DOCSLIB.ORG

Latin and Medical Terminology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Latin and Medical Terminology The Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Stavropol State Medical University» The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation The Foreign Languages Department Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Textbook for Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium Stavropol, 2017 УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Z 80 Znamenskaya S. V. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Textbook for Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium / Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A. – Stavropol. Publishing house: StSMU. – 2017. – 316 p. ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 Authors: Znamenskaya S. V., Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Dean of the Foreign Students’ Faculty, Head of the Foreign Languages Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Pigaleva I. R., Candidate of Philology, senior teacher of the Foreign Languages Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Znamenskaya I. A., Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. The textbook is designed for foreign students studying medicine in English. It includes the necessary theoretical and practical material on anatomical, clinical and pharmaceutical terminologies as well as Latin proverbs, quotations and medical phrases. УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Z 80 Reviewers: Baturin V. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Korobkeev A. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Anatomy Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Shibkova O. S., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages for Natural Sciences and Economic Specialties of North-Caucasian Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science. Recommended for publication by the Publishing Council of Stavropol State Medical University ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 © Stavropol State Medical University, 2017 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Кафедра иностранных языков С. В. Знаменская, И. Р. Пигалева, И. А. Знаменская ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ Учебное пособие для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного отделения Ставрополь, 2017 УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Знаменская С. В. ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНО- ЛОГИЯ: учебное пособие для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного отделения (на английском языке) / сост.: Знаменская С. В., Пигалева И. Р., Зна- менская И. А., − Ставрополь. Изд-во: СтГМУ. − 2017. − 316 с. ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 Авторы: Знаменская С. В., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, декан факультета иностранных студентов, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Пигалева И. Р., кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафе- дры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный меди- цинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Знаменская И. А., кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универси- тет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов, изучающих ме- дицину на английском языке. Оно включает необходимый теоретический и прак- тический материал по анатомической, клинической и фармацевтической терми- нологии, а также латинские афоризмы, специальные выражения, пословицы. УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Рецензенты: Батурин В. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической фармакологии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный ме- дицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Коробкеев А. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой анатомии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универ- ситет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Шибкова О. С., доктор филологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафе- дрой иностранных языков естественнонаучных и экономических специальностей ФГАОУ ВО «Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет» Министерства обра- зования и науки Российской Федерации. Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом СтГМУ. © Ставропольский государственный ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 медицинский университет, 2017 THE INTRODUCTION Latin language is a basis of studying and use of medical terminology not only in a higher educational institution, but also at the subsequent professional work, and means of perfection of the person of the future physician. The need to master a set of professional terms is underlined by the design and content of the present textbook. It is prepared according to the Program of medical higher schools in Latin language and medical terminology and includes three sections: terminology of morphological disciplines – anatomy and histology; terminology of a complex of pathological anatomy and clinical disciplines; pharmaceutical terminology with the nomenclature of medical products. The first section Anatomical Terminology includes 18 units. Each unit contains the Grammatik Commentary explaining the basic points of Latin grammar. The Grammatik Commentary is followed by exercises for development of practical skills in reading, accenting syllables, doing English- Latin and back translation of terms. There are Vocabulary Extensions listing anatomy terms of frequent occurrence at the end of each unit. The second section Clinical Terminology consists of 7 units which include general clinical terms signifying various aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic processes. The practical exercises will help our students to construct medical terms and give the definitions to the scientific notions, expressed through medical terms in English. The Vocabulary Extensions contain the most common clinical terms and Greek stems for deriving new words as well as Greek and Latin prefixes. The third section deals with Pharmaceutical Terms and is arranged in 10 units including information about units commonly used in generic drug names, dosage forms, names of vegetation materials, medicinal herbs, medicines, names of chemical element, acids, oxides, salts and ethers. There is a list of most common prescription formulas. The practical exercises have a number of prescriptions in English to be translated into Latin. The textbook also includes Tests after each Section, English-Latin-Russian Glossary and Latin-English-Russian Glossary, Appendix of Latin Proverbs, Quotations and Medical Phrases. BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY − is a new subject, which is traditionally learned by the future doctors, pharmacists and representatives of other specialties. All of them know well the Latin proverb «Invia est in medicina via sine lingua Latina» − «The way to medicine is impossible without Latin language». 5 Why are Latin and ancient Greek language of particular importance and applying for physicians and pharmacists? Why are Latin alphabet, phonetics and grammar used for spelling, pronunciation and functioning of modern medical terms? To understand this it is necessary get to know the history of Latin. Latin (lingua Latina) belongs to the Italic group of the Indo-European family of languages. Originally it was the native language of a small tribe Latini living in the central part of Apennines in the region called Latium. The capital was Rome founded in 753 B.C. In course of the time Latin became the state language of the great Roman Empire included till V A.B. all countries of Mediterranean basin, including territories of modern Italy, Spain, France, Greece and also a part of Britain, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Moldova and other countries. Latin alphabet is now used in all European countries. Inscriptions are the first monuments of the Latin language. The oldest Latin inscriptions written in existence date from the VI century B.C., but inscriptions written earlier than about 200 B.C. are few and short. The earliest extant Latin literature is the comedies by Plautus (254-184 B.C.) and comedies by Terence (190-159 B.C.). The Latin language of the classical time is presented by the remarkable works created in Rome during I century B.C. − at the beginning of I century A.D. One studies the classical Latin in higher educational establishments of humanities. The period of the I–II centuries A.D. is called postclassical. The so-called Late Latin (III-IV centuries A.D.) is the last period of the Latin language. At the time of the late Empire, its downfall (476 A.D.) and the emergence of barbarian states the difference between the written Latin language, its literary and popular colloquial forms becomes wider. During this period, Christianity spreads in the region and the Christian literature appears. In the works by Hieronymus (340-420) and Augustine (345-430) and other late Latin authors we find a lot of morphologic and syntactic forms preparing the transition to the young Roman languages, which got this name from the main city of Romans: Rome − Roma, among them are such modern languages as Italian,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Splenic Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Gastric Variceal Bleeding Secondary to Splenic Vein Thrombosis Complicated by Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Report of a Case
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Reports in Medicine Volume 2016, Article ID 1585926, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1585926 Case Report Splenic Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Gastric Variceal Bleeding Secondary to Splenic Vein Thrombosis Complicated by Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Report of a Case Hee Joon Kim, Eun Kyu Park, Young Hoe Hur, Yang Seok Koh, and Chol Kyoon Cho Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea Correspondence should be addressed to Chol Kyoon Cho; [email protected] Received 11 August 2016; Accepted 1 November 2016 Academic Editor: Omer Faruk Dogan Copyright © 2016 Hee Joon Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Splenic vein thrombosis is a relatively common finding in pancreatitis. Gastric variceal bleeding is a life-threatening complication of splenic vein thrombosis, resulting from increased blood flow to short gastric vein. Traditionally, splenectomy is considered the treatment of choice. However, surgery in necrotizing pancreatitis is dangerous, because of severe inflammation, adhesion, and bleeding tendency. In the Warshaw operation, gastric variceal bleeding is rare, even though splenic vein is resected. Because the splenic artery is also resected, blood flow to short gastric vein is not increased problematically. Herein, we report a case of gastric variceal bleeding secondary to splenic vein thrombosis complicated by necrotizing pancreatitis successfully treated with splenic artery embolization. Splenic artery embolization could be the best treatment option for gastric variceal bleeding when splenectomy is difficult such as in case associated with severe acute pancreatitis or associated with severe adhesion or in patients withhigh operation risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Physiology
    Anatomy and Physiology By Dr. Marwan Arbilei SYSTEMS INSIDE THE BODY What Is Anatomy and Physiology? • Skeletal system • Muscular system • Anatomy is the study of the • Cardiovascular system structure and relationship • Digestive system between body parts. • Endocrine system • Nervous system • Physiology is the study of the • Respiratory system function of body parts and • Immune/ Lymphatic system the body as a whole. • Urinary system • Male and Female Reproductive system • Integumentary system Skeletal system The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones in the following regions: Skull Hyoid Auditory ossicles Ribs Sternum Vertebral column The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the following regions: Upper limbs Lower limbs Pelvic girdle Pectoral (shoulder) girdle Joints Fibrous Joint -non movable. eg: skull Cartilaginous Joint –chest bone, vertebrae Synovial Joint – elbow,knee,hip,shoulder,finger Vertebral column • Vertebral column • Total 33 vertebrae • Cervical 7 • Thoracic 12 • Lumber 5 • Sacral 5 • Coccygeial 4 Muscular system There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral Stomach, intestines, blood vessels Cardiac Heart Skeletal Muscles attached to two bones across a joint Cardiovascular system Anatomy • The Heart • Circulatory Loops Functions • Blood Vessels Transportation • Coronary Circulation Protection • Hepatic Portal Circulation Regulation • Blood Digestive system Anatomy Mouth-Pharynx – Esophagus – Stomach - Small Intestine - Liver and Gallbladder – Pancreas
