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SLAV INFLUENCE UPON THE – DIRECT REFERENCES TO CROATIAN Camelia FIRIC Ă "Spiru Haret" University, UDK: 811.16:811.135.1 811.135.1’373.45 Pregledni rad Primljeno: 31. 7. 2008.

Romanian is a language of origin as the amount of than 70% of its lexicon proves, but the Slav lexical loans, alongside with those of German, Hungarian, Turkish, French and Greek origin, give its particular character as compared to other . The emphasizes the influence old Slav exercised upon the Romanian language and illustrates the present linguistic reality in this respect, making direct, particular references to linguistic facts common to both Croatian, as a Slav language, and Romanian. We consider this an important step in the field of knowledge by which readers will become aware of a less known linguistic aspect of the Ro- manian language – its Slav inherited lexicon. Starting from the words of Slav origin in Romanian, some of which are not in use any more, but which belong to the language of literature of past centuries, we traced them in Croatian through the instrumenta- lity of dictionaries. By using a rather great number of Romanian examples we meant to endorse the idea of the article.

Keywords: influence, loans, Romanian, old Slav, Croatian

Camelia Firic ă, "Spiru Haret" University, Brazda Lui Novac Street, No. 4, Craiova, Dolj County, . -mail: cameliafirica @yahoo.com

By reflecting the historical, social and cultural realities, lexical loans are genuine documents, which allow comprehensive understanding, under the most various aspects, of some remote and past epochs in a people’ history. 511 (Dumistr ăcel, 1980, 17-18) DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB The great number of loans in the Romanian vocabulary can GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), be explained by the geographical and historical conditions un- STR. 511-523 der which the people’s ancestors lived. Firstly, it is the vicini - FIRIC Ă, .: ty with the speakers of Slav languages, the contact with the SLAV INFLUENCE... and the different German dialects – the Transylvanian Saxon and Swabian. Secondly, one should take into c onsideration the historical circumstances that determined Turki sh loans and, thirdly, the foreign cultural influences, those dating back to the XVIIIth- XIXth centuries, to which Roma- nian owes the neo-Greek, French and Russian loans. Two re- alities are obvious on the bases of the above mentioned: on one hand some loans entered the language in the course of direct relationships and contacts among the speakers of dif - ferent languages who inhabited neighbouring territories and, on the other hand, some were borrowed by the cultivated Ro- manian language from other cultivated languages. Among the lexical loans that Romanian borrowed from other languages, those of Slav origin play an important part not only by their number but, also, by their wide circulation, as a consequence of their belonging to the main lexical stock. The researches and works of the tireless Romanian lin - guists, starting with Bogdan Petriceicu Haşdeu and Ioan Bog- dan , Ovid Densuşianu, Sextil Puşcariu, alongside with those of the foreign ones: , Alf Lom- bard, , Petar Skok to mention only some phi- lolo gists whose writings treat subjects such as the origin of the Roma nian language, its dialects, the influences exercised upon it or, inversely, the influences that Romanian exercised upon the language of the peoples the inhabitants came into contact with, are valuable contributions and pathfinders in the field whic set the study of the Slavo-Romanian linguistic relations on scientific bases. Sextil Puşcariu (1940, 277) considers that, of all nations that came into contact with, the Slavs exercised the most massive influence. Our vocabulary is so full with Slav loans, that, because of them, Romanian differs so much from all other neo- -Latin languages. Ovid Densuşianu also asserts (1961, 8) that Slav and Latin are equally important when it comes to understand - ing the past of the Romanian language. The Slav influence upon Romanian was exercised: 1. un- der the conditions of direct relationship and cohabitation of the Romanians and the Slavs, the first "channel" of Slav influ - ence of