Material Flow Analysis of the Forest-Wood
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Raw Materials Use Reduction, Replacement, and Recycling - Tong Qiu
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT- Vol. II - Raw Materials Use Reduction, Replacement, and Recycling - Tong Qiu RAW MATERIALS USE REDUCTION, REPLACEMENT, AND RECYCLING Tong Qiu Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Keywords: Raw materials, reduction, substitution, replacement, recycling, ecomaterials, LCA (life-cycle assessment), LCED (life-cycle engineering design) Contents 1. The Direction of Development—Ecomaterials 2. Life-Cycle Assessment 2.1. Life-Cycle Engineering Design 3. Raw Material Substitutes and Conservation 3.1. The Place of Science and Technology 3.2. Developing Clean Technology 3.3. Replacing Non-Renewable Resources with Renewable Resources 3.4. Material Re-production 3.5. Substitutes for Raw Materials Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary This article discusses the development of ecomaterials, which is a trend in material industrial development. Furthermore, life-cycle assessment, life-cycle engineering design, and methods of reducing and replacing raw materials are also presented. Natural resources are not inexhaustible, and there are limits in terms of quantity and time to acquiring raw materials from the natural world. Industrial progress, economic development, and population growth in the twentieth century has led people to exploit natural resources in a predatory manner. With regard to mineral resources, statistics indicate that the rate of mineral resources consumption has always been higher than the rate of population growth. For example, while the world’s population doubled between 1950 andUNESCO 1990, the products using the – major EOLSS six minerals (aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc) increased more than eight times. Although shortage of resources cast a shadow over the twentieth century, there was no continuous shortage of mineral resources. -
Final Energy and Exergy Flow Portuguese Energy Sector
Primary-to-Final Energy and Exergy Flow s in the Portuguese Energy Sector 1960 to 2009 Dominique Anjo da Silva Thesis to obtain the M aster of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Mário Manuel Gonçalves da Costa Supervisor: Prof.ª Dr. ª Tânia Alexandra dos Santos Costa e Sousa Co-supervisor : Eng. André González Cabrera Honório Serrenho Members of the committee: Dr. Miguel Perez Neves Águas July 2013 1 Acknowledgements To Prof.ª Dr.ª Tânia Sousa for providing me the opportunity to elaborate my thesis on a topic I am passionate about. Her support and guidance throughout this thesis, as well as her openness to fruitful discussions, made this journey an enjoyable one. To Eng. André Serrenho, for his valuable knowledge and support. His expertise was proved fundamental to understand the workings of the IEA database and our discussions constituted a great learning opportunity. To the team at the EDP Foundation, in particular Eng. Pires Barbosa, Eng. Luis Cruz and Eng. Eduardo Moura for their technical expertise and valuable insight on the history of energy production in Portugal. Also to the team at the Electricity Museum in Lisbon, in particular Raquel Eleutério, for providing the opportunity to undertake a 6-month internship, which helped me develop a better technical, historical and societal understanding of the evolution of energy supply in Portugal from 1920 to the present. To Eng. Ana Pipio and Prof. Dr. José Santos-Victor, for their mentorship and support while I worked at the International Affairs team at Instituto Superior Técnico. To Prof. -
A Review of Circular Economy Development Models in China, Germany and Japan
Review A Review of Circular Economy Development Models in China, Germany and Japan Olabode Emmanuel Ogunmakinde School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; [email protected], Tel: +61415815561 Received: 15 May 2019; Accepted: 2 July 2019; Published: 3 July 2019 Abstract: The circular economy (CE) concept is gaining traction as a sustainable strategy for reducing waste and enhancing resource efficiency. This concept has been adopted in some countries such as Denmark, Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, Japan, China, and Germany while it is being considered by others including England, Austria, and Finland. The CE has been employed in the manufacturing, agricultural, textile, and steel industries but its implementation varies. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to identify CE implementation in three pioneering countries (China, Japan, and Germany). A critical review and analysis of the literature was conducted. The results revealed enabling and core policies/laws for the development of the CE concept. It also identified the implementation structure of the CE in China, Germany, and Japan. In conclusion, the findings of this study are expected to serve as a guide for developing and implementing the CE concept in various sectors of the economy. Keywords: China; circular economy; Germany; implementation; Japan; resource efficiency; waste management 1. Background of the Study The linear economy is a waste-generating model. It is a system where resources become waste due to production and consumption processes [1]. The linear economy model is a “take-make-waste” approach [2,3] that extracts raw materials to manufacture products, which are disposed of by consumers after use. -
From Dirty Oil to Clean Batteries
