The Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Stavropol State Medical University» The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation The Foreign Languages Department Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Textbook for Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium Stavropol, 2017 УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Z 80 Znamenskaya S. V. LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY. Textbook for Foreign Medical Students of the English Medium / Znamenskaya S. V., Pigaleva I. R., Znamenskaya I. A. – Stavropol. Publishing house: StSMU. – 2017. – 316 p. ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 Authors: Znamenskaya S. V., Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Dean of the Foreign Students’ Faculty, Head of the Foreign Languages Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Pigaleva I. R., Candidate of Philology, senior teacher of the Foreign Languages Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Znamenskaya I. A., Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. The textbook is designed for foreign students studying medicine in English. It includes the necessary theoretical and practical material on anatomical, clinical and pharmaceutical terminologies as well as Latin proverbs, quotations and medical phrases. УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Z 80 Reviewers: Baturin V. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Korobkeev A. A., Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Anatomy Department of Stavropol State Medical University of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health. Shibkova O. S., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages for Natural Sciences and Economic Specialties of North-Caucasian Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science. Recommended for publication by the Publishing Council of Stavropol State Medical University ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 © Stavropol State Medical University, 2017 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Кафедра иностранных языков С. В. Знаменская, И. Р. Пигалева, И. А. Знаменская ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ Учебное пособие для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного отделения Ставрополь, 2017 УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Знаменская С. В. ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ТЕРМИНО- ЛОГИЯ: учебное пособие для иностранных студентов-медиков англоязычного отделения (на английском языке) / сост.: Знаменская С. В., Пигалева И. Р., Зна- менская И. А., − Ставрополь. Изд-во: СтГМУ. − 2017. − 316 с. ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 Авторы: Знаменская С. В., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, декан факультета иностранных студентов, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Пигалева И. Р., кандидат филологических наук, старший преподаватель кафе- дры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный меди- цинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Знаменская И. А., кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универси- тет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Учебное пособие предназначено для иностранных студентов, изучающих ме- дицину на английском языке. Оно включает необходимый теоретический и прак- тический материал по анатомической, клинической и фармацевтической терми- нологии, а также латинские афоризмы, специальные выражения, пословицы. УДК 807.1:37(07) ББК 81.461я73 Рецензенты: Батурин В. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической фармакологии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный ме- дицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Коробкеев А. А., доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой анатомии ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский универ- ситет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Шибкова О. С., доктор филологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафе- дрой иностранных языков естественнонаучных и экономических специальностей ФГАОУ ВО «Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет» Министерства обра- зования и науки Российской Федерации. Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом СтГМУ. © Ставропольский государственный ISBN 978-5-89822-510-0 медицинский университет, 2017 THE INTRODUCTION Latin language is a basis of studying and use of medical terminology not only in a higher educational institution, but also at the subsequent professional work, and means of perfection of the person of the future physician. The need to master a set of professional terms is underlined by the design and content of the present textbook. It is prepared according to the Program of medical higher schools in Latin language and medical terminology and includes three sections: terminology of morphological disciplines – anatomy and histology; terminology of a complex of pathological anatomy and clinical disciplines; pharmaceutical terminology with the nomenclature of medical products. The first section Anatomical Terminology includes 18 units. Each unit contains the Grammatik Commentary explaining the basic points of Latin grammar. The Grammatik Commentary is followed by exercises for development of practical skills in reading, accenting syllables, doing English- Latin and back translation of terms. There are Vocabulary Extensions listing anatomy terms of frequent occurrence at the end of each unit. The second section Clinical Terminology consists of 7 units which include general clinical terms signifying various aspects of diagnostic and therapeutic processes. The practical exercises will help our students to construct medical terms and give the definitions to the scientific notions, expressed through medical terms in English. The Vocabulary Extensions contain the most common clinical terms and Greek stems for deriving new words as well as Greek and Latin prefixes. The third section deals with Pharmaceutical Terms and is arranged in 10 units including information about units commonly used in generic drug names, dosage forms, names of vegetation materials, medicinal herbs, medicines, names of chemical element, acids, oxides, salts and ethers. There is a list of most common prescription formulas. The practical exercises have a number of prescriptions in English to be translated into Latin. The textbook also includes Tests after each Section, English-Latin-Russian Glossary and Latin-English-Russian Glossary, Appendix of Latin Proverbs, Quotations and Medical Phrases. BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LATIN LATIN AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY − is a new subject, which is traditionally learned by the future doctors, pharmacists and representatives of other specialties. All of them know well the Latin proverb «Invia est in medicina via sine lingua Latina» − «The way to medicine is impossible without Latin language». 5 Why are Latin and ancient Greek language of particular importance and applying for physicians and pharmacists? Why are Latin alphabet, phonetics and grammar used for spelling, pronunciation and functioning of modern medical terms? To understand this it is necessary get to know the history of Latin. Latin (lingua Latina) belongs to the Italic group of the Indo-European family of languages. Originally it was the native language of a small tribe Latini living in the central part of Apennines in the region called Latium. The capital was Rome founded in 753 B.C. In course of the time Latin became the state language of the great Roman Empire included till V A.B. all countries of Mediterranean basin, including territories of modern Italy, Spain, France, Greece and also a part of Britain, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Moldova and other countries. Latin alphabet is now used in all European countries. Inscriptions are the first monuments of the Latin language. The oldest Latin inscriptions written in existence date from the VI century B.C., but inscriptions written earlier than about 200 B.C. are few and short. The earliest extant Latin literature is the comedies by Plautus (254-184 B.C.) and comedies by Terence (190-159 B.C.). The Latin language of the classical time is presented by the remarkable works created in Rome during I century B.C. − at the beginning of I century A.D. One studies the classical Latin in higher educational establishments of humanities. The period of the I–II centuries A.D. is called postclassical. The so-called Late Latin (III-IV centuries A.D.) is the last period of the Latin language. At the time of the late Empire, its downfall (476 A.D.) and the emergence of barbarian states the difference between the written Latin language, its literary and popular colloquial forms becomes wider. During this period, Christianity spreads in the region and the Christian literature appears. In the works by Hieronymus (340-420) and Augustine (345-430) and other late Latin authors we find a lot of morphologic and syntactic forms preparing the transition to the young Roman languages, which got this name from the main city of Romans: Rome − Roma, among them are such modern languages as Italian,