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Fort Selden Mangement Plan

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Fort Selden Mangement Plan Consultant Coordination PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND MEETING SUMMARY AGENCIES CONSULTED Michael Taylor, then Deputy Director, State A meeting of selected interested participants was Monuments Division, opened the meeting by held at the New Mexico Farm and Ranch stating the legislation providing to design a plan Heritage Museum, Las Cruces, on September for an addition to the museum and exhibits 20, 2000. The purpose of the meeting was to honoring the Buffalo Soldiers and to plan for the preservation and interpretation of the ruins at • learn about public concerns, issues, Fort Selden State Monument. Taylor welcomed expectations, and values; everyone to the meeting and introduced the • educate people about the planning process, planning team: José Cisneros, new Director of issues, and proposed management actions State Monuments; Elva Melendrez and Nathan (the addition to the visitor center, Stone from Fort Selden State Monument; and interpretation of the Buffalo Soldiers, and consultants Steven Kells, Tony Crosby, Sheron preservation considerations for the ruins of Smith-Savage, and Troy Thompson. Taylor then the fort structures); asked the invited participants to introduce themselves, state their organizational • learn about the values placed by others on affiliations, if any, and describe their association the resources and the visitor experience; and/or past experiences with Fort Selden. and Director José Cisneros mentioned the restraints • build support among local residents, placed on the state monuments by the limited groups, visitors, government agencies, and financial resources. He also said this process is others for implementing the plan. the first planning done for Fort Selden after 36 years as a state property. He emphasized that the Invited participants were as many people, planning covers all aspects of the monument organizations, and agencies as possible that may property, not just the ruins. He also expressed be affected by or have a stake in the outcome of his interest in increasing the visibility of and the planning and implementation decisions. visitation to the monument. People living in the immediate area of Fort Selden who may be affected by its use, a sample Taylor asked Elva Melendrez and Nathan Stone of visitors, and people who use the facilities also to provide a brief military history of the fort. were invited. Those attending are listed below Stone explained that the staff tailors their tours under “Participants.” to suit the groups and the situations; thus, the tours vary considerably. Stone briefly In addition, the following agencies were summarized the Mogollon occupation of the site, contacted during preparation of the plan: the early Spanish contact, and the development - Historic Preservation Division, Office of of the Camino Real along a natural avenue of Cultural Affairs, State of New Mexico, travel. All these played a role in the ultimate Santa Fe siting of Fort Selden by the United States military in 1865. Stone discussed the early - Public History Program, New Mexico responsibilities and duties of the soldiers as well State University, Las Cruces as the tedium suffered by soldiers stationed at this isolated fort. The first regular army troops to occupy the post included members of the 125th infantry—part of the groups known as the Buffalo Soldiers. The fort was constructed of adobe, which deteriorated rapidly after the military ordered removal of all salvageable building lumber when the post was abandoned in 25 Consultant Coordination 1878 and again in 1891. Elva Melendrez then Important aspects of Fort Selden’s history contributed insight for meeting participants into include the Native Americans who lived in the the roles women played at the fort. area and the events that led to the need for a U.S. military presence. Near present-day El Paso, Michael Taylor followed with a 20-minute slide Oñate encountered Manso Indians, a group that presentation describing the administrative may have occupied an area as far north as Hatch, history of the fort, including past adobe New Mexico. Other historic groups have not stabilization and test wall projects, and the past been well researched for the purposes of collaborations with the Getty Conservation understanding Fort Selden and should be part of Institute. Taylor also touched on some future studies. management issues, which were discussed later in the day. The creation of peace establishments by the Spanish and the later cancellation of rations to Sheron Smith-Savage, planning consultant, the Apaches by the Mexicans played an gave an overview of the management planning important role in the deterioration of process. The plan first identifies the purpose and relationships between Apaches and colonizers. significance of the site, then develops objectives In addition, the Mexican government’s hiring of for desired future conditions and identifies scalp hunters, some of whom were active in management issues. Part of the process is southern New Mexico, also contributed to identifying what people would like to see strained relationships. happen at the monument, which was this meeting’s purpose. In addition, the State Fort Fillmore was established near La Mesilla in Monuments Division is interested in identifying the 1850s but was abandoned in 1862. In 1865, ways that Fort Selden can collaborate with other Fort Selden was established at the southern end individuals, groups, and agencies for mutual of the Jornada del Muerto to “provide for the benefit. better protection of the Mesilla Valley, and to lessen the perils of the Jornada del Muerto.” Participants received a brief chronology of the Only a small portion of the original four-mile- history of the area and site. As with many square military reservation comprises the state historic sites, multiple layers of occupation monument. The post cemetery is in Leasburg occurred on the monument property and on the Dam State Park, although the military surrounding properties that once were part of the individuals were later removed to Santa Fe. military reservation. Prehistoric occupation on the monument property is evidenced by possible The community of Leasburg is also an important pit structure ruins and a reported flexed burial, aspect of the fort’s history. Leasburg, exhumed from the parade grounds while the fort established soon after the fort, provided was still in operation. Limited archaeological controversial entertainment for the lonely men studies also have recorded lithics, ground stone, on the frontier. and pottery shards. Black troops arrived at Fort Selden in 1866. In the first recorded history of the area, don Juan Their numbers were never more than equal to de Oñate camped on the Rio Grande in 1598 at a that of whites, and they served only eight years ford that now bears the name of Pedro Robledo, total at the post. Their history is important, and an officer who died and was buried there. they will be interpreted in the new addition to Although the Robledo campsite has not been the visitor center. located, it is in the vicinity of Fort Selden. Robledo continued as a campsite on the road Some soldiers left sweethearts or wives at home, between Santa Fe and Chihuahua City for almost or they went into Las Cruces and La Mesilla to 300 years; the U.S. military referred to the catch glimpses or dance with the young women Robledo site when selecting the location for the there. The few women who actually lived at the post in 1865. fort included Lydia Spencer Lane, who recalled only four other women when she was there. Stories of women at other forts have ties to 26 Consultant Coordination Selden, such as that of Josephine Clifford, 5. increasing the number of visitors, as so assisted by commanders at forts along the way often museums must justify themselves by in her escape from an abusive husband, a soldier the number of people who actually come to at Fort Bayard. As at most forts, Selden had the site and not including those who are laundresses. But perhaps the most important reached through other means. women were the prostitutes of Leasburg, whose stories have not been told. Steven Kells, architect, addressed the visitor center addition and renovation. The management With diminished Indian threats as well as the plan, including interpretive themes, will be need for the soldiers elsewhere to participate in completed before the architectural program is the Victorio campaign, Fort Selden’s importance written for the visitor center. The design of the declined, and it was ordered abandoned in 1878. museum should accommodate how these themes In 1880 however, with construction of the will be interpreted, including possible traditional railroad, the fort was reactivated. Five miles of display of artifacts, interactive exhibits, and the railroad cut across the reservation. The other possible methods of interpretation. arrival of the railroad changed the movement of Problems noted with the existing visitor center military troops and enabled consolidation of include: companies into larger facilities. Many of the one- and two-company forts would be 1. The building is too small. abandoned. By 1887, final abandonment of Fort 2. The exhibit space has no room for traveling Selden was ordered, and the last troops left in exhibits. January of 1891. 3. No meeting/presentation space is available. The original fort structures were poorly and inexpensively built, typical of frontier posts. 4. No view of the ruins is provided from Thus, Fort Selden’s history is filled with inside the visitor center; this view is building, repairing, and abandoning structures. needed for supervision of the ruins and for With removal of salvageable lumber by the interpretive purposes, especially for the military during the short year and a half mobility impaired. abandonment of the fort from 1878 to 1880, 5. The building does not comply with many buildings deteriorated to the point of being requirements of the Americans with unusable. Through the ensuing years after final Disabilities Act (ADA); the trails and abandonment, the structures have been subject to parking lot also may not be in compliance.
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