    [Show full text]
  • Brachial-Plexopathy.Pdf
    Brachial Plexopathy, an overview Learning Objectives: The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that originate from cervical and upper thoracic nerve roots and eventually terminate as the named nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the arm. Brachial plexopathies are not common in most practices, but a detailed knowledge of this plexus is important for distinguishing between brachial plexopathies, radiculopathies and mononeuropathies. It is impossible to write a paper on brachial plexopathies without addressing cervical radiculopathies and root avulsions as well. In this paper will review brachial plexus anatomy, clinical features of brachial plexopathies, differential diagnosis, specific nerve conduction techniques, appropriate protocols and case studies. The reader will gain insight to this uncommon nerve problem as well as the importance of the nerve conduction studies used to confirm the diagnosis of plexopathies. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus: To assess the brachial plexus by localizing the lesion at the correct level, as well as the severity of the injury requires knowledge of the anatomy. An injury involves any condition that impairs the function of the brachial plexus. The plexus is derived of five roots, three trunks, two divisions, three cords, and five branches/nerves. Spinal roots join to form the spinal nerve. There are dorsal and ventral roots that emerge and carry motor and sensory fibers. Motor (efferent) carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral nerves. This Dorsal Root Sensory (afferent) carries messages from the peripheral to the Ganglion is why spinal cord or both. A small ganglion containing cell bodies of sensory NCS’s sensory fibers lies on each posterior root.
    [Show full text]
  • Epididymo-Orchitis
    Epididymo-orchitis In men over the age of 35 years the most Epididymo-orchitis Bladder common cause is a urine infection – with local Seminal spread of infection from the bladder. This may Epidiymo-orchitis – the basics vesicle Epididymo-orchitisIt is a condition- the basics affecting men characterised by also occur after surgical procedures such as pain and swelling inside the scrotum (ball bag) Prostate Rectum cystoscopy or catheterisation. Epididymo-orchitisand is duea tocondition an infection eitherthat in causesthe: pain and Urethra Occasionally it may also be due to a ‘gut’ swelling inside the scrotum (ball bag). epididymis – tube carrying the sperm from bacterial infection from insertive anal Te s t i s the testicle to the vas deferens and then the intercourse. It is due to an infectionurethra either or water in pipe the: (epididymitis) Rarely epididymo-orchitis may be caused by Penis • epididymistesticle – tube (orchitis) carrying the sperm from the other infections such as mumps or tuberculosis. testicle to theepididymis vas deferensand testicle (epididymo-orchitis)and then the Vas urethra or water pipe (epididymitis) deferens What would I notice if I had epididymo-orchitis? • In men under the age of 35 years it is usually A rapid onset of pain and swelling in one or testicle (orchitis) Epididymis caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) sometimes both of your testicles. • epididymisin theand water testicle pipe e.g. (epididymo chlamydia or gonorrhoea.-orchitis) Scrotal Te s t i s Some men may also notice a discharge from Skin Prompt medical assessment is needed to the tip of the water pipe and/or pain on passing In people undermake 35 sure theyou don’t infection have a twisted is testicleoften sexually urine.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Branching Pattern of the Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus: a Natomy Section a Cadaveric Study
    Original Article Branching Pattern of the Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus: natomy Section A A Cadaveric Study PRITI CHAUDHARY, RAJAN SINGLA, GURDEEP KALSEY, KAMAL ARORA ABSTRACT Results: normal branching pattern of the posterior cord was Introduction: Anatomical variations in different parts of the brachial encountered in 52 (86.67%) limbs, the remaining 8 (13.33%) being plexus have been described in humans by many authors, although variants in one form or the other. The upper subscapular nerve, these have not been extensively catalogued. These variations the thoracodorsal nerve and the axillary nerve were seen to arise are of clinical significance for the surgeons, radiologists and the normally in 91.66%, 96.66% and 98.33% of the limbs respectively. anatomists. The posterior division of the upper trunk being the parent of the variants of all these. The lower subscapular nerve had a normal In a study of 60 brachial plexuses which Material and Methods: origin in 96.66% of the limbs, with the axillary nerve being the belonged to 30 cadavers (male:female ratio = 28:02 ) obtained from parent in its variants, while the radial nerve had a normal origin the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, the in all of the limbs. Almost all the branches of the posterior cord brachial plexuses were exposed as per the standard guidelines. emanated distally on the left side as compared to the right side. The formation and the branching pattern of the posterior cord have been reported here. The upper subscapular, lower subscapular, Conclusion: The present study on adult human cadavers was an thoracodorsal and the axillary nerves usually arise from the posterior essential prerequisite for the initial built up of the data base at the cord of the brachial plexus.