popular character – result of the Slavo-Romanian bilin- gualism and 2. due to the use, for some centuries, of Slav in admini stration, diplomacy, church, the second "channel" known under the name of Paleoslavonic, the of the church and Princely offices, result of the cultural relations be- 512 tween the Romanian and neighbouring Slav states. DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB Some authors such as Densuşianu (1961, 161) and Rosetti GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), (1986 , 318) traced back the Slav influence upon Romanian prior STR. 511-523 to the Xth century, P ătru ţ (1974, 105) and ărbulescu (1929, FIRIC Ă, C.: IV) consider the IXth and Xth centuries as the period of mas - SLAV INFLUENCE... sive loans, while Petar Skok and . Miletić consider the XVth century to be the limit of linguistic interference ( apud Di- mitr escu, 1978, 90). Linguistic arguments support the idea that the oldest stratum of Slav elements in Romanian has a Bulgarian cha- racter . P ătru ţ (1974, 105), Rosetti (1986, 298). As to the subject of our paper it has to be mentioned that Croatian and Romanian were not in direct contact, except for the dialect spoken in , so there was no direct influence upon each other; still the common lexical elements can be jus - tified by the Slav character of the former and the influence the Slav languages exercised upon the latter. Slav influence upon Romanian morphology is obvious in some respects. First, it is the case with feminine nouns declen - sion in vocative whose characteristic ending – – ( feti ţo, Ano, Mario ) belongs to Slav. The Romanian masculine vocative ends in e (vecine, cumnate ) and, according to Densuşianu, we deal with a Latin vocative upon which the Slav one super - posed. Croatian also uses endings e and o for masculine, re- spectively feminine nouns in vocative. As to the masculine Romanian form of vocative ending in - ule (fiule, omule, iubit - ule ), Ovidiu Densuşianu (1961, 163), considers that: It is possi - ble that we face a phenomenon of Slav origin, in this case, too. In contemporary Bulgarian one can notice the hypocoristic suffix -le, added to persons when they are spoken to: libe-libele... We can admit the existence of a relation between this suffix and that of the Roma- nian vocative . For the compound numerals eleven, twelve up to nine teen and those that define tens Romanian uses Latin elements but following an old Slav pattern: 11 ( unu spre zece – unsprezece ), 12 ( doi spre zece – doisprezece ), 13 ( trei spre zece – treisprezece ) etc. The word defining the numeral sut ă is also considered as coming from old Slav sŭto , recognizable in the Croatian sto , too. The reflexive forms of the in Romanian trace back to old Slav and they are also a characteristic of the Croatian grammar. Slav influence touched both the meanings of old words and the way they are used... If for the Latin we have the reflexive Slav correspondent "a se teme", it is because the Slav is also reflexive (bojati se). (Puşcariu, 1940, 277). To emphasize this cha racteristic, equally common to Romanian and Croatian , we take two more examples: a se mira, a (se) ruga – old Slav forms čuditi s ę, moliti s ę – whose Croatian correspondents are 513 čuditi se, moliti se . DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB Romanian such as: aievea (in truth), de obşte (ordi - GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), nary), de izvoan ă, îndeosebi (particularly), împotriv ă (on the con - STR. 511-523 trary, against), dimpotriv ă (on the contrary), iute (quick), prea (too), FIRIC Ă, C.: măcar (at least), potrivit (fit), acolea (here) are also of old Slav ori - SLAV INFLUENCE... gin. Croatian has: makar, protiv, ljuto. The Latin system of word formation by way of deriva - tion was completed with Slav prefixes and suffixes so, in the field of derivation, Romanian has some Slav productive pre - fixes and suffixes. Ne – a very prolific prefix in Romanian, expresses nega - tion, renders the word a pejorative meaning, or weakens its meaning: neadev ăr (lie), neastâmp ăr (fret), nedreptate (injustice), nemurire (immortality), neom (monster), neputin ţă (helplessness), nesa ţ (greed), nesim ţire (insensitiveness), neştiin ţă (ignorance); ne- adevarat (untrue), neadormit (awake), neascult ător (disobedient), nebun (insane), necioplit (rude), necopt (unripe), negreşit (certain - ly), nespus (unutterable). In Croatian this prefix is also very pro - du ctive in words like: nebriga, nebrižan, nebrojen, nečist, nečovje- čan, nedaleko, nedovoljan, nepodoban to mention only these of a long series. Prea superposed over the Latin per, prae . The Slav variant pr ě- precedes nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, rendering them a superlative meaning. The prefix has in Croatian the form pre . The Romanian prea became an , but in some case s it preserved the old Slav meaning in phrases of the type ; preabunul Dumnezeu (almighty God), preaputernicii zilei (omnipo - tents of the day), Preacurata (Holly Virgin), preafericita mam ă (all happy mother), preasfin ţia sa (His Holiness). Prefixes such as iz-, na-, po-, pri-, present in Croatian too, are also of Slav origin but they were not productive in Roma- nian so we meet them only in compound words formed in Slav and borrowed by Romanian: a izbi, ăpădi, poc ăi and oth - ers. Even if in Romanian these words changed their primary meanings, as it happened to many loans, their Slav origin is considered obvious in the Croatian equivalents: izbiti, napasti, pokajati se, primiti . Slav suffixes are more numerous than prefixes and pro - lific too: – An – forms masculine nouns: ciocârlan (crested lark), gâs - can (gander) , feminine nouns fetişcan ă (lass), adjectives bălan (blonde), n ăzdr ăvan (tricksy), pl ăvan (whitish-yellow) , or nouns with an or pejorative meaning băietan (lad), be ţi- van (hard drinker), golan (ragged, vagabond), juncan (bullok). This Slav suffix is also characteristic for the be- ing used to form adjectives: glasan, bezglasan, prolazan etc. The place o origin or belonging to a place is shown by nouns formed with the Slav suffix - ěnin ŭ, -janin ŭ that we recognize in the 514 Romanian ean : bucureştean, ieşean, moldovean, muntean, transil - DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB vănean (someone from , Iash, , , GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), Transilvynia), cet ăţ ean (citizen), sătean (villager) etc. STR. 511-523 – Că – corresponding to the old Slav - ŭka , is used to form FIRIC Ă, C.: feminine nouns: fiic ă, puic ă (daughter, pullet) ; most words de- SLAV INFLUENCE... rived with this suffix or oai + c ă show nationality, origin, so- cial position, or names of animals: românc ă (Romanian), or ă- şeanc ă (townswoman), s ăteanc ă (countrywoman), ţă ranc ă (peasant woman), englezoaic ă (English woman), nem ţoaic ă (German wo- man), rusoaic ă (Russian woman), unguroaic ă (Hungarian woman), boieroaic ă (wife of a ), cerboaic ă (hind), leoaic ă (lioness), lu- poai că (she-wolf), ursoaic ă (she-bear). In Croatian we can also find this suffix under the form – ka in words showing nationality, place of origin, social position: Amerikanka, Rumunjka, građan - ka, informatičarka, frizerka, policajka, seljanka, Zadranka, Zagrep- čanka etc. With the suffix aci from old Slav - ači, ačj ŭ words like: câr - maci (steersman), stângaci (left-handed), tr ăgaci (trigger), cârpaci (cobbler) were formed; the suffix ici was used to form words that define persons with particular deficiencies: Clevetici ( a nick- name formed from the verb a cleveti – Slav klevetati), gâdilici (one who talks too much), tremurici (one who trembles). The suffix og comes from old Slav – og ŭ in words like: milog (beggar), pintenog (with white spotted legs), sl ăbănog (lean) . – Eal ă – from old Slav -ělĭ, a very prolific suffix; when added to the stem of the verb it indicates the result of that verb's action: ame ţeal ă (giddiness), bârfeal ă (gossip), cheltuial ă (expense), cic ăleal ă (nagging), greşeal ă (mistake), împ ărţeal ă (divi - sion), îndoial ă (doubt), steneal ă (pains), iu ţeal ă (quickness), scrobeal ă (starch), ăceal ă (cold) etc.; when added to adjectives it forms abstract nouns: acreal ă (sourness), fierbin ţeal ă (heat, fever), umezeal ă (moistness). – Eţ – old Slav - ĭcĭ, is used to form derivatives denoting the doer of the action – călăre ţ (rider), drume ţ (traveller) and di- minutives: coşule ţ, cuibule ţ, stegule ţ (little basket, nest, flag) etc. – Ĭnik ŭ changed in Romanian into the suffix - nic , and words like: bec ĭst ĭnik ŭ, destojnik ŭ, duchov ĭnik ŭ, isprav ĭnik ŭ, ljubov ĭnik ŭ, postel ĭnik ŭ, prazd ĭnik ŭ, stol ĭnik ŭ, učenik ŭ, vojnik ŭ be- longing to old Slav almost need no translation for a Roma- nian speaker because they mean: becisnic, destoinic, duhovnic, ispravnic, ibovnic, postelnic, praznic, stolnic, ucenic, voinic . This suffix is also used to form adjectives in Romanian: amarnic (bitter), dornic (eager), dosnic (secluded), falnic (stately, haughty), făţ arnic (false), grabnic (urgent), harnic (hardworking) and exam - ple s might continu e. In Croatian there also exists the suffix - nik in words like : nemoćnik, ispovjednik, ljubavnik, zapovjednik, pra- znik, vojnik and in veleposjednik, veleposlanik, veleizdajnik, vježbe- 515 nik etc. DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB – Işte – inherited from the old Slav - ište in words like GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), pajişte (lawn), silişte (pasture) shows the place where an object STR. 511-523 is placed and is also added to some plant names to define the FIRIC Ă, C.: place where they are cultivated or preserved: cânepişte (place SLAV INFLUENCE... where hemp is planted ), porumbişte (place where maize is planted or kept after gathered). – Iţă is the old Slav - ica in words like coji ţă , grani ţa, ml ă- di ţă , suli ţă , troi ţă (wooden or stone crucifix placed at the crossroad), uli ţă (narrow, unpaved street), veveri ţă (old Slav kožica, granica, mladica, sulica, troica, ulica, ěverica) . It is also characteristic to Croatian: kožica, granica, mladica, ulica, vjeverica . This suffix is used both in Croatian and in Romanian to form feminine di- min utives such as: cuconi ţă (young lady), copili ţă , feti ţă (little girl) , gr ădini ţă , porti ţă , (little garden, gate), miori ţă (little ewe lamb). Masculine names such as: Gheorghi ţă , Mih ăiţă , Ien ăchi ţă are al- so derived with this suffix representing diminutives of Ghe- orghe, Mihai, Ienache. The use of the Romanian - iv for the Slav - iv ŭ, resulted in wor like be ţiv (drunkard), usc ăţ iv (lean) while in trândavu, gân- gavu, lingavu (the lazy, stuttering, squeamish person) linguists recognized the Slav - av ŭ that became the Romanian av. Romanian had also borrowed the suffix - ni ţă from the old Slav - ĭnica in nouns: botni ţă (muzzle), clopotni ţă (steeple), pi- perni ţă (pepper box), zaharni ţă (sugar box), coşni ţă (market basket), pivni ţă (cellar) etc. The most obvious influence exercised by Slav upon Ro- manian is in the field of vocabulary where one can meet words belonging to different fields of activity. Man: (words denoting physical and moral particularities, mood, social conditions, professions): gârbov (hunch-backed), cârn (snub-nosed), pleşuv (bald-headed), scârnav (infamous), slab (lean), smead (swarthy), zdrav ăn (healthy), ştirb (toothless), bab ă (old woman); blajin (kind, gentle), destoinic (capable), drag (dear), dârz (firm), grozav (terrible), curvar (profligate), lacom (greedy), mân- dru (proud), milostiv (merciful), mârşav ( one of meanings slab- -lean), n ăprasnic (violent, awful), nedestoinic (incompetent), nemi los (merci less), n ătâng (silly, clumsy), netrebnic (worthless), n ăuc (silly, perplexed), nevinovat (innocent), nevrednic (unworthy), prost (stu - pid), straşnic (terrible, strong, good, rigorous), tâmp (idiot), treaz (awak e, sober, vigilant), vessel (joyful), vinovat (guilty), vrednic (wor- thy, hardworking), zglobiu (lively); l ăcomie (greed), lene (laziness), nădejde (hope), pizm ă (envy), râvn ă (zeal), veselie (joyfulness), jale (grief, despair, woe); bogat (rich, richman), mirean (laic), rob (slave), sărac (poor, poorman), slug ă (servant), voinic ( one of the mean - ings – soldier); ban (ban), precupe ţ (petty trader), vraci (doctor, wi- zard) , zidar (mason), zl ătar (goldsmith) . Some of these words have 516 their correspondents in Croatian: grbavac, plješiv, slab, zdrav, DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB baba, blag, drag, grozan, kurvar, kurva, lakom, milostan, mršav, ne- GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), mil osrdan, nevin, vrijedan, grozan, lijenost, veselje, veseo, bogat, rob , STR. 511-523 sluga, župan, ban, vrač, zidar, zlatar, blagoslov, bol, kazna, kajanje, FIRIC