Transport & Environment Published: March 2021 In-house analysis by Transport & Environment Authors: Lucien Mathieu (Sections 1-5) and Cecilia Mattea (Section 6) Modelling: Lucien Mathieu Expert group: Julia Poliscanova, Alex Keynes, Thomas Earl Editeur responsable: William Todts, Executive Director © 2021 European Federation for Transport and Environment AISBL To cite this study Transport & Environment (2021), From dirty oil to clean batteries Further information Lucien MATHIEU Transport & E-mobility Analyst Transport & Environment [email protected] Mobile: +32 (0)4 83 08 48 91 Square de Meeûs, 18 – 2nd floor | B-1050 | Brussels | Belgium www.transportenvironment.org | @transenv | fb: Transport & Environment Acknowledgements The authors kindly acknowledge the external peer reviewers James Frith (Bloomberg NEF, Head of Energy Storage) and Hans Eric Melin (Founder of Circular Economy Storage). The findings and views put forward in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors listed above. The same applies to any potential factual errors or methodology flaws. A study by 2 Executive Summary In light of the urgency to decarbonise the transport sector, batteries offer the best route to a carbon free road transport system and are the key technology underpinning the transition of road vehicles to zero emissions, freeing the sector from its dependency on fossil-fuels. With battery electric vehicles (BEV) expected to replace conventional cars in Europe, the demand in battery cells and battery raw materials like lithium, nickel and cobalt is set to grow in the coming years. But how can the demand for battery materials be met sustainably? And how does a battery-based road transport system compare to the current fossil driven road mobility? In this report T&E analyses forecasted supply and demand of battery cells and associated raw materials in Europe, looking at how recycling can reduce the need for battery primary materials. -
Vegetable Oil Processing
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Vegetable Oil Processing Industry Description and Practices to 5,000 mg/l). Seed dressing and edible fat and oil processing generate approximately 10–25 m3 The vegetable oil processing industry involves of wastewater per metric ton (t) of product. Most the extraction and processing of oils and fats from of the solid wastes (0.7–0.8 t/t of raw material), vegetable sources. Vegetable oils and fats are which are mainly of vegetable origin, can be pro- principally used for human consumption but are cessed into by-products or used as fuel. Molds also used in animal feed, for medicinal purposes, may be found on peanut kernels, and aflatoxins and for certain technical applications. The oils may be present. and fats are extracted from a variety of fruits, seeds, and nuts. The preparation of raw materi- Pollution Prevention and Control als includes husking, cleaning, crushing, and con- ditioning. The extraction processes are generally Good pollution prevention practices in the indus- mechanical (boiling for fruits, pressing for seeds try focus on the following main areas: and nuts) or involve the use of solvent such as hexane. After boiling, the liquid oil is skimmed; Prevent the formation of molds on edible after pressing, the oil is filtered; and after solvent materials by controlling and monitoring air extraction, the crude oil is separated and the sol- humidity. vent is evaporated and recovered. Residues are Use citric acid instead of phosphoric acid, conditioned (for example, dried) and are repro- where feasible, in degumming operations. -
A Preliminary Assessment of Raw Material Inputs That Would Be Required for Rapid Growth in Nuclear Generating Capacity
Nuclear Development July 2011 www.oecd-nea.org A Preliminary Assessment of Raw Material Inputs that Would be Required for Rapid Growth in Nuclear Generating Capacity NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY NEA/NDC(2011)15 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. -
Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin
- z NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS ~-> 2 Gum naval stores:stores: turpentine and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations N\O\ON- -WOODWOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 22 Gum navalnaval stores:stores: turpentine• and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin J.J.W.J.J.W. Coppen andand G.A.G.A. HoneHone Mi(Mf' NANATURALTURAL RESRESOURCESOURCES INSTITUTEIN STITUTE FFOODOOD ANDAN D AGRICULTUREAGRIC ULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETH E UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The designationsdesignations employedemployed andand thethe presentationpresentation of of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinionopinion whatsoever onon thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concernconcerninging thethe legal status of any countrycountry,, territory, city or areaareaorofits or of its auauthorities,thorities, orconcerningor concerning the delimitationdelirnitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37M-37 IISBNSBN 92-5-103684-5 AAllll rights reserved.reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrretrievalieval systemsystem,, oror transmitted inin any form or byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechanicai,cal, photocphotocopyingopying oror otherwise, withoutwithout thethe prior permission ofof the copyright owner. AppApplicationslications forfor such permission,permission, with a statementstatement -
Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry
Article Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry Matthias Kaltenbrunner * , Maria Anna Huka and Manfred Gronalt Institute of Production and Logistics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Feistmantelstrasse 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (M.A.H.); [email protected] (M.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Production planning models for the primary wood industry have been proposed for several decades. However, the majority of the research to date is concentrated on individual cases. This paper presents an integrated adaptive modelling framework that combines the proposed approaches and identifies evolving planning situations. With this conceptual modelling approach, a wide range of planning issues can be addressed by using a solid model basis. A planning grid along the time and resource dimensions is developed and four illustrative and interdependent application cases are described. The respective mathematical programming models are also presented in the paper and the prerequisites for industrial implementation are shown. Keywords: production planning; sawmill; modelling framework; mathematical programming; integrated planning 1. Introduction In production planning, the quantities to be produced are planned taking into account capacities, processes, the availability of raw materials and demanded products. In the primary wood industry, logs are used as raw materials in sawmills and processed into many intermediate products for further processing. These value-adding processes are usually carried out at one location. Three different value-added stages—sawing, drying and planing—are performed by a sawmill. -
