DOCSLIB.ORG

Ellen Amelia Shippy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ellen Amelia Shippy The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project WAYNE WHITE Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: April 21, 2005 Copyright 2016 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in the Philadelphia area Penn State, Abington (Ogontz campus) ROTC Graduate Teaching Assistant Marriage Entered the Foreign Service in 1973 Niamey, Niger; GSO, Consular Officer 1974-1976 Environment Sahel Drought Emergency Algerian militants AID Peace Corps Customs charges controversy Libyans Attempted coup Port au Prince, Haiti; Consular Officer 1976-1978 Baby Doc Environment Ecology Visa fraud problems Relations with government Creole US Policy Sinai Field Mission 1978-1979 United Nations Expeditionary Force Bedouin problems U2 surveillance Operations Egyptian-Israeli military cooperation Hashish smuggling 1 State Department; INR/NEA; Iraq Analyst 1979-1986 Arab-Israeli Situation Report Operational and Intelligence offices disagreements Iran-Iraq War Saddam Hussein Iraq-Soviet relations US reaction to Iran-Iraq War INR’s functions during war Saddam’s interference in war Khomeini’s war mistakes US views of Iran-Iraq War Lebanon hostage issue Israeli aid to Iranian Jews Irangate Operation Staunch US Marines in Lebanon Hafez al Assad Briefings for Saudis CIA faulty analysis US Embassy Teheran hostages Khomeini Rafsanjani Iraqi intelligence apparatus Arab aid to Iraq The Kurds Downing the Stark Iraq army use of poison gas Saddam’s aid to Lebanese Christians State Department; INR Syria Analyst 1979-1986 Lebanon Crisis Team Lebanon factional rivalry Hafez al Assad Egypt-Israel relations Syria’s military aircraft Bashar al Assad Assad power structure Baathism, Syrian and Iraqi Syrian support for terrorism Golan Heights Syrian oil Water State Department; INR, Deputy Chief, Arab-Israel Affairs 1986-1990 First and Second Palestinian Intifada 2 Palestinian workers in Israel Israeli Intelligence Resources Iraq-Syria rivalry Congressional interest Congress and CIA Pollard case Israel and Iran Jewish community State Department; INR, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq And Iran Division 1990- US-Iraq relations Saudi financial problems Saddam Hussein’s intentions Iraq-Soviet relations Arab loans to Saddam Iraq invasion of Kuwait Iraq-Kuwait Crisis Task Force Desert Shield and Desert Storm Iraq forces on Saudi border Iraq looting of Kuwait Iraqi planes escape to Iran Iran attitude re Desert Storm Arab world Forces and reaction Kuwaiti Air Force flee to Saudi Arabia UN Resolution Mandate re War goals Saddam’s survival Shia and Kurdish insurgencies Mid East Government Intelligence sources Algeria Democratization issue Islamists North African ruling class Fundamentalism US-Algeria relations Libya Pan Am 103 disaster Omar Qadhafi Terrorist anti-US activity US pre-9/11 mistakes Khobar Towers bombing prediction Anti-US Terrorism Iran and terrorists USS Cole bombing Al Qaeda Osama bin Laden Sudan pharmaceutical factory bombing 3 Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Ahmad Chalabi Iraq National Council in London Al-Qaeda Consultations with Allies on WMD’s Consensus re Iraq’s WMD’s Spread of al Qaeda Taliban Reforming Islam Terrorist tactics and recruitment Afghanistan Iraq and Al Qaeda Tora Bora Ansar al Islam Fleeing al Qaeda cadres Bolton Affair Iraq’s nuclear capability US British cooperation President’s Daily Brief (PDF) INR’s reaction to War “drumbeat” Future of Iraq Project Baghdad Museum Restoration Plan Iraqi Ministry destruction British problems in the South INR warnings of violence “Memorandum to Holders” NIE Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) Pessimistic reporting to Rumsfeld War College Iraq simulation Iraqi elections Work stress and personal health Retirement 2005 Middle East Institute; Adjunct Scholar Speaking engagements INTERVIEW Q: Today is 21 April 2005. This is an interview with Wayne White. This is being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies, and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. You go by Wayne? WHITE: Wayne. 4 Q: All right. Well to start off with, when and where were you born? WHITE: I was born in Philadelphia January 30, 1950. Q: Okay, let’s start just to get a little feel for the family. Tell me about your father’s side of the family. What do you know about it? WHITE: Oh, like so many people, I could go on forever, but I will try to avoid that. On my father’s side, half German, half English, with just enough Irish from one ancestor to get me into St. Patrick’s Day parties. They are both amusing in the sense that the German half of the family came here in the late 19th century and set up a liquor distributing business in Philadelphia, and were quite successful. Then their business collapsed in 1920, as you can imagine it might when Prohibition came. The other half were also fairly well-to-do by, say, 1900, breaking into the white collar upper middle class through the shoe industry, but starting at the bottom and attaining ownership of a shoe business in one generation. My great grandfather apprenticed as a leather-maker in Birmingham, England, immigrating first to Camden, N.J., briefly, and then, finally, Philadelphia, where he set up a small factory. Everything apparently was just going great until something called the Great Depression came along, and that left the family shoe business in ruins. They all had to go and find real jobs. They were left with a fleet of Buicks, several nice homes in Philadelphia, and a one large vacation home on the Jersey Shore. My mother’s side of the family, is also German/English. The more interesting story was my grandfather on the German side; his father, from Stuttgart, came to the United States during the Civil War — 1863 to be exact. He was a cabin boy on ship bound for Philadelphia and then to Bombay. He jumped ship in Philadelphia, hoping to be a Union drummer boy, perhaps inspired by Franz Seigel’s poorly-led, but largely German corps in the Union Army (another “political general”). But they apparently didn’t need any more drummer boys (at least at that moment), so he ended up hanging around Philadelphia and eventually became a smith (in his case, a tad different from a regular blacksmith in that he only made wrought iron tools instead of also shoeing horses). My Grandfather in the early 20th century was apprenticed to a master stone mason and became one himself. Perhaps more lasting than what I did in government and I am now doing here in these sessions, working out of a firm in Philadelphia, between 1928 and 1940, he spent much of his time in Washington and Annapolis working on monumental architecture. He built the extension on the chapel in Annapolis, for example, which makes up most of the chapel we see today. Q: This was when? WHITE: Around 1939-1940. Q: Yeah it was. I went to the chapel in Annapolis as a kid when that was being put on. WHITE: He built both of the extensions to Bancroft Hall, the stone work that is. He was a stone mason, although that meant setting bronze windows and things like that too to 5 keep the stone work going. In the district, he built the Scottish Right Temple on 16th Street. He did much of the interior stone work on the Supreme Court building, mainly the actual court room inside. It is very beautiful. He worked a little bit on the justice Department, but that job was temporary. He built the Bureau of Engraving and Printing Building (the structure next to the Holocaust Museum), which is the most interesting of his jobs because that is the only one he did absolutely from the bottom up, which meant going to the quarry, selecting the stone, arranging for them to be brought to the job site via railroad tracks that at that time extended right up to the site, and then setting or overseeing the setting of every stone in the building. We have some pictures from that era which are quite fascinating, including engineering photos of Bancroft Hall’s wings. The most amusing story if this is not taking too much time, is when he and his boss, the company supervisor, were asked to go over and see whether they could finish the mason’s monument in old town Alexandria (the obelisk across from the train station now containing the George Washington Museum). They found the job simple enough, so his boss said, “Yeah, I think we can do it. Do you have any problem?” “No.” They then strolled into old town so his boss could get a shot of whiskey (being a hard-drinking Irishman) and found out that Virginia was still dry. That was the end of the project in Alexandria, with the job supervisor remarking: “If I can’t get a drink within three blocks of the job, we are not doing it.” Q: Well how about let’s take your mother and father. Did your father go to college? WHITE: One portion of that story is unfortunate. He was very good in sports. He lettered in high school at the time when high school was more important, and one of the best ones in Philadelphia, Simon Graz High School, lettering in basketball, soccer, and baseball. He also played minor league baseball in the days when there was something called D Ball, where you were paid per game. He was a first baseman. The University of Delaware offered him a sports scholarship. The family which was still struggling because of the failure of the shoe factory, which made him feel rather guilty about going off to college and not getting a job. This is something that I always thought was very wrong. A family should make sacrifices for their child, where this family didn’t. They encouraged him to help out, and so he went to work instead of college.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmire
    Hezbollah’s Syrian Quagmire BY MATTHEW LEVITT ezbollah – Lebanon’s Party of God – is many things. It is one of the dominant political parties in Lebanon, as well as a social and religious movement catering first and fore- Hmost (though not exclusively) to Lebanon’s Shi’a community. Hezbollah is also Lebanon’s largest militia, the only one to maintain its weapons and rebrand its armed elements as an “Islamic resistance” in response to the terms of the Taif Accord, which ended Lebanon’s civil war and called for all militias to disarm.1 While the various wings of the group are intended to complement one another, the reality is often messier. In part, that has to do with compartmen- talization of the group’s covert activities. But it is also a factor of the group’s multiple identities – Lebanese, pan-Shi’a, pro-Iranian – and the group’s multiple and sometimes competing goals tied to these different identities. Hezbollah insists that it is Lebanese first, but in fact, it is an organization that always acts out of its self-interests above its purported Lebanese interests. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, Hezbollah also has an “expansive global network” that “is sending money and operatives to carry out terrorist attacks around the world.”2 Over the past few years, a series of events has exposed some of Hezbollah’s covert and militant enterprises in the region and around the world, challenging the group’s standing at home and abroad. Hezbollah operatives have been indicted for the murder of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri by the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) in The Hague,3 arrested on charges of plotting attacks in Nigeria,4 and convicted on similar charges in Thailand and Cyprus.5 Hezbollah’s criminal enterprises, including drug running and money laundering from South America to Africa to the Middle East, have been targeted by law enforcement and regulatory agen- cies.
    [Show full text]
  • 633 Squadron Battle of Britian
    P3 633 squadron Battle of Britain Dam Busters Music Cardboard wings (9 boys) Each boy comes in to hall in turn and a little about each plane is read out, then they all return together. During the second world war many young men where sent to fight in the skies over Britain and France in the RAF. It was due to their bravery skill and sacrifice that Germany never felt able to invade Britain. Here at Anchors we have been looking at some of the Aircraft which they flew, contrary to popular belief they weren’t all spitfires. Planes Fighters Miles M20 Emergency fighter, designed for quick production should the RAF have a shortage of fighters. The M-20 was an all-wood monoplane with fixed landing gear, using many parts of the Master trainer. It was designed and built in only 65 days and had good performance, but the R.A.F. did not need the M.20. Later the M.20 was considered as an expendable shipboard fighter. Farley Firefly Two-seat reconaissance fighter. It was a low-wing monoplane with a wide-track undercarriage, smaller than the Fulmar that preceded it, and provided with a more powerful engine. The design was deliberately conventional, to bring it into service quickly. Early Fireflies had a deep 'beard' radiator, later models had wing leading root intakes. The concept of the two-seat fighter may have been mistaken, but the Firefly was a versatile aircraft, taking part not only in WWII but also in the Korean war. The last of the 1702 built was delivered in 1956.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 7, Issue 2, July 2021 Introduction: New Researchers and the Bright Future of Military History
    www.bjmh.org.uk British Journal for Military History Volume 7, Issue 2, July 2021 Cover picture: Royal Navy destroyers visiting Derry, Northern Ireland, 11 June 1933. Photo © Imperial War Museum, HU 111339 www.bjmh.org.uk BRITISH JOURNAL FOR MILITARY HISTORY EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD The Editorial Team gratefully acknowledges the support of the British Journal for Military History’s Editorial Advisory Board the membership of which is as follows: Chair: Prof Alexander Watson (Goldsmiths, University of London, UK) Dr Laura Aguiar (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland / Nerve Centre, UK) Dr Andrew Ayton (Keele University, UK) Prof Tarak Barkawi (London School of Economics, UK) Prof Ian Beckett (University of Kent, UK) Dr Huw Bennett (University of Cardiff, UK) Prof Martyn Bennett (Nottingham Trent University, UK) Dr Matthew Bennett (University of Winchester, UK) Prof Brian Bond (King’s College London, UK) Dr Timothy Bowman (University of Kent, UK; Member BCMH, UK) Ian Brewer (Treasurer, BCMH, UK) Dr Ambrogio Caiani (University of Kent, UK) Prof Antoine Capet (University of Rouen, France) Dr Erica Charters (University of Oxford, UK) Sqn Ldr (Ret) Rana TS Chhina (United Service Institution of India, India) Dr Gemma Clark (University of Exeter, UK) Dr Marie Coleman (Queens University Belfast, UK) Prof Mark Connelly (University of Kent, UK) Seb Cox (Air Historical Branch, UK) Dr Selena Daly (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK) Dr Susan Edgington (Queen Mary University of London, UK) Prof Catharine Edwards (Birkbeck, University of London,
    [Show full text]
  • Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
    Worlds Apart Swanee Hunt Worlds Apart Bosnian Lessons for GLoBaL security Duke university Press Durham anD LonDon 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. To my partners c harLes ansBacher: “Of course you can.” and VaLerie GiLLen: “Of course we can.” and Mirsad JaceVic: “Of course you must.” Contents Author’s Note xi Map of Yugoslavia xii Prologue xiii Acknowledgments xix Context xxi Part i: War Section 1: Officialdom 3 1. insiDe: “Esteemed Mr. Carrington” 3 2. outsiDe: A Convenient Euphemism 4 3. insiDe: Angels and Animals 8 4. outsiDe: Carter and Conscience 10 5. insiDe: “If I Left, Everyone Would Flee” 12 6. outsiDe: None of Our Business 15 7. insiDe: Silajdžić 17 8. outsiDe: Unintended Consequences 18 9. insiDe: The Bread Factory 19 10. outsiDe: Elegant Tables 21 Section 2: Victims or Agents? 