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COBIA (Rachycentron Canadum) COBIA (Rachycentron canadum) A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AQUACULTURE, GENERAL BIOLOGY & FISHERIES 1967 - 2015 compiled by Uriel Rodriguez Estrada, Fanny Ayumi Yasumaru, Albert G. J. Tacon & Daniel Lemos Laboratório de Aquicultura Instituto Oceanográfico Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil for The CNPq Research Project Feeding Tomorrow’s Fish: Environmental and Economically Sustainable Aquafeeds and Feeding Regimes for Marine Aquaculture AquaMar São Paulo, August 2015 BACKGROUND & PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT The present document contains a comprehensive list of publications dealing with cobia (Rachycentron canadum ) aquaculture, general biology and fisheries, and was prepared using Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) and other online electronic databases. The work was conducted with the support of The Brazilian National Council for the Development of Science and Technology (CNPq), and prepared as part of the activities of the AquaMar Research Project “Feeding Tomorrow’s Fish: Environmental and Sustainable Aquaculture Feeds and Feeding Regimes for Marine Farming”. The project is funded by the CNPq’s under “Science without Borders – Special Visiting Researcher” programme. It mainly focuses on practical and more urgent subjects in feeding and nutrition of farmed marine fish and shrimp, for the potential benefit of Brazilian farmers. The literature review is part of the research programme that is carried out by the AquaMar research team. The programme also includes technical visits to local farmers, feed manufacturers, laboratory and field experiments with target species. ANTECEDENTES E PREPARAÇÃO DESTE TRABALHO Esta revisão contém uma ampla lista de publicações sobre a aquicultura, biologia geral e pesca do Bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) e foi preparada utilizando bases de dados como Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) dentre outras. O trabalho foi conduzido com apoio do CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, como parte das atividades do Projeto de Pesquisa AquaMar “Alimentando o peixe de amanhã: rações e regimes alimentares ambiental e economicamente sustentáveis para a produção de aquicultura marinha”. O projeto é financiado pelo CNPq dentro do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras – modalidade Pesquisador Visitante Especial. O foco principal está em atender as questões práticas mais urgentes sobre alimentação e nutrição de peixes e camarões marinhos cultivados, em benefício dos aquicultores brasileiros. A revisão da literatura é parte deste programa de pesquisa que é conduzido pela equipe de pesquisa AquaMar. O programa também inclui visitas técnicas aos criadores e experimentos em campo e laboratório com as espécies alvo. FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Estrada, U.R., F.A. Yasumaru, A.G.J. Tacon & D. Lemos (Compilers). 2015. Cobia (Rachycentron canadum): a selected annotated bibliography on aquaculture, general biology & fisheries. 1967-2015. A report prepared for the CNPq AquaMar Research Project Feeding Tomorrow’s Fish: Environmental and Sustainable Aquaculture Feeds and Feeding Regimes for Marine Farming. Laboratório de Aquicultura, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. 107p. SUBJECT INDEX Page 1. General biology & fisheries ……………………………..………………..… 1 2. Aquaculture …………………………………………………………………. 19 2.1 Diseases & health …………………...………………………………………. 19 2.2 Economics & marketing …………………...……………………………..… 33 2.3 Farming systems ………………...…………………………………………... 36 2.4 Genetics & reproduction ……………………….…………………………... 52 2.5 Hatchery & larval rearing ………………………….………………………. 57 2.6 Nutrition & feeding …………………….…………………………………… 63 2.7 Processing & storage ……………………………………………………....... 91 3. Author index ……………………...…………………………………………. 96 1. GENERAL BIOLOGY & FISHERIES 1. Aliabadi, M.A.S., Gilkolaei, S.R., Savari, A., Zolgharnein, H. & Nabavi, S.M.B. (2008). Microsatellite polymorphism in Iranian populations of cobia (Rachycentron canadum G.). Biotechnology, 7(4), 775-780. Genetic divergence within and between wild populations of cobia, Rachycentron canadum (L.) was assessed by means of microsatellite analysis in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Ten microsatellite markers were used to estimate the level of genetic diversity within six wild populations of cobia and the degree of genetic differentiation between them was compared. Mean observed and effective allele number was 12.357 and 8.319, respectively. Mean observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.655 and 0.874, respectively. Based on Analysis of Molecular Variance highest F-statistics (0.063) was observed when comparing specimens from Dayer Port zone and Pozm of Chabahar zone. Highest genetic distance (0.258) and lowest genetic resemblance (0.223) were observed between specimens from Dayer Port zone and Beds of Chabahar zone. The present study showed that at least three different populations of Rachycentron canadum were found in the northern coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. 2. Arendt, M.D., Olney, J.E. & Lucy, J.A. (2001). Stomach content analysis of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from lower Chesapeake Bay. Fishery Bulletin, 99(4), 665-670. Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a migratory pelagic species that is found in tropical and subtropical seas of the world, except in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. In the western Atlantic Ocean, cobia migrate to Chesapeake Bay in spring and summer to spawn, and the productive waters of the Bay are believed to constitute important foraging grounds. Cobia are known to move to areas of high food abundance, particularly crustacean abundance. Although Chesapeake Bay is an important destination for migrating cobia, feeding habits of cobia in the Bay have never been thoroughly examined. Our study documents cobia feeding habits in Chesapeake Bay between June and July 1997 and compares findings with similar cobia studies from North Carolina and the northern Gulf of Mexico. 3. Atwood, H.L., Young, S.P., Tomasso, J.R. & Smith, T.I.J. (2004). Resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, juveniles to low salinity, low temperature, and high environmental nitrite concentrations. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 15(3-4), 191-195. Resistance of, juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, to low salinity, low temperature and high nitrite concentrations were examined under laboratory conditions. After acclimating juveniles to a salinity of 20 g/L (27.3 °C), salinity was decreased by 2 g/L/day. The first fish died at a salinity of 8 g/L and 80% of fish were dead within 24 hours of exposure to 2 g/L. Acclimation of fish to 22.6 °C (21 g/L salinity) followed by a temperature reduction of 0.53 °C/day resulted in initial mortality at 12.9 °C. The median-lethal temperature was 12.1 °C and all fish were dead by the time the temperature reached 10.4 °C. Fish exposed for 96 hours to nominal less than or equal to 32 mg/L nitrite-N survived. Results of this study indicate that cobia juveniles require a salinity and temperature of > 8.0 g/L and > 12.9 °C, respectively, and that environmental nitrite should not be deleterious at concentrations normally found in aquaculture systems. 4. Barbieri, E. & Doi, S.A. (2012). Acute toxicity of ammonia on juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum, Linnaeus, 1766) according to the salinity. Aquaculture International, 20(2), 373-382. Juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) (total length 15.± 0.92 cm and weight 19.26 ± 4.5 g) were exposed to different concentrations of ammonia-N (unionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), using the static renewal method at different salinity levels of 5, 20, and 35ppt at pH 8.1 and 25 °C. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC 50 values of ammonia-N for R. canadum juveniles were 60.28, 48.57, 37.42, 22.73 mg l-1 at 35‰; 51.25, 43.63, 28.17, 19.05 mg l-1 at 20‰; and 39.48, 25.31, 19.50, 8.13 mg l -1 at 5‰, respectively. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of NH3-N (unionized ammonia as nitrogen) were 1.81, 1.46, 1.12, and 0.68 mg l-1 at 35‰; 1.75, 1.49, 0.96, and 0.65 mg l-1 at 20‰; and 1.52, 0.97, 0.71, and 0.31 mg l-1 at 5‰, respectively. As the salinity decreased from 35 to 5‰, susceptibility of ammonia-N increased by 34.5, 47.88, 50.56, and 64.23% after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h exposure, respectively. Furthermore, we found that exposure of fish to ammonia-N caused an increase in oxygen consumption of 129.1, 157.5, and 192% and a decrease in the ammonia excretion level of 53.4, 38.2, and 23.3% with respect to the control. 1 5. Biesiot, P.M., Caylor, R.E. & Franks, J.S. (1994). Biochemical and histological changes during ovarian development of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 92(4), 686-696. Female cobia, Rachycentron canadum, were sampled on their spawning grounds in the northern Gulf of Mexico to study changes in proximate analysis (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and ash) of the ovaries during gonadal maturation. Four major stages of oocyte development were studied: stage 1, previtellogenesis; stage 2, vitellogenesis; stage 3, final maturation; and stage 4, postovulation. Cobia is a multiple spawning fish; therefore, ovaries engaged in a sequential round of oogenesis were distinguished as stages 1' and 2'. Protein was the major constituent of cobia ovaries and its contribution remained fairly constant (49-55% of the dry weight) throughout all stages of development. Lipid was the second most abundant component but the levels, ranging from 21 to 41%, changed depending on the stage of ovarian development. Lipid concentration increased from stage 1 through 3 and decreased slightly in stage 4; it was lower in stage-1 than in stage-1' ovaries but was the same in stages 2 and 2'. Carbohydrate was the least abundant component (3-4%) whereas ash ranked third (6-20%). Most cobia were in prespawning condition (stages 1-3) when they arrived in the northern Gulf of Mexico in April and May; some prespawning fish (stages 1 and 2) were also observed in August and September about a month or two before migration to the overwintering grounds normally occurs. Cobia undergoing sequential spawning episodes (stages 1' and 2') were captured from April through August.
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