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The Mesozoic and Paleocene Vertebrates of Bolivia and Their Stratigraphic Context : a Review

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The Mesozoic and Paleocene Vertebrates of Bolivia and Their Stratigraphic Context : a Review TIIE MESOZQIC AND PALEOCENE VERTEBRATES OF BOLIVIA AND THEIR STB2ATIGRAPHIC CONTEXT : A REVIEJN MIREILLE GAYET", LARRY G. MARSHALL** & THIERRY SEMPERE*** *URA 11 du CNRS, Centre des Sciences de la Terre, Lyon I,2743 boulevard du 11 novernbre. 69622 Villeurbanne, Fraice ** Itistitute of IIunian Origins, 2453 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California 94709, USA ***Convenio YPFB-Orstom (UR IH), Sanh Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Present addiess: Centre de GCologie GCnérale et Minière, Ecole des Mines, 35 rue Saint-HonorC,77305 Fontninebleau, France ~ INTRODUCTION Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northern Uruguay aiid northeastern Argentinn. In contrast, the latest Jurcissic-I'nlcocenc clcpositioiial arca Dolivia lias a rich nnd diverse record of fossil verkbratcs for the was mainly restricted to tile Andean doniairi aiid bcloiigctl to thc al., Mcso7.oic aiid early Ceno7,oic. The majority of he 56 knowii fossil back-atc basin of the Pacific margin (Sctnpcre et 1988), localities for this time interval occur in the soutlierri Altiplano and in although soine late Cretaceous-Paleocene uiiits are also known in thc soutlicrii piut d the Cordillera 01ieiitnl (Figs. 1-4). parts of the iioitlicrn and cciifrril Suhnndcnii bclt (Figs. 1, 2). In Illis pnpcr we review thc iniddlc Triassic llirougli 1)nlcocciic The "Coiido cvcnt" thnt scpnriilcs tlicsc two intcrvnls ciiii be fossil vertebrote record of Bolivia in its strntigrnphic and iiiterpretcd as tlic capturc of tlic Bolivian Andean doinaiil, which palcociiviroririicntal context aiid attempt to correlate tliese rocks aid until Uien liad belonged to die crotoriic area, by tlie Pacific back-wc. faunas with those in, adjaccrit Argeiitina, Brazil, Chile arid Pcru. As This event, acconipanied by iiiiinerous synscdimentary tectonic documented below, tlie highlights of the Bolivian vertcbrale rccord manifestations (Sempere, ¡ri press), correlates with the include: the taxonomically ricliest aiid best studied faunas of late Kirnnieridgian age Araucaii event in wesicentral Argentina aiid age al., Cretaceous (from tlie marine anti continental El Molino adjacent Chile (Seinpere et 1988). Formation) aiid the spectacularly rich and only well known land maminal fauna of edy, but not earliest. Paleocene age (from the A. WfIDDLE TRIASSIC TO MIDDI,& JURASSIC Santa Luch Forination al Tiupninpa) ¡ti all of South Atiierica. We (Serere supersequetice) show that many or tlie late Cretaceous taxa (especially selachians) are of clironostratigrapliic value within the Andean basin. The The rich Phanerozoic rccord of Bolivia was traditionally thought problem of tlie K/?; bouiidary in the Andean basin of Bolivia is to lack Jurassic deposits. However, recent studies have shown that critically evaluated and based on this siudy is believed to occur certain stratigraphic units from the Subaiidean belt and from the within the upper part of tIie middle mcinber of the EI Molino Andean domain should be corTelalcd and assigned a middle Triassic Formation. and Jurassic age (Fig. 1) (Oller & Sempre, 1990; Senipere, 1990). The following abbreviations are used: km, kilometers; 111, nieters; The Serere supersequcnce consists of these units, and includes the Mil, nicgnniitiuin or tiiillioiis of years ngo, n point in hic; Myr, Eiitrc IUos Ilnsnlt, Ipngiirv..d. Tnpecun, Cnskll6ii, lclion nnil Y nntirtri inillioiis of ycrus, a durntioii of tiine. foriiintions, as well ns lhe pnrtly cquivnlciit ßeu, Tiquina, Seynri nnd Ravelo fonnations (Fig. 1). The Tacurú Group of the central arid southern Subandcau belt is distinct froin the Scicrc supersequence bccnusc it includes tlic Intcst Crctaccous Ciijoncs Fortuntion but not Tlic "Mesozoic" s1r:itigr:ipIiy of Nolivia cornprises two distinct tlic Ipagunzú Forination (Scinpcrc, 1990). In gcnctal, scdiincntary tirne intervals (Sciiipcrc, 1990): tlie lirst spis tlie middle Triassic - continuity charactcl izcs tlic Sererc superscquciice (Oller & Senipere, most of Jurassic, and the secoiid latest Jurassic-l'aleoceiie (Fig. 1). 1990). As will be docuinented below, its deposits to date are sparsely The fluvio-eolian middle Triassic-Jurassic scdinietitary rocks wcre rossiliferous. dcpositcd in wh:it is now tlic castcrn liolf of tlie Andean doinairi, the The Cnstcll6ii Fortiiatioti is probably of late Triassic-cnrly Jurassic age 2% Subandcari belt and a Iargc p:ut of tlic noliviali 1owl;iiids (Ollcr & (Scinpcrc & Ollcr, 1987; Ollcr Sernpcrc, 1990), althougli it Seinpere, 1990); their litliologies arid depositional enviroiitneiits lias been tentatively assigned io the early Crelaceous based on four show similarities with coeval rocks in tlie Pnranri basin of southeni new species of ostracods (Pinto & Sanguiilctti, 1987). It is correlated Y 11: SUAREZ-SORUCO, JI.(Ed.) FUSILISS FACIES DE DO1,IVIA - VOL. I VEICTEURADOS ~. - . .... 303 I v with the PirainboiQ Formation of Brazil and tlie lower part of accoinpanied by synscdinientnry tcnsioniil tectonic nnd mngiiiolic Tacuarembd Forination of Uruguay (Seinpere & Oller, 1987). rnnnifestations (Sempere et al., 1988; Seinpere, is press) and is The lower boundary of the Serere superscquemce is a diachronous termed the "Vilcapujio event" in Bolivia (Ctihvcz, 1987) or k3 in tile unconformity except in the southern Subandean belt where,tlie oldest central Aniles (Jaillard & Sempere, unpublished). Thus, the and elsewhere unknown Ipaguazú Formation overlies the late Miraflores Formation stands as a specific "hinge" unit in the Permian-early Triassic Vitiacua Formation with only a slight, non- Bolivian latest Jurassic-Paleocene stratigraphic sequence. erosional, lithologic discontinuity (Sempere et al., 1990, 1992). In Mainly red mudstones with minor sandstones and evaporites other areas of the basin, younger units of the Serere supersequence (gypsum, anhydrite, halite) were deposited between discontinuities unconformably overlie Permian or older strata, reflecting onlapping k3 and k4 in fluvial and lacustrine environments [Aroifilla .deposition on an altered, eroded and/or deformed substratum. The Formation and most of Chaunaca Formation (Sempere, in press); the upper boundary of the Serere supersequence is the surface that marks stratigraphically equivalent Torotoro Formation consists mainly of the "Condo event" (see above). This unconformity shows different red sandstones of fluvial origin]. Two greenish levels, which consist characteristics which relate to its location and position in the Iahst of very fine sandy, green to black mark, black to grey laminated Jurassic-Paleocene basin. limestones and yellow dolomites, occur in the Chaunaca Fonnation. In suinmary, tlie middle Triassic-Jurassic geologic evolution of The foriner is more conspicuous, traditionally marks the base of the Bolivia involves: 1) an initial rifting process with deposition of red unit, and is krmed the "basal limestone" of the Chaunaca Formation. beds in narrow troughs, locally with gypsum and halite (middle to This 30 m-thick sub-unit commonly yields abundant bivalves Iate Triassic); 2) termination of rifting and onlapping fluvio-eolian (Mytilidae, Brochidontes sp.) which have been interpreted to scdinicntntion (late Triassic to earliest Jurnssic'?); and 3) extensive indicate an intertidal cnvironnient (Briutisn ct al., 19GG). However, II erg development (early and middle Jurassic'?) (Oller & Sempre, restricted mnrine origin for the "basal limcstonc" is now questioncd 1990). (G.Camoin, personal coinunication). Identical Bracltidoort/es sp. are recorded from a limestonc level in the Loinas Negras Formntion of U II. I,h'l'lSS'l' J It ASS IC 'IO l'A I,EO CICN IC nortlicrn Chile (Mnrinovic & Litlisen, 1984). The "bnsitl linlcstonc" (I'ucu supersequence) of the Chaunaca Formation yielded a palynological assemblage of Santonian to earliest Campanian age (Pérez, 1987), and may be Classic works on the Bolivian "Cretaceous" Puca Group are by partly equivalent to the Snntonian age shallow-marine limestones Lohmann & Branisa (1962). Russo & Rodrigo (1965), Kriz & known from the Querque and Omoye formations of southern Peru Clierroni (1966). Lohmann (1970), Reyes (1972) and Cherroni (Jaillard & Sempere, 1989). The Aroifilla and Chaunaca formations (1977). are equivalent, respectively, to the lower and middle Vilquechico The "Cretaceous" sequence stratigraphy of Bolivia and Peru is Formation of southeast Peru (Jaillard et al., in press) (Fig. 1). The currently being re-evaluated and synthesized (Jaillard & Seinpere, upper greenish level of tlie Chaunaca Formation is equivalent to the 1989; Seinpere, in press). The Puca supersequence (Scmpere, 1990) uppennost green level of the middle Vilquechico (Jailllard et al., in is bound below by the kO discontinuity (;.e, the Kimmeridgian press; Sempere, in press), which has yielded the selachian Araucan-"Condo" event at about 144 Ma; Cowie & Bassett, 1989). Schizorhiza slronieri. Thus, its age is not older than níiddle and above by tlie k5 discontinuity which records the functional onset Campanian (Jaillard el al., in press). of western Bolivia as a continental external foreland basin of the The EI Molino, Santa Lucía and Impora formations occur between paleo-Andes (Sempere et al., 1989). The age of W is close to the discontinuities k4 and k5 in Bolivia (Fig. 1). The EI Molino Paleocene-Eocene boundary (53 Ma; Cowie & Bassett, 1989) and Fonnation is equivalent to the Lecho, Yacoraite, Tunal and Olmedo could be as young as 50-51 Ma (Senipere, 1990; Marshall & formations of northwestcrn Argentina (Fig. 1); to the Areniscas de Senipere, 1991). Azúcar, Vivinn and Cnchiyacu fornialions
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