Ă, C.: kleveta, kroj, čitanje. SLAV INFLUENCE... Of all of foreign origin the Slav ones were outnumbered only by those borrowed from western langua- ges – particularly the French ones most of which, recent loans (especially XIXth century), are used almost exclusively in lit - erary language. In his work Le verbe roumain. Etudes morpho- logiques Alf Lombard registered a number of 615 verbs of Slav origin representing 10% out of a total of 5752 ( apud Pătru ţ, 1974, 67). Slav verbs are common to both literary language and po- pular idioms. The more recent loans from Bulgarian, Ukra- inian, Serbian (the Serbian ones are 74 in number according to Lombard) ( apud Pătru ţ, 1974, 68) are not very numerous. Some verbs of Slav origin: blagoslovi (to bless), boli (to be ill), c ăi (to repent), c ăli (to temper, to harden), cleveti (to calimniate), croi (to cut out), cârpi (to patch up), hohoti (to guffaw), hr ăni (to feed), huli (to blaspheme), f ăli (to boast), citi (to read), ărui (to present), do- moli (to quiet), dovedi (to prove), gl ăsui (to speak), glumi (to joke), goni (to chase), greşi (to err), îndr ăzni (to dare), îngr ădi (to enclose), îngrozi (to terrify), înveli (to wrap up), învinui (to charge), isc ăli (to sign), ispr ăvi (to finish), izb ăvi (to save), izbi (to hit), izgoni (to drive away), izvodi (to execute, to perform), jeli (to lament over, to mourn for), jindui (to long after), lipi (to stick), lovi (to hit), iubi (to love), mânji (to dirty), munci (to work), milui (to take compassion), miji (to appear), împotrivi (to oppose), n ăcăji (to worry), n ăpădi (to invade), n ăpusti (to rush at), obl ădui (to protect), obloji (to treat, to care), oborî (doborî) (to throw down), odihni (to rest), oc ărî (to reproach), ocoli (to make a detour), omorî (to kill), opri (to stop), osândi (to sentence), otr ăvi (to poison), urni (to move), p ăgubi (to lose), p ăzi (to protect), pândi (to be on the watch), pip ăi (to finger), pl ăti (to pay), poc ăi (to repent), pomeni (to mention), porunci (to order), porni (to start), posti (to fool), potoli (to calm), pr ăjire (to fry), pribegi (to roam), prigoni (to persecute), primi (to receive), pr ă- pădi (to destroy, to waste), r ăni (to wound), r ăspândi (to spread), risipi (to scatter), r ăzvr ăti (to rise in arms), r ăcni (to roar), s ădi (to plant), sili (to force), scârbi (to disgust), sl ăvi (to glorify), sluji (to serve), suci (to twist), smeri (to subdue), spovedi (to confess), strivi (to squash), sf ădi (to reprimand), s ăvârşi (to make), sfin ţi (to hal - low), şopti (to whisper), tângui (to lament), tânji (to long for), topi (to elt), tr ăi (to live), trezi (to wake), trudi (to toil), veseli (to cheer ), zdrobi (to crush). Croatian verbs: graditi, hraniti, glasiti, goniti, pogriješiti, potpisati, iskusiti, izbaviti, izbiti, ljubiti, napasti, obloži - ti, oboriti, opariti, otrovati, paziti, pipati, platiti, pokloniti se, poka - jati se, postiti, pražiti, primiti, propasti, raniti, rasaditi, saditi, slavi- ti, služiti, svetiti, topiti, trajati, truditi, umoriti, veseliti, zabava, 517 zdrobiti are some equivalents for the above examples. DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB Relationship: nevast ă, prieten – the Croatian nevjesta, pri - GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), jatelj . STR. 511-523 Human body: glezn ă, gât (neck), cârc ă (back), obraz (cheek). FIRIC Ă, C.: Croatian equivalents of some of these: gležanj, obraz . SLAV INFLUENCE... Food: drojdie (yeast), colac ( in one of the meanings – kind of cake with cocoa, raisins, nuts), o ţet, ulei, pogace, scovard ă (pancake, doughnut), easily recognized in Croatian kolač, ocat, ulje, pogača. Clothes: cojoc – the Croatian kožuh, cuşm ă (high fur cap), hain ă (coat). House: cote ţ (hen house), gard (fence), gr ădin ă (garden), grajd (stable), grind ă (beam, girder), ograd ă (enclosure, courtyard, fence), podrum (used in Transilvania, and Moldavia), poli ţă (shelf), prag (threshold), pridvor (verandah), pod (in one of the meanings the Romanian word pod refers to the wooden floor used to pave the streets several centuries ago), zăbrea (iron bar), iesle (manger) in Croatian we find – ograda, jasle, podrum, pod, polica. Animals: bivol (buffalo), dihor (polecat), gâsc