    [Show full text]
  • Arteries and Veins) of the Gastrointestinal System (Oesophagus to Anus)
    2021 First Sitting Paper 1 Question 07 2021-1-07 Outline the anatomy of the blood supply (arteries and veins) of the gastrointestinal system (oesophagus to anus) Portal circulatory system + arterial blood flow into liver 1100ml of portal blood + 400ml from hepatic artery = 1500ml (30% CO) Oxygen consumption – 20-35% of total body needs Arterial Supply Abdominal Aorta • It begins at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, anterior to the lower border of vertebra T7. • It descends to the level of vertebra L4 it is slightly to the left of midline. • The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta are the two common iliac arteries. Branches of Abdominal Aorta Visceral Branches Parietal Branches Celiac. Inferior Phrenics. Superior Mesenteric. Lumbars Inferior Mesenteric. Middle Sacral. Middle Suprarenals. Renals. Internal Spermatics. Gonadal Anterior Branches of The Abdominal Aorta • Celiac Artery. Superior Mesenteric Artery. Inferior Mesenteric Artery. • The three anterior branches supply the gastrointestinal viscera. Basic Concept • Fore Gut - Coeliac Trunk • Mid Gut - Superior Mesenteric Artery • Hind Gut - Inferior Mesenteric Artery Celiac Trunk • It arises from the abdominal aorta immediately below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm anterior to the upper part of vertebra LI. • It divides into the: left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery. o Left gastric artery o Splenic artery ▪ Short gastric vessels ▪ Lt. gastroepiploic artery o Common hepatic artery ▪ Hepatic artery proper JC 2019 2021 First Sitting Paper 1 Question 07 • Left hepatic artery • Right hepatic artery ▪ Gastroduodenal artery • Rt. Gastroepiploic (gastro-omental) artery • Sup pancreatoduodenal artery • Supraduodenal artery Oesophagus • Cervical oesophagus - branches from inferior thyroid artery • Thoracic oesophagus - branches from bronchial arteries and aorta • Abd.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Injectate Spread and Nerve
    Journal name: Journal of Pain Research Article Designation: Original Research Year: 2018 Volume: 11 Journal of Pain Research Dovepress Running head verso: Baek et al Running head recto: Ultrasound-guided GON block open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S17269 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Comparing the injectate spread and nerve involvement between different injectate volumes for ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block at the C2 level: a cadaveric evaluation In Chan Baek1 Purpose: The spread patterns between different injectate volumes have not yet been investigated Kyungeun Park1 in ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve (GON) block at the C2 level. This cadaveric study Tae Lim Kim1 was undertaken to compare the spread pattern and nerve involvements of different volumes of Jehoon O2 dye using this technique. Hun-Mu Yang2,* Materials and methods: After randomization, ultrasound-guided GON blocks with 1 or 5 mL dye solution were performed at the C2 level on the right or left side of five fresh cadavers. The Shin Hyung Kim1,* suboccipital regions were dissected, and nerve involvement was investigated. 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Results: Ten injections were successfully completed. In all cases of 5 mL dye, we observed the Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University deeply stained posterior neck muscles, including the suboccipital triangle space. The suboccipital College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic and third occipital nerves, in addition to GONs, were consistently stained when 5-mL dye was 2 of Korea; Department of Anatomy, used in all injections (100%). Although all GONs were successfully stained in the 1-mL dye Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea cases, three of five injections (60%) concomitantly stained the third occipital nerves.