24 11. insiDe: The Unspeakable 24 12. outsiDe: The Politics of Rape 26 13. insiDe: An Unlikely Soldier 28 14. outsiDe: Happy Fourth of July 30 15. insiDe: Women on the Side 33 16. outsiDe: Contact Sport 35 Section 3: Deadly Stereotypes 37 17. insiDe: An Artificial War 37 18. outsiDe: Clashes 38 19. insiDe: Crossing the Fault Line 39 20. outsiDe: “The Truth about Goražde” 41 21. insiDe: Loyal 43 22. outsiDe: Pentagon Sympathies 46 23. insiDe: Family Friends 48 24. outsiDe: Extremists 50 Section 4: Fissures and Connections 55 25.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Gray Zone Strategy
    Iran’s Gray Zone Strategy Cornerstone of its Asymmetric Way of War By Michael Eisenstadt* ince the creation of the Islamic Republic in 1979, Iran has distinguished itself (along with Russia and China) as one of the world’s foremost “gray zone” actors.1 For nearly four decades, however, the United States has struggled to respond effectively to this asymmetric “way of war.” Washington has often Streated Tehran with caution and granted it significant leeway in the conduct of its gray zone activities due to fears that U.S. pushback would lead to “all-out” war—fears that the Islamic Republic actively encourages. Yet, the very purpose of this modus operandi is to enable Iran to pursue its interests and advance its anti-status quo agenda while avoiding escalation that could lead to a wider conflict. Because of the potentially high costs of war—especially in a proliferated world—gray zone conflicts are likely to become increasingly common in the years to come. For this reason, it is more important than ever for the United States to understand the logic underpinning these types of activities, in all their manifestations. Gray Zone, Asymmetric, and Hybrid “Ways of War” in Iran’s Strategy Gray zone warfare, asymmetric warfare, and hybrid warfare are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they refer neither to discrete forms of warfare, nor should they be used interchangeably—as they often (incor- rectly) are. Rather, these terms refer to that aspect of strategy that concerns how states employ ways and means to achieve national security policy ends.2 Means refer to the diplomatic, informational, military, economic, and cyber instruments of national power; ways describe how these means are employed to achieve the ends of strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Armed Conflicts Report - Israel
    Armed Conflicts Report - Israel Armed Conflicts Report Israel-Palestine (1948 - first combat deaths) Update: February 2009 Summary Type of Conflict Parties to the Conflict Status of the Fighting Number of Deaths Political Developments Background Arms Sources Economic Factors Summary: 2008 The situation in the Gaza strip escalated throughout 2008 to reflect an increasing humanitarian crisis. The death toll reached approximately 1800 deaths by the end of January 2009, with increased conflict taking place after December 19th. The first six months of 2008 saw increased fighting between Israeli forces and Hamas rebels. A six month ceasefire was agreed upon in June of 2008, and the summer months saw increased factional violence between opposing Palestinian groups Hamas and Fatah. Israel shut down the border crossings between the Gaza strip and Israel and shut off fuel to the power plant mid-January 2008. The fuel was eventually turned on although blackouts occurred sporadically throughout the year. The blockade was opened periodically throughout the year to allow a minimum amount of humanitarian aid to pass through. However, for the majority of the year, the 1.5 million Gaza Strip inhabitants, including those needing medical aid, were trapped with few resources. At the end of January 2009, Israel agreed to the principles of a ceasefire proposal, but it is unknown whether or not both sides can come to agreeable terms and create long lasting peace in 2009. 2007 A November 2006 ceasefire was broken when opposing Palestinian groups Hamas and Fatah renewed fighting in April and May of 2007. In June, Hamas led a coup on the Gaza headquarters of Fatah giving them control of the Gaza Strip.
    [Show full text]
  • Hd122-Xxx.Ps
    1 108th Congress, 1st Session – – – – – – – – – – – – House Document 108–122 BLOCKING PROPERTY OF THE FORMER IRAQI RE- GIME, ITS SENIOR OFFICIALS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS, AND TAKING CERTAIN OTHER ACTIONS COMMUNICATION FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTING NOTIFICATION TO EXPAND THE SCOPE OF THE NATIONAL EMER- GENCY DECLARED IN EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 13303 OF MAY 22, 2003, WITH RESPECT TO THE BLOCKING OF PROPERTY OF THE FORMER IRAQI REGIME, ITS SENIOR OFFICIALS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS, AND TAKING CERTAIN OTHER ACTIONS, PURSUANT TO 50 U.S.C. 1703(b) AND 50 U.S.C. 1631 SEPTEMBER 3, 2003.—Referred to the Committee on International Relations and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19–011 WASHINGTON : 2003 VerDate jul 14 2003 06:52 Sep 06, 2003 Jkt 019011 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HD122.XXX HD122 E:\Seals\Congress.#13 VerDate jul 14 2003 06:52 Sep 06, 2003 Jkt 019011 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\HD122.XXX HD122 THE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, August 28, 2003. Hon. J. DENNIS HASTERT, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Washington, DC. DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Consistent with section 204(b) of the Inter- national Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 50 U.S.C. 1703(b), and section 301 of the National Emergencies Act, 50 U.S.C. 1631, I hereby report that I have exercised my authority to expand the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13303 of May 22, 2003, to address the unusual and extraor- dinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States posed by obstacles to the orderly reconstruction of Iraq, the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in that country, and the development of political, administrative, and eco- nomic institutions, in Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Chiefs Say Invasion 'Only Way' to Totally Disarm N Korea
    Joint Chiefs say invasion 'only way' to totally disarm N Korea Image copyright GETTY IMAGES Image caption US soldiers take part in "Warrior Strike" exercises in South Korea in September A Pentagon assessment has declared the only way to completely destroy all parts of North Korea's nuclear weapons programme is through a ground invasion. Rear Admiral Michael Dumont expressed the opinion on behalf of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in a letter to Congressman Ted Lieu. Mr Dumont said calculating "even the roughest" potential casualty figures would be extremely difficult. He also gave some detail on what the first hours of a war would involve. "The only way to 'locate and destroy - with complete certainty - all components of North Korea's nuclear weapons programs' is through a ground invasion," he wrote in response to Congressman Lieu's questions about a potential conflict. The risks involved included a potential nuclear counter-attack by North Korea while US forces attempted to disable its "deeply buried, underground facilities", he said. "A classified briefing is the best venue for a detailed discussion," he added. The Joint Chiefs of Staff directly advise the president of the United States on military matters. Skip Twitter post by @tedlieu Ted Lieu ✔ @tedlieu Dear @realDonaldTrump: It is morning in Japan. This @washingtonpost article on grim N Korea war options is for you. https://www. washingtonpost.com/world/national -security/securing-north-korean-nuclear-sites-would-require-a- ground-invasion-pentagon-says/2017/11/04/32d5f6fa- c0cf-11e7-97d9-bdab5a0ab381_story.html? utm_term=.e8db56975149 … 3:13 PM - Nov 5, 2017 Securing North Korean nuclear sites would require a ground invasion, Pentagon says A Navy admiral sent a blunt assessment of the dangers of military action to lawmakers.
    [Show full text]
  • Madeleine Albright, Gender, and Foreign Policy-Making
    Journal of Political Science Volume 33 Number 1 Article 2 November 2005 Madeleine Albright, Gender, and Foreign Policy-Making Kevin J. Lasher Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Lasher, Kevin J. (2005) "Madeleine Albright, Gender, and Foreign Policy-Making," Journal of Political Science: Vol. 33 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol33/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Politics at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Political Science by an authorized editor of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Madeleine Albright , Gender, and Foreign Policy-Making Kevin J. Lashe r Francis Marion University Women are finally becoming major participants in the U.S. foreign policy-making establishment . I seek to un­ derstand how th e arrival of women foreign policy-makers might influence the outcome of U.S. foreign polic y by fo­ cusi ng 011 th e activities of Mad elei n e A !bright , the first wo man to hold the position of Secretary of State . I con­ clude that A !bright 's gender did hav e some modest im­ pact. Gender helped Albright gain her position , it affected the manner in which she carried out her duties , and it facilitated her working relationship with a Repub­ lican Congress. But A !bright 's gender seemed to have had relatively little effect on her ideology and policy recom­ mendations . ver the past few decades more and more women have won election to public office and obtained high-level Oappointive positions in government, and this trend is likely to continue well into the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Frontier of Activism - a Study of the Conditioning Factors for the Role of Modern Day Activists
    The new frontier of activism - a study of the conditioning factors for the role of modern day activists Master’s Thesis Andreas Holbak Espersen | MSocSc Political Communication & Management Søren Walther Bjerregård | MSc International Business & Politics Supervisor Erik Caparros Højbjerg | Departmenent of Management, Politics and Philosophy Submitted 7th November 2016 | STUs: 251.792 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 0 - Research question and literature review ....................................................................................... 6 0.1 Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 0.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 0.2.1 Research area .................................................................................................................................................................... 9 0.3 Literature review ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 0.3.1 Activism in International
    [Show full text]
  • Surprise, Intelligence Failure, and Mass Casualty Terrorism
    SURPRISE, INTELLIGENCE FAILURE, AND MASS CASUALTY TERRORISM by Thomas E. Copeland B.A. Political Science, Geneva College, 1991 M.P.I.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1992 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Graduate School of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Thomas E. Copeland It was defended on April 12, 2006 and approved by Davis Bobrow, Ph.D. Donald Goldstein, Ph.D. Dennis Gormley Phil Williams, Ph.D. Dissertation Director ii © 2006 Thomas E. Copeland iii SURPRISE, INTELLIGENCE FAILURE, AND MASS CASUALTY TERRORISM Thomas E. Copeland, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2006 This study aims to evaluate whether surprise and intelligence failure leading to mass casualty terrorism are inevitable. It explores the extent to which four factors – failures of public policy leadership, analytical challenges, organizational obstacles, and the inherent problems of warning information – contribute to intelligence failure. This study applies existing theories of surprise and intelligence failure to case studies of five mass casualty terrorism incidents: World Trade Center 1993; Oklahoma City 1995; Khobar Towers 1996; East African Embassies 1998; and September 11, 2001. A structured, focused comparison of the cases is made using a set of thirteen probing questions based on the factors above. The study concludes that while all four factors were influential, failures of public policy leadership contributed directly to surprise. Psychological bias and poor threat assessments prohibited policy makers from anticipating or preventing attacks. Policy makers mistakenly continued to use a law enforcement approach to handling terrorism, and failed to provide adequate funding, guidance, and oversight of the intelligence community.
    [Show full text]
  • Hezbollah Leader Hassan Nasrallah Boasts of the Organization's Ability
    May 28, 2006 Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (C.S.S) Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah boasts of the organization’s ability to maintain a balance of deterrence with Israel. By doing that he justifies, in the internal Lebanese arena, its refusal to disarm and repels the demands of his opponents, the supporters of the “New Order” in Lebanon. Nasrallah speaking at a meeting of The Resistance Culture [i.e., terrorism] Committee: “The resistance [i.e., Hezbollah] has more than 12,000 rockets… All of northern occupied Palestine [i.e., Israel] is within range of the rockets of the resistance…” (Al- Manar TV, May 23). Overview aaa In a fiery speech on the sixth anniversary of the IDF’s withdrawal from Lebanon, Hezbollah’s leader Hassan Nassrallah boasted of the organization’s ability maintain a balance of deterrence with Israel. It has, he said, more than 12,000 rockets in its possession, posing a serious threat to Israel’s northern regions. He also spoke of his commitment to free Lebanese prisoners (terrorists) held in Israel and to liberate the Shebaa Farms in the near future. He thus presented himself as Lebanon’s protector and rejected demands from home and abroad that Hezbollah disarm. In an equally fiery speech he encouraged the Palestinians to continue their terrorist campaign against Israel, boasting that Hezbollah was the first to use suicide bombing attacks in the conflict with Israel. TTThhheee bbbaaaccckkkgggrrrooouuunnnddd ooofff ttthhheee tttwwwooo ssspppeeeeeeccchhheeess aaannnddd ttthhheeeiiirrr gggoooaaalllsss aaa Every year on May 25 Hezbollah celebrates Resistance [i.e., terrorism] and Liberation Day to mark the anniversary of the IDF’s withdrawal from the security zone in southern Lebanon.
    [Show full text]