ă (), guşter (green lizard), cocoş (cock), crap (carp), cristei (corn crake), cârti ţă (mole), l ăstun (house martin), leb ădă (swan), molie (moth), nev ăs- tuic ă (weasel), ogar (grey hound), rac (crawfish), streche (gadfly), stârc (heron), trântor (drone), veveri ţă (squirrel), vrabie (sparrow), zimbru () as in the Croatian guska, gušter, kokot, krap, mo- ljac, rak, vjeverica, vrabac. Plants: castravete, mac, m ăslin ă, ov ăz (oats), pelin, r ăchit ă (o- sier willow), rapi ţă , rogoz (sedge), smochin ă, sfecl ă (beet root), tro- scot (knot grass). In Croatian: krastavac, mak, maslina, pelin, rogoz , smokva, repica. Nature: bezn ă (darkness), bârlog (den), bur ă (drizzle), dumb - rav ă (grove), deal (hill), grani ţă (border), izvor (spring), iaz (pond), lunc ă (water meadow), livad ă (one of the meanings is meadow), movil ă (hillok), nisip (sand), pajişte (lawn), peşter ă (cave), poian ă (clea- ring), potop (flood), pr ăpastie (abyss), snop (sheaf), tin ă (slime), val (wave), vifor (hurricane), v ăzduh (air), zare (sky line), zori (dawn), jar (embers) . In Croatian: dubrava, granica, izvor, zora, livada, po- top, poljana, snop, val, žar . In struments, tools, different objects: bici (whip), blid (earth- enware pan, platter), brici (razor), bârn ă (beam), bât ă (club), ciocan (ha mmer), dalt ă (chisel), grebl ă (rake), cleşte (tongs), clopot (bell), co- rabie ( ship), coas ă (scythe), coş (basket), coşciug (coffin), lan ţ (chain) , lavi ţă (sort of bench), lopat ă (shovel), nicoval ă (anvil), n ăvod (trawl) , perie (brush), pern ă (pillow), pinten (spur), pil ă (file), plosc ă (bed - pan), plug (plough), rogojin ă (mat), sit ă (sieve), suli ţă (spear), sfo- ar ă (string), sfeşnic (candlestick), teasc (wine press), tocil ă (whetstone ), toiag (staff), topor (axe), trâmbi ţă (trumpet), verig ă (chain loop) . In Croatian: bič, grablje, kosa, lanac, palica, pila, plug, sito. Metals and different substances: clei (glue), cositor (tin), cre- mene (flint), o ţel (steel), smoal ă (pitch), var (lime). Some of the Cro- 518 atian equivalents: kositar, kremen, smola . DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB Measures: pogon (acre), vadr ă (about three gallons). GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), Time: ceas (hour), r ăstimp (time), veac (century), vreme (wea- STR. 511-523 ther), vârst ă (age). The Croatian equivalents: čas, vijek, vrijeme. FIRIC Ă, C.: Days of the week: sâmb ătă (Saturday) – Croatian subota . SLAV INFLUENCE... Superstitions: moroi (ghost), vârcolac, zmeu (dragon) – vuko- dlak, zmaj in Croatian. Different: boal ă (disease), bub ă (swell, bump), bubuli ţă , ceat ă (group), ciread ă (herd), cârd (flock), fal ă (glory, pride), danie (lega - cy, gift), dar (gift, present), datin ă (tradition), duh (ghost, spirit), glas (), gloat ă (crowd, mob), gol (empty, naked), gr ămad ă (pile), ispit ă (temptation), chip (face, portrait), cobe (ill omen, pip), como- ar ă (treasure), a huli (to blaspheme), jir (beech nut), a se jeli (to com - plain, to mourn), leac (remedy, cure), n ăpast ă (calamity, plague), a năvăli (to attack, invade), norod (people), noroc (luck), nevoie (need ), nărav ( in one of the meanings character), obicei (habit), pacoste (nui - sance ), pestri ţ (motley), pl ăvai (white-bluish), plocon (gift, present), ponos (trouble, injury), poveste (story), primejdie (danger), pricin ă (cause), pustiu (desert, solitude), a se preda (to surrender), ran ă (wound), rând (row), rumen (red), slov ă (meaning Cyrillic letter), spor (headway), stavil ă (obstacle), slobod (free), a slobozi (to set free), soroc (term, period), tain ă (secret – noun ), tainic (secret – adjective ), veste (piece of news), vin ă (guilt), vraf (pile), vârf (top, peak), ălog (guarantee), zvon (rumour), z ăbav ă (one of the meanings – party, pastime), jertf ă (sacrifice) . Croatian has: bolest, buba, bubulica, kr- do, dar, duh, glas, gol, huliti, žir, žaliti se, navaliti, narav, narod, ne- volja, običaj, poklon, povijest, pustinja, predati se, rana, red, roditi, rumen, slobodan, osloboditi, sotona, tajna, tajni, trebati, slova, vije- sti, vrh, zalog, zvon. There is an interesting thing about nouns like plug (Cro- atian plug ), sit ă (Croatian sito ), război (de ţesut) (Croatian raz- boj ), brici (Croatian