    [Show full text]
  • Joints Classification of Joints
    Joints Classification of Joints . Functional classification (Focuses on amount of movement) . Synarthroses (immovable joints) . Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints) . Diarthroses (freely movable joints) . Structural classification (Based on the material binding them and presence or absence of a joint cavity) . Fibrous mostly synarthroses . Cartilagenous mostly amphiarthroses . Synovial diarthroses Table of Joint Types Functional across Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses (immovable joints) (some movement) (freely movable) Structural down Bony Fusion Synostosis (frontal=metopic suture; epiphyseal lines) Fibrous Suture (skull only) Syndesmoses Syndesmoses -fibrous tissue is -ligaments only -ligament longer continuous with between bones; here, (example: radioulnar periosteum short so some but not interosseous a lot of movement membrane) (example: tib-fib Gomphoses (teeth) ligament) -ligament is periodontal ligament Cartilagenous Synchondroses Sympheses (bone united by -hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage cartilage only) (examples: (examples: between manubrium-C1, discs, pubic epiphyseal plates) symphesis Synovial Are all diarthrotic Fibrous joints . Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue . No joint cavity . Slightly immovable or not at all . Types . Sutures . Syndesmoses . Gomphoses Sutures . Only between bones of skull . Fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum . Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “synostoses”= bony junctions Syndesmoses . In Greek: “ligament” . Bones connected by ligaments only . Amount of movement depends on length of the fibers: longer than in sutures Gomphoses . Is a “peg-in-socket” . Only example is tooth with its socket . Ligament is a short periodontal ligament Cartilagenous joints . Articulating bones united by cartilage . Lack a joint cavity . Not highly movable . Two types . Synchondroses (singular: synchondrosis) . Sympheses (singular: symphesis) Synchondroses . Literally: “junction of cartilage” . Hyaline cartilage unites the bones . Immovable (synarthroses) .
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
    SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section
    [Show full text]
  • 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement.Pdf
    1198 Chapter 38 | The Musculoskeletal System Decalcification of Bones Question: What effect does the removal of calcium and collagen have on bone structure? Background: Conduct a literature search on the role of calcium and collagen in maintaining bone structure. Conduct a literature search on diseases in which bone structure is compromised. Hypothesis: Develop a hypothesis that states predictions of the flexibility, strength, and mass of bones that have had the calcium and collagen components removed. Develop a hypothesis regarding the attempt to add calcium back to decalcified bones. Test the hypothesis: Test the prediction by removing calcium from chicken bones by placing them in a jar of vinegar for seven days. Test the hypothesis regarding adding calcium back to decalcified bone by placing the decalcified chicken bones into a jar of water with calcium supplements added. Test the prediction by denaturing the collagen from the bones by baking them at 250°C for three hours. Analyze the data: Create a table showing the changes in bone flexibility, strength, and mass in the three different environments. Report the results: Under which conditions was the bone most flexible? Under which conditions was the bone the strongest? Draw a conclusion: Did the results support or refute the hypothesis? How do the results observed in this experiment correspond to diseases that destroy bone tissue? 38.3 | Joints and Skeletal Movement By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Classify the different types of joints on the basis of structure • Explain the role of joints in skeletal movement The point at which two or more bones meet is called a joint, or articulation.
    [Show full text]
  • E Pleura and Lungs
    Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · EssentialChapter Clinical4 Anatomy e pleura and lungs • The pleura ............................................................................63 • MCQs .....................................................................................75 • The lungs .............................................................................64 • USMLE MCQs ....................................................................77 • Lymphatic drainage of the thorax ..............................70 • EMQs ......................................................................................77 • Autonomic nervous system ...........................................71 • Applied questions .............................................................78 THE PLEURA reections pass laterally behind the costal margin to reach the 8th rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the The pleura is a broelastic serous membrane lined by squa- midaxillary line, and along the 12th rib and the paravertebral mous epithelium forming a sac on each side of the chest. Each line (lying over the tips of the transverse processes, about 3 pleural sac is a closed cavity invaginated by a lung. Parietal cm from the midline). pleura lines the chest wall, and visceral (pulmonary) pleura Visceral pleura has no pain bres, but the parietal pleura covers
    [Show full text]