Industrial Ecology Approaches to Improve Metal Management
Industrial Ecology Approaches to Improve Metal Management Three Modeling Experiments Rajib Sinha Licentiate Thesis Industrial Ecology Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED) KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden 2014 Title: Industrial Ecology Approaches to Improve Metal Management: Three Modeling Experiments Author: Rajib Sinha Registration: TRITA-IM-LIC 2014:01 ISBN: 978-91-7595-396-0 Contact information: Industrial Ecology Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED) School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Technikringen 34, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Email: [email protected] www.kth.se Printed by: Universitetetsservice US-AB, Stockholm, Sweden, 2014 ii Preface This licentiate thesis1 attempts to capture specific, but also diverse, research interests in the field of industrial ecology. It therefore has a broader scope than a normal licentiate thesis. Here, I would like to share my academic journey in producing the thesis to guide the reader in understanding the content and the background. At high school (standard 9−12), I was most interested in mathematics and physics. This led me to study engineering, and I completed my B.Sc. in Civil Engineering at BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh. During my undergraduate studies, I developed a great interest in structural engineering. As a result, I chose finite element analysis of shear stress as my Bachelor's degree project. The title of the dissertation was Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges with Special Reference to Shear Connectors. All my close classmates at university and I chose an environmental engineering path for further studies. With my interest in environmental engineering, I completed my M.Sc. -
SHC Project 3.63 Sustainable Materials Management Project Plan
Sustainable & Healthy Communities Research Program Project Plan for Project 3.63 Sustainable Materials Management Project Lead and Deputy Lead Thabet Tolaymat, NRMRL, Project Lead Edwin Barth, NRMRL, Deputy Project Lead Project Period October 1, 2015 (from FY16) to September 30, 2019 (through FY 19) Table of Contents Project Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 Project Description.......................................................................................................................... 2 Outputs ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Focus Areas ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Focus Area 1: Life Cycle Management of Materials .................................................................. 3 Focus Area 2: Reuse of Organics and Other Materials............................................................... 5 Focus Area 3: Regulatory Support .............................................................................................. 7 Collaboration................................................................................................................................... 8 Task 1 – Tools and Methods for SMM Decision Analytics ......................................................... 10 Task 2 – Beneficial Use of -
Vegetable Oil Processing
AP42 Section: 9.1 1.I Title: Vegetable Oil Processing Comments and letters from industry 1995 MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Suite 350 401 Harrison Oak Boulevard Cery. North Carolina 27513-2412 Telephone (919) 6774249 FAX (919) 6774065 Date: May 20, 1996 Subject: Site Visit -- Cargill Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section 9.11.1 EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0159;MRI Project No. 4602-03 From: Tom Lapp To: AP-42 Section 9.11.1 Project File I. Purpose The purpose of the visit was to briefly review comments from the National Oilseed Processors Association (NOPA) and to conduct a walking tour of the soybean crush plant. This information will be incorporated into the revision of the background report and AP-42 Section 9.11.1, Vegetable Oil Processing. 11. Place and Date Cargill, Incorporated River Road, Box 2309 Fayetteville, North Carolina 28302 August 2, 1995 111. Attendees NationaPOilseed Processors Association David C. Ailor Director of Regulatory Affairs Washington, DC Carsill, Inc. Ron Moeller Assistant General Superintendent Operations and Engineering Minneapolis, MN Tom Richardson Plant Superintendent Fayetteville, NC U. S. Environmental Protection Asency Dallas Safriet, EFIG Ron Ryan, EFIG Roy Huntley, EFIG Midwest Research Institute (MRII Tom Lapp IV. Discussion The visit as held primarily to conduct a walking tour of the facility in order to observe the actual processing steps in operation. Prior to the tour, a brief meeting was held to discuss general information on the soybean processing industry and to review suggested NOPA process diagrams for incorporation into the final report. This discussion presents information on the soybean processing industry and a description of the refining of edible soybean oil. -
1/FINAL DSTI/SU/SC(2012)1/FINA L Un Classified
Unclassified DSTI/SU/SC(2012)1/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 11-Oct-2012 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY STEEL COMMITTEE Unclassified DSTI/SU/SC(2012)1/FINAL STEELMAKING RAW MATERIALS: MARKET AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS English - Or. English JT03328533 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DSTI/SU/SC(2012)1/FINAL FOREWORD The attached paper provides a synthesis of work by the OECD Steel Committee on steelmaking raw material issues. This paper reflects comments received by participants of the Committee during the summer of 2012. Please note that, while the Secretariat received comments from China on the contents of the report, the report does not represent China's views nor has China acknowledged the report © OECD/OCDE 2012 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: OECD Publications, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France; e-mail: [email protected] 2 DSTI/SU/SC(2012)1/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................