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Home , Fort Fillmore, Fort Selden, Leasburg Dam State Park

Consultant Coordination

PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND MEETING SUMMARY AGENCIES CONSULTED Michael Taylor, then Deputy Director, State A meeting of selected interested participants was Monuments Division, opened the meeting by held at the Farm and Ranch stating the legislation providing to design a plan Heritage Museum, Las Cruces, on September for an addition to the museum and exhibits 20, 2000. The purpose of the meeting was to honoring the Buffalo Soldiers and to plan for the preservation and interpretation of the ruins at • learn about public concerns, issues, State Monument. Taylor welcomed expectations, and values; everyone to the meeting and introduced the • educate people about the planning process, planning team: José Cisneros, new Director of issues, and proposed management actions State Monuments; Elva Melendrez and Nathan (the addition to the visitor center, Stone from Fort Selden State Monument; and interpretation of the Buffalo Soldiers, and consultants Steven Kells, Tony Crosby, Sheron preservation considerations for the ruins of Smith-Savage, and Troy Thompson. Taylor then the fort structures); asked the invited participants to introduce themselves, state their organizational • learn about the values placed by others on affiliations, if any, and describe their association the resources and the visitor experience; and/or past experiences with Fort Selden. and Director José Cisneros mentioned the restraints • build support among local residents, placed on the state monuments by the limited groups, visitors, government agencies, and financial resources. He also said this process is others for implementing the plan. the first planning done for Fort Selden after 36 years as a state property. He emphasized that the Invited participants were as many people, planning covers all aspects of the monument organizations, and agencies as possible that may property, not just the ruins. He also expressed be affected by or have a stake in the outcome of his interest in increasing the visibility of and the planning and implementation decisions. visitation to the monument. People living in the immediate area of Fort Selden who may be affected by its use, a sample Taylor asked Elva Melendrez and Nathan Stone of visitors, and people who use the facilities also to provide a brief military history of the fort. were invited. Those attending are listed below Stone explained that the staff tailors their tours under “Participants.” to suit the groups and the situations; thus, the tours vary considerably. Stone briefly In addition, the following agencies were summarized the Mogollon occupation of the site, contacted during preparation of the plan: the early Spanish contact, and the development - Historic Preservation Division, Office of of the Camino Real along a natural avenue of Cultural Affairs, State of New Mexico, travel. All these played a role in the ultimate Santa Fe siting of Fort Selden by the military in 1865. Stone discussed the early - Public History Program, New Mexico responsibilities and duties of the soldiers as well State University, Las Cruces as the tedium suffered by soldiers stationed at this isolated fort. The first regular army troops to occupy the post included members of the 125th infantry—part of the groups known as the Buffalo Soldiers. The fort was constructed of adobe, which deteriorated rapidly after the military ordered removal of all salvageable building lumber when the post was abandoned in

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1878 and again in 1891. Elva Melendrez then Important aspects of Fort Selden’s history contributed insight for meeting participants into include the Native Americans who lived in the the roles women played at the fort. area and the events that led to the need for a U.S. military presence. Near present-day El Paso, Michael Taylor followed with a 20-minute slide Oñate encountered Manso Indians, a group that presentation describing the administrative may have occupied an area as far north as Hatch, history of the fort, including past adobe New Mexico. Other historic groups have not stabilization and test wall projects, and the past been well researched for the purposes of collaborations with the Getty Conservation understanding Fort Selden and should be part of Institute. Taylor also touched on some future studies. management issues, which were discussed later in the day. The creation of peace establishments by the Spanish and the later cancellation of rations to Sheron Smith-Savage, planning consultant, the by the Mexicans played an gave an overview of the management planning important role in the deterioration of process. The plan first identifies the purpose and relationships between Apaches and colonizers. significance of the site, then develops objectives In addition, the Mexican government’s hiring of for desired future conditions and identifies scalp hunters, some of whom were active in management issues. Part of the process is southern New Mexico, also contributed to identifying what people would like to see strained relationships. happen at the monument, which was this meeting’s purpose. In addition, the State Fort Fillmore was established near La Mesilla in Monuments Division is interested in identifying the 1850s but was abandoned in 1862. In 1865, ways that Fort Selden can collaborate with other Fort Selden was established at the southern end individuals, groups, and agencies for mutual of the to “provide for the benefit. better protection of the , and to lessen the perils of the Jornada del Muerto.” Participants received a brief chronology of the Only a small portion of the original four-mile- history of the area and site. As with many square military reservation comprises the state historic sites, multiple layers of occupation monument. The post cemetery is in Leasburg occurred on the monument property and on the Dam State Park, although the military surrounding properties that once were part of the individuals were later removed to Santa Fe. military reservation. Prehistoric occupation on the monument property is evidenced by possible The community of Leasburg is also an important pit structure ruins and a reported flexed burial, aspect of the fort’s history. Leasburg, exhumed from the parade grounds while the fort established soon after the fort, provided was still in operation. Limited archaeological controversial entertainment for the lonely men studies also have recorded lithics, ground stone, on the frontier. and pottery shards. Black troops arrived at Fort Selden in 1866. In the first recorded history of the area, don Juan Their numbers were never more than equal to de Oñate camped on the in 1598 at a that of whites, and they served only eight years ford that now bears the name of Pedro Robledo, total at the post. Their history is important, and an officer who died and was buried there. they will be interpreted in the new addition to Although the Robledo campsite has not been the visitor center. located, it is in the vicinity of Fort Selden. Robledo continued as a campsite on the road Some soldiers left sweethearts or wives at home, between Santa Fe and Chihuahua City for almost or they went into Las Cruces and La Mesilla to 300 years; the U.S. military referred to the catch glimpses or dance with the young women Robledo site when selecting the location for the there. The few women who actually lived at the post in 1865. fort included Lydia Spencer Lane, who recalled only four other women when she was there. Stories of women at other forts have ties to

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Selden, such as that of Josephine Clifford, 5. increasing the number of visitors, as so assisted by commanders at forts along the way often museums must justify themselves by in her escape from an abusive husband, a soldier the number of people who actually come to at Fort Bayard. As at most forts, Selden had the site and not including those who are laundresses. But perhaps the most important reached through other means. women were the prostitutes of Leasburg, whose stories have not been told. Steven Kells, architect, addressed the visitor center addition and renovation. The management With diminished Indian threats as well as the plan, including interpretive themes, will be need for the soldiers elsewhere to participate in completed before the architectural program is the Victorio campaign, Fort Selden’s importance written for the visitor center. The design of the declined, and it was ordered abandoned in 1878. museum should accommodate how these themes In 1880 however, with construction of the will be interpreted, including possible traditional railroad, the fort was reactivated. Five miles of display of artifacts, interactive exhibits, and the railroad cut across the reservation. The other possible methods of interpretation. arrival of the railroad changed the movement of Problems noted with the existing visitor center military troops and enabled consolidation of include: companies into larger facilities. Many of the one- and two-company forts would be 1. The building is too small. abandoned. By 1887, final abandonment of Fort 2. The exhibit space has no room for traveling Selden was ordered, and the last troops left in exhibits. January of 1891. 3. No meeting/presentation space is available. The original fort structures were poorly and inexpensively built, typical of frontier posts. 4. No view of the ruins is provided from Thus, Fort Selden’s history is filled with inside the visitor center; this view is building, repairing, and abandoning structures. needed for supervision of the ruins and for With removal of salvageable lumber by the interpretive purposes, especially for the military during the short year and a half mobility impaired. abandonment of the fort from 1878 to 1880, 5. The building does not comply with many buildings deteriorated to the point of being requirements of the Americans with unusable. Through the ensuing years after final Disabilities Act (ADA); the trails and abandonment, the structures have been subject to parking lot also may not be in compliance. vandalism, but today the ruins remain as tangible reminders of our past. 6. Work and maintenance areas are inadequate or lacking both inside and Issues facing Fort Selden State Monument today outside the structure. include the following: 7. Storage of all types is inadequate. 1. preservation of the site’s historic and prehistoric fabric, which includes its very 8. The visitor center and the parking lot important archaeology as well as the ruins visually intrude on the ruins and encroach on the archaeological resources as well as 2. interpretation of an over 10,000-acre the historic landscape of the fort. military reservation on a 21-acre site 9. The powder magazine ruins near the visitor 3. modern intrusions on the historic scene, center’s north side limit the expansion of including those of its own creation—the the museum in that direction; a visitor center, parking lot, and adobe test comprehensive archaeological survey of walls the site is needed to determine the extent of 4. financial constraints, which affect the other ruins or scatter areas, unknown at this operation, interpretation, and preservation time. of the site 27 Consultant Coordination

A question was asked about the possibility of Deterioration of the structures can be seen since complete replacement of the visitor center photographs were made of them in the 1920s building. This scenario is not being considered (Figure 9). at the present time. Architectural conservator Tony Crosby discussed the causes of adobe deterioration in general and then specifically as related to the Fort Selden ruins. The primary source of adobe degradation is water. The actual binding together of the soil particles, sand, silt, and clay is primarily a process of dehydration, and thus the degradation of adobe is primarily a process of hydration as water again gains access to the soil. The soil particles, held together by cohesion, fail as the cohesion fails. Figure 9. This photograph was taken by Gertrude Hill on July 4, 1926, only 35 years after Fort Selden was Water primarily accesses the Fort Selden adobes abandoned. Courtesy of Museum of New Mexico, Negative No. 1794 from rainfall occurring on the tops, sides, and end walls of all the adobe ruins. Water secondarily accesses the walls through capillary Since that time walls have collapsed, wall action at the bases of the walls. Water openings representing former windows and mechanically erodes the surface material when doors have been reduced to low walls the surface becomes wet, loses cohesion and is connecting higher wall fragments, wall heights carried down the surface as liquid. Water also are greatly reduced, and wall thicknesses have moves into the walls and causes cracks in the eroded differentially, often to less than half their walls when the moisture content is high enough. original thickness. While the rate of decay The loss of cohesion of the adobe at Fort Selden appears to be relatively constant over the past has occurred on all the exposed surfaces, hundred years, some wall collapses have including the tops and ends where the resulting resulted in greater loss over relatively short failure is more obvious. periods. Adobe decay is relatively constant over long periods followed by accelerated decay over When Fort Selden was abandoned, deterioration relatively short periods, until the building of the adobe materials and building systems features reach a state of overall cohesion loss began immediately. The deterioration occurred followed by accelerated loss until the features no not only because of natural processes of material longer exist. The majority of the wall fragments decay but also because the overall integrity of of the Fort Selden ruins appear to be rapidly the building systems was reduced—the ability of approaching this phase of the decay process. the buildings to act and react as systems rather than as individual components. This The extent of the adobe wall ruins vary from disintegration occurred after protective wood some walls 10 feet above grade in the Company building elements were removed: roofs, floors, Quarters to standing walls only inches high and lintels over openings, doors, and windows. inches thick in the corral area. Remains of adobe Without this removal, many of the buildings walls at grade also continue to erode. Stone might have remained intact and recognizable features also occur at grade, such as the well into the late twentieth century. As of today, foundations of the Commanding Officer’s the remains are hardly recognizable as buildings; residence and other, unexplored subsurface their main characteristics are of isolated standing features. adobe walls. Decay at Fort Selden is exhibited primarily in the deterioration of the tops of walls, the exposed ends of walls, and the overall wall surfaces. Simply stated, this decay reduces the