britva ), which Romanian borrowed from Slav, while the verbs corresponding to these nouns, a ara (to plough), a cerne (to sift), a ţese (weave), a rade (to shave) are of La- tin origin. Among elementary words that we have from Slavs, we can enumerate the adverb of manner – da , also met in Cro- atian with exactly the same meaning. Romanian also bor - rowed some old Slav prepositions – bez, na, ot, po, za – used in translations and which are not in use any more. Old Slav under its new form called Paleoslavonic – used in church firstly, and later outside of it by different Slavic peoples and by some of other origins (Romanians) who adopted the Orthodox religion – played in this part of the same role of a culture lan - guage, as medieval Latin played in other European peoples, those of Catholic religion (French, Italian, German, and, those of Slavic ori - gin, the Czechs, Slovenians, Polish, Croatians). (Mitu, 2005, 12). Despite the fact that before 1054 there were no distinct 519 concepts of Roman-Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, there DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB existed, yet, a rivalry between the two cultural, religious and GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), political centers – Rome and Constantinople. As the western STR. 511-523 missions reached Romanian territory very late and as they FIRIC Ă, C.: were successful particularly in , through the instru- SLAV INFLUENCE... mentality of Hungarian administration, Romanians were the only Latin-speaking nation who remained under the influ - ence of the Slav-Byzantine orthodox spirituality. Paleoslavo- nic continued to be for seven centuries the official language in Church and at Princely Court and this had linguistic con - sequences besides the cultural ones. Before getting into con - tact with the Slavs, Romanian had known Christianity in Latin so, most words related to religion are of Latin origin. Starting the IXth century Romanians witnessed the emer - gence of the Slav church founded by Methodius and Cyril and their disciples, embraced it and, consequently, Romanian vocabulary enriched itself with religious terms of Paleo- slavonic origin: blagoslovire (blessing), Hristos, iad (hell), icoan ă, idol, Isus, liturghie, maslu, molitv ă, molitvenic, rai, troi ţă , utrenie (early service), vecernie (evening service) who partly correspond to the Croatian words: blagosloviti, Krist, ikona, idol, Isus, litur- gija, misa, molitva, molitvenik, raj. To a later Slav influence be- long pop ă, vl ădic ă recognizable in Croatian words pop, vladika. Words like post (Croatian post ), milostenie (Croatian milo- stinja ), poman ă, also belong to Paleoslavonic and these words entered the stock of everyday vocabulary via church, as it is the case with duh, iad, rai, as well. (Sala, 1998, 94). In the pra- yer Our Father, the linguists traced old Slavonic words: a sfin ţi (to sanctify), voie (will), greşeal ă (trespass), ispit ă (temptation), a izb ăvi (to deliver). The use of Paleoslavonic in administration enriched Ro- mani an with adequate words: pravil ă (code of laws), stolnic (High Steward), vornic (in old times justice of the peace, headman of a vil - lage ), zapis (deed), while more recent words refer to the politi - cal organization: cinovnik, crai, ispravnic, vod ă, voievod (Cro- atian činovnik, kralj, vojvoda ); the obsolete adverb aşijdere(a) (too ) whose ending - jdere is of Slav origin. In many cases the Slav element came to replace, for dif - ferent reasons, words of Latin origin as is the case with mama , tata adopted by Romanians because they frequently heard them used by Slavs; other words entered everyday vocabu - lary through the instrumentality of church and this is the case with post (fasting) and poman ă (alms) that replaced the Latin sec, ajun . In Banat the Slav golub came to replace the Latin word of the bird porumb . In order to state precisely the Paleoslavonic origin of a word , the linguists appeal, when possible, to its phonetic aspect. 520 Thus, the presence of the sound h at the end of Romanian DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB words such as văzduh and duh proves the fact that we deal GOD. 19 (2010), BR. 3 (107), with old Paleoslavonic as, the Slav words that entered the lin - STR. 511-523 guistic stock by word of mouth, changed the final h into f: FIRIC Ă, C.: năduf (anger, burning heat), praf (Croatian prah ), vârf (Croatian SLAV INFLUENCE... vrh ). Quite a number of Romanian words inherited from Slav came to know, in the course of time, semantic changes, some of which are quite interesting and we mention only several of the much more numerous ones: blajin = soft-hearted

