon leaves maturing to white-margined green leaves, and ‘Pearl Color’ with pink new growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Small RNA Analysis in Fast-Growing Arabidopsis Thaliana Title with Elevated Concentrations of ATP and Sugars
    Global small RNA analysis in fast-growing Arabidopsis thaliana Title with elevated concentrations of ATP and sugars Author(s) Liang, C; Liu, X; Sun, Y; Yiu, SM; Lim, BL Citation BMC Genomics, 2014, v. 15, article no. 116 Issued Date 2014 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198225 Rights BMC Genomics. Copyright © BioMed Central Ltd. Liang et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:116 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/116 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Global small RNA analysis in fast-growing Arabidopsis thaliana with elevated concentrations of ATP and sugars Chao Liang1†, Xuan Liu2†, Yuzhe Sun1, Siu-Ming Yiu2 and Boon Leong Lim1,3* Abstract Background: In higher eukaryotes, small RNAs play a role in regulating gene expression. Overexpression (OE) lines of Arabidopsis thaliana purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2) were shown to grow faster and exhibit higher ATP and sugar contents. Leaf microarray studies showed that many genes involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) biogenesis were significantly changed in the fast-growing lines. In this study, the sRNA profiles of the leaf and the root of 20-day-old plants were sequenced and the impacts of high energy status on sRNA expression were analyzed. Results: 9-13 million reads from each library were mapped to genome. miRNAs, tasiRNAs and natural antisense transcripts-generated small interfering RNAs (natsiRNAs) were identified and compared between libraries. In the leaf of OE lines, 15 known miRNAs increased in abundance and 9 miRNAs decreased in abundance, whereas in the root of OE lines, 2 known miRNAs increased in abundance and 9 miRNAs decreased in abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • Chimonanthus Praecox
    Shang et al. Genome Biology (2020) 21:200 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02088-y RESEARCH Open Access The chromosome-level wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) genome provides insights into floral scent biosynthesis and flowering in winter Junzhong Shang1†, Jingpu Tian1†, Huihui Cheng2†, Qiaomu Yan1, Lai Li1, Abbas Jamal1, Zhongping Xu3,4, Lin Xiang1, Christopher A. Saski5, Shuangxia Jin3,4* , Kaige Zhao1*, Xiuqun Liu1* and Longqing Chen6* * Correspondence: [email protected]. edu.cn; [email protected]; Abstract [email protected]; clqhzau@126. com Background: Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), an important ornamental plant, †Junzhong Shang, Jingpu Tian and has evolved unique fragrant aroma and winter-flowering properties, which are critical Huihui Cheng contributed equally for its successful sexual reproduction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying to this work. 3National Key Laboratory of Crop these traits are largely unknown in this species. In addition, wintersweet is also a typical Genetic Improvement, Huazhong representative species of the magnoliids, where the phylogenetic position of which Agricultural University, Wuhan, relative to eudicots and monocots has not been conclusively resolved. Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China Results: Here, we present a chromosome-level wintersweet genome assembly with a 1Key Laboratory of Horticultural total size of 695.36 Mb and a draft genome assembly of Calycanthus chinensis. Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Phylogenetic analyses of 17 representative angiosperm genomes suggest that Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Magnoliids and eudicots are sister to monocots. Whole-genome duplication Republic of China signatures reveal two major duplication events in the evolutionary history of the 6Southwest Engineering Technology and Research Center of wintersweet genome, with an ancient one shared by Laurales, and a more recent Landscape Architecture, State one shared by the Calycantaceae.
    [Show full text]