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heights, lengths, and vertical thicknesses of the In some cases, a pattern of surface cracks is also walls. While wall base erosion also occurs, it associated with the detachment, particularly on may not happen as seriously now as previously. north and east walls. The detachment indicated The distinct overall weathering patterns appear by sounding, however, indicates that detachment related directly to the direction of the rainfall, also exists where relatively few surface cracks which over the long exposure period has been occur. The south- and west-facing walls primarily from the northwest. Weather patterns presently have much fewer surface cracks; this change from year to year, however, and local condition may exist because the heaviest June rainstorms exhibit different patterns. rain came from the northeast, affecting those Nevertheless, the overall patterns are exhibited wall surfaces most recently. in distinct erosion on the west- and north-facing surfaces, which has resulted in a greater degree Mud drips present on wall surfaces facing east of surface undulations and a tapered shape at the and north also probably result from the most tops of wall surfaces facing west and north. recent heavy rains and do not represent a multiyear pattern. Drips on west- and south- While the surface erosion is the most obvious facing walls occur in isolated areas, whereas the sign of deterioration, clumping of the tops and drips on east- and particularly north-facing walls ends of walls will result in much greater exist on the entire wall surface, top to bottom. traumatic loss. This loss will occur in large The mud drips can also be seen beneath the tops clumps rather than through slower erosion of walls where rainwater has turned the soil into resulting from rain falling on the surface. a liquid that quickly dried as it flowed down the Clumping is the result of wall portions that are walls. subjected to more water absorption and that are less “restrained” by a surrounding adobe wall Surface detachment also is evidenced by dry mass. The tops and ends of these walls can crack powdery soil falling from behind the surface, more severely, thereby becoming separated from often from a surface crack, when the surface is the surrounding material into clumps of adobe tapped. This condition indicates complete material. The clumps are then subject to detachment from the adobe substrate, and the displacement by a combination of wind and rain amount of soil falling is an indicator of the and by side-loading by such factors as high severity of the condition. The loss of adobe winds or leaning or shoving by humans. On the fabric in detached layers can occur until surface wall ends, the clumps often fall because the erosion removes the surface, and cracks form walls beneath cannot support their weights. The and isolate other small areas, which then become ends of several walls in the Officers’ Quarters detached and eventually fall. were probably displaced by someone pushing on The effects of erosion in the 109 years since Fort the walls. Selden’s abandonment in 1891 have caused the In addition, one of the most critical conditions loss of approximately 85 percent of the adobe causing material loss is the detachment of walls. A large portion of the loss occurred adobes in layers up to 2 inches thick. This shortly after the wood roofs, floors, and window condition occurs on all vertical wall surfaces and and door supports were removed, with more does not appear to be related to the direction the occurring from that time until initial wall faces. The evidence of detachment is preservation efforts began in the 1970s. Crosby determined by lightly tapping on the wall estimates that of the overall 85 percent loss, 75 surface. Variations in the resulting hollow sound percent occurred during the 80-year period from indicate the relative thickness and degree of the 1890s until the 1970s, and the remaining 10 detachment. During field investigations, Crosby percent occurred over the later 25-year period. determined that material in several areas Present preservation treatments consist of recently had scaled or flaked off the wall applying a “sacrificial” coating to some wall surface. surfaces, repairing basal erosion, filling cracks in plaster and in walls, backfilling low walls,

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applying mud to the tops of some walls, • uses/potential uses of Fort Selden State controlling rodents, and grading the ground at Monument wall bases for positive drainage. The locations of wall treatments depend on a wall’s conditions • concerns/threats or its location in relationship to the visitors’ trail. • collaboration Treatments also may vary if a wall is interpreted differently from another. These basic treatment After the meeting, copies of the meeting approaches should continue as part of future summary and results were mailed to all preservation plans, although modifications participants, allowing two weeks for their should be made to adhere to the overall review. Topics with suggestions resulting from preservation and interpretive approaches to the the meeting follow. No additional input was site. received from mail-outs to the participants. The adobe walls cannot be preserved indefinitely, regardless of the amount of effort Historical Aspects expended, but a comprehensive preservation maintenance plan can help retard the rate of loss. Prehistory While protective shelters may be part of a future solution, increased preservation maintenance Geo-environmental development will continue to be important. Any walls covered “Pre-people” by a shelter will have to be protected by Native Americans maintenance, although perhaps to a lesser Early peoples degree. The present staff size is not large enough Mogollon to adequately carry out the comprehensive preservation maintenance program needed. Emphasize all cultures of the area Art/Artifacts Shelter designer Troy Thompson said his work Petroglyphs/Pictographs will respond to the work being done by others on the project. He gave an overview of the reasons Agriculture to shelter or not to shelter. The notion of Irrigation/Role of water constructing shelters over ruins is relatively new. Rio Grande Thompson provided illustrations of several Hot springs different approaches to shelters. This meeting Flora/Fauna occurs at the beginning of a decision-making process regarding the best solution for the Fort Trade Selden ruins. The State Monuments Division is Community relationships interested in the possibilities of a solution that combines a shelter design with the appearance of Hispanic era reconstruction. The expenses to construct and maintain any shelter are balanced against the Oñate benefits to the cultural resources. Robledo paraje Camino Real Erica Avrami, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, , facilitated the Rio Grande participant input portion of the meeting. Avrami Missions explained her presentation system and asked Hispanic–Native American relations everyone to actively participate. Participants Apaches were asked to respond to the following topics: Doña Ana land grant • historical aspects U.S./Mexican War • physical aspects Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Gadsden purchase

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Columbian exchange Relationship to Las Cruces and La Mesilla Art/Artifacts Military presence Soldiers’ social life Agriculture Irrigation/Role of water Limestone quarry Hot springs Heliograph Mining Railroad Fort reactivated because of railroad Flora/Fauna Presence of railroad in the West in late Trade 19th century Horse husbandry Occupations Community relationships Trappers Mining Art/Artifacts Agriculture Fort Selden era Irrigation/Role of water Westward expansion Flora/Fauna Frontier life Hot springs Confederate troops Trade Fort Selden military reservation Horse/Mule husbandry Fort responsibilities Established to protect Community relationships travelers/settlers Relationships with other forts Postoccupation Buffalo Soldiers Black infantry Water war Role of 125th infantry World War I homestead(s) Women Wives Trinity explosion 1945 Girlfriends back home Elephant Butte irrigation district Laundresses Shalem Colony Prostitutes Children Landownership history of entire military Dependents reservation Architecture 20th-century auto tourism Territorial style Community use of fort property Construction of fort and ancillary structures Vandalism/Disregard of historic value of fort Construction technology Preservation efforts Ferry/Rio Grande Cemetery Flora/Fauna Native Americans Identification of groups Community relationships Identification of individuals Desire to maintain areas they occupied and resistance to settlement by Hispanics and U.S. Physical Aspects Battles and players Archaeology Political impacts [of ?] Native American sites/Archaeology Leasburg Location of earlier cultural components Saloons Petroglyphs/Pictographs Brothel Landmarks Relationship to fort Robledo peak 31 Consultant Coordination

Organ Mountains Hands-on classes [no topic specified, but Strategic siting of fort could apply to a number of programs] Relationship to other forts Location near Rio Grande Visitation and Interpretation Paraje on Camino Real Chihuahuan desert Visitation Historic site of Fort Selden military Group tours reservation Tourism infrastructure and marketing Historic integrity of site Visitor information center Backdrop for re-enactment Special events Historic development of the military (Frontier Days and others) reservation Interpretation Outline/Plan of fort Military museum Relationship of fort components Reconstruction of a building Building technology Interpret all eras! Location of trees in historic fort setting Interpretation by Native Americans Flagpole Interpretation by Native Americans of Fort cemetery Indian Wars Location of railroad Living history Ruins Re-enactments Aesthetics of ruins in relation to overall Hiking trail to Leasburg Dam State Park site Nature trail to state lands on other side Romance of the ruins of Rio Grande, formerly part of Fort Condition of walls Selden military reservation Interpretive aspects Virtual tours Museum and visitor center Outreach Paths and trails Web page Adobe test walls www.museumofnewmexico.org Leasburg Dam State Park www.nm.oca.org Access to interstate highway Gift shop Bathroom stop Rest stop Uses/Potential Uses Picnic tables

Community Uses and Special Events Education Exhibits School children Traveling exhibits Education of children Public art School trips Educational Educational internships Nighttime events Educational topics: Speaker/Lecture series History of childhood education at the fort Sky Safari stargazing Historical camp of military instruction Special events Preservation of historic traditions Period weddings Desert/Riparian education Amphitheatre—performances Archaeology field school Tours Historic preservation field school Guided bus tour, Janos to Fort Selden Adobe preservation field school and vice versa Conservation workshops Military site horseback tour, several days Historic construction demonstrations

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Tourism Connections Visibility of original fabric Intrusion of interventions Economic tourism Differentiating new from old Related sites: Ruins vs. reconstructed buildings Leasburg Dam State Park Is ruins stabilization possible? Sister fort(s) Preservation timeline and longevity Camino Real Interpretation of preservation measures Indian sites of Doña Ana County Multiple definitions of integrity LC River Park Vandalism Chihuahuan Desert Park Increased use⇒increased vandalism Boots and Saddles Weathering of fabric Way station for Camino Real Survival of native plants Scenic byway site for Camino Real Lack of staff Binational tourist site Need for additional volunteers Bicycle tours Identifying professional assistance Recreational trail along the Rio Grande Location of utilities ADA compliance Other Funding Lack of funds Community cooperation through volunteers Sources for funds Adobe preservation partnership with Public relations plan Department of Labor Overall team International center for adobe preservation Monies—lobby Flora/Fauna Future

Wildlife studies Collaboration Concerns/Threats Advocacy Stewardship Government agencies Effective planning Leasburg Dam State Park Loss of context Military Museum Relationship of ruins to context White Sands Missile Range Intrusion of Leasburg Dam State Park Department of Labor—job training View sheds New Mexico Corrections Department— prison workers Direction of interpretive program New Mexico Highway Department— Overemphasis on architectural aspects signage Visitor desires and concerns Americorps Interpreting for all segments of the Youth Conservation Corps population Romantic interpretation Fort Davis National Historic Site Balance of preservation, interpretation, and U.S. Department of Agriculture—parks accessibility for children Archaeology U.S. Department of Defense—Boots Loss of archaeological resources and Saddles Need for more comprehensive ICTEA funds archaeological survey Office of Mexican/U.S. Affairs New and nontraditional techniques International Boundary Commission Congressional delegation Ruins Mexican agencies Integrity of original fabric INAH “Readability” of ruins

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Mimbres Paquimé Participants Landowners The following agencies and individuals Archaeology participated in the September 20, 2000, meeting Archaeological societies in Las Cruces: For archaeological survey Office of Cultural Affairs, Historic Pat Taylor, Project Director Preservation Division—funding for Southern New Mexico Project Director archaeological survey; information on Cornerstones—Community Partnerships archaeology on state lands around P. O. Box 673 the fort Mesilla, New Mexico 88046 Bureau of Land Management— information on archaeology on lands Vera T. Schwartz around the fort Doña Ana Archaeological Society National Park Service—remote sensing, 4449 Falcon Drive black-and-white photographs Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011 Human Systems Research— archaeological studies, and so forth Robert O. Pick nation/reservation Doña Ana County Historical Society Camino Real organizations 5275 Real del Norte National Park Service, especially for survey Las Cruces, New Mexico 88012

Historical society Mary L. Williams New Mexico State University—research, Fort Davis National Historic Site internships, interpreters, museum P. O. Box 1456 exhibits Fort Davis, Texas 79734 Military groups U.S. Association Felipe Chávez Gen. Colin Powell Friends of Fort Selden New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage EBID Museum Las Cruces Convention and Visitors 4100 Dripping Springs Road Bureau—attendance Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011 Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium Kenneth L. Davis, President New Mexico welcome centers Friends of Fort Selden Heritage tourism 1204 Michigan Avenue Sen. Bingaman working on Paquimé to Alamogordo, New Mexico 88310 Silver City tour Service Elder Hostel David T. Kirkpatrick Human Systems Research, Inc. Volunteers to build trails P. O. Box 728 Scenic Byways Las Cruces, New Mexico 88004-0728 Society of Cyclists Stella Dante Bird watching and nature organizations Tourism Sales Manager Audubon Society Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau Native Plant Society 211 North Water Street Equestrian groups Las Cruces, New Mexico 88001

Car shows

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Cynthia Risner-Schiller Elmo Baca, Director and SHPO Director of Elementary Curriculum/Reading Historic Preservation Division Las Cruces Public Schools Office of Cultural Affairs 505 Main Street State of New Mexico Suite 249 228 East Palace Avenue Las Cruces, New Mexico 88001 Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 [unable to attend but asked to be included in the planning process] Pilar Medina Project Reviewer Charles Haecker Historic Preservation Division National Historic Landmarks Program Office of Cultural Affairs Intermountain Cultural Resource Center State of New Mexico National Park Service 228 East Palace Avenue P. O. Box 209 Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 Cerrillos, New Mexico 87010 Edna Lucero, President Sonia Najera Mayer Radium Springs Community Center National Park Service P. O. Box 344 U.S./Mexican Affairs Office Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054 P. O. Box 30001 Department MEAF Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005 In addition, the following agencies and individuals were invited but did not participate: José Guzman Charlie Pérez New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Blue Moon Bar Museum P. O. Box 163 4100 Dripping Springs Road Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054 Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011 (former manager of Fort Selden State Pam Smith, Archaeologist Monument) Bureau of Land Management 1800 Marquez Street William E. Porter Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005 New Mexico State Representative (retired) Sharon Bode-Hempton 1295 Apple Tree Lane (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005 Cultural Complex 500 North Water Street Jon Hunner, Director Las Cruces, New Mexico 88001 Public History Program New Mexico State University Gilbert Apodaca P. O. Box 30001 County Commissioner MSC 3H Doña Ana County Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 County Managers Complex 180 West Amador Charles Lovell, Director Las Cruces, New Mexico 88001 (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) University Art Gallery Daniel and Juanita J. O’Connell New Mexico State University (Landowners) P. O. Box 30001 4709 Pepe Ortiz Road SE Department 3572 Río Rancho, New Mexico 87124 Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001 Bertha García, Secretary (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) Las Cruces Museum of Natural History 700 South Telshor Avenue Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011

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Edward Staski, Director Stan Ellis, Manager (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) Leasburg Dam State Park University Museum P. O. Box 6 New Mexico State University Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054 MSC 3564 P. O. Box 3001 Sarah Misquez, President Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 Mescalero Tribe P. O. Box 227 Ronald Burkett, Director Mescalero, New Mexico 88340 (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) White Sands Missile Range Museum Mac Harris, Director P. O. Box 400 (Mesilla Valley Museum Consortium) White Sands, New Mexico 88002-0400 New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum 4100 Dripping Springs Road Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011

Blake Roxlau Highway Environmentalist II New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department P. O. Box 1149 Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504

E. G. (Smokey) Blanton New Mexico State Representative 8005 North Doña Ana Road Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005

Paul Taylor New Mexico State Representative P. O. Box 133 Mesilla, New Mexico 88046

Mary Jane García New Mexico State Senator P. O. Box 22 Doña Ana, New Mexico 88032

Mattie L. Ward Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Association 3200 Glasgow Road El Paso, Texas 79925

Dolores Guillen, Chief Radium Springs Volunteer Fire Department P. O. Box 513 Radium Springs, New Mexico 88054

Carolina Ramos, Complex Manager Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4838 Montana El Paso, Texas 79903

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