REFERENCES Aca demia Român ă, Institutul de lingvistic ă "Iorgu Iordan" (1996), Dic- ţionarul Explicativ al limbii române (DEX), Bucureşti, Univers Enciclo- pedic. Academia Român ă (1996), Gramatica limbii române , Bucureşti, Editura Academiei. Bărbulescu, I. (1929), Individualitatea limbii române şi elementele slave 521 vechi. Bucureşti. DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB Densuşianu, O. (1961), Istoria Limbii Române . Bucureşti, Editura Şti - GOD. 19 (2010), in ţific ă. BR. 3 (107), STR. 511-523 Dic ţionarul Explicativ al limbii române – http://dexonline.ro FIRIC Ă, C.: Dimitrescu, F. (1978), Istoria Limbii Române. Fonetic ă. Morfosintax ă. Lexic . SLAV INFLUENCE... Bucureşti , Editura Didactic ă şi Pedagogic ă. Dumistr ăcel, S. (1980), Lexic românesc. Cuvinte metafore, expresii . Bucu- reşti, Editura Ştiin ţific ă şi Enciclopedic ă. EUdict multilanguage online dictionary – http://www.eudict.com Filipi, . and Ionil ă, F. (2001), Hrvatsko-Rumunjski rječnik , Zagreb, Do- minović. Mitu, M. (2005), Slavona româneasc ă studii şi texte . Bucureşti, Editura Universit ăţ ii. Pătru ţ, I. (1974), Studii de limba român ă şi slavistic ă, Cluj, . Puşc ariu, S. (1940), Limba Român ă. Considera ţii generale . Bucureşti, Fun- da ţia pentru Literatur ă şi Art ă "Regele Carol II". Rosetti, Al. (1986), Istoria limbii române de la origini pân ă în secolul al XVII-lea , Bucureşti: Editura Ştiin ţifica şi Enciclopedic ă. Sala, M. (1998), De la latin ă la român ă, Bucureşti, Editura Univers En- ciclopedic.

Slavenski utjecaj na rumunjski jezik – direktne referencije na hrvatski Camelia FIRIC Ă Spiru Haret Sveučilište, Craiova

Rumunjski je jezik latinskoga podrijetla, kao što dokazuje više od 70% njegova leksika, ali posudio je riječi i iz slavenskoga leksika, osim onih njemačkih, mađarskih, turskih, francuskih i grčkih, što mu daje poseban karakter u odnosu na druge romanske jezike. Članak ističe utjecaj starih Slavena na rumunjski jezik te ilustrira sadašnje jezične stvarnosti dok navodi izravne referencije na jezične činjenice zajedničke hrvatskom, kao slavenskom, jeziku i rumunjskom. Smatramo kako je ovo važan korak u područje znanja te da će čitatelji postati svjesni jednoga manje poznatog aspekta – njegova slavenskoga nasljeđa – te nekoliko leksičkih sličnosti između jezika o kojima je riječ. Polazeći od riječi slavenskoga podrijetla u rumunjskom jeziku, od kojih su neke rabljenije od drugih, ali koje pripadaju književnom jeziku prošloga stoljeća, pratimo ih u hrvatskom jeziku uz pomoć rječnika. Navođenjem velikoga broja rumunjskih primjera nadamo se da smo pridonijeli svrsi i ideji članka.

Ključne riječi: utjecaj, posuđenice, rumunjski, slavenski, 522 hrvatski DRU[. ISTRA@. ZAGREB GOD. 19 (2010), Slawische Spuren in der rumänischen BR. 3 (107), STR. 511-523 Sprache – Direkte Einflüsse des FIRIC Ă, C.: Kroatischen SLAV INFLUENCE... Camelia FIRIC Ă Spiru Haret Universität, Craiova

Die rumänische Sprache stammt vom Lateinischen ab, wie sich anhand von mehr als 70% ihrer Lexik beweisen lässt. Doch gibt im Rumänischen auch viele Lehnwörter aus dem Slawischen, ferner aus dem Deutschen, Ungarischen, Türkischen, Französischen und Griechischen, was ihm im Vergleich mit anderen romanischen Sprachen einen besonderen Charakter verleiht. Die Verfasserin hebt den Einfluss des Altslawischen hervor und illustriert die aktuelle sprachliche Realität, wobei sie auf direkte Einflüsse bzw. sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten mit dem Kroatischen (als einer slawischen Sprache) verweist. Dies sei, so Firic ă, eine wichtige Erkenntnis, deren Sinn es sei, den weniger bekannten Aspekt des slawischen Erbguts im Rumänischen zu erhellen und einige lexische Ähnlichkeiten des Rumänischen und des Kroatischen hervorzuheben. Ausgehend von rumänischen Vokabeln slawischer Abstammung, die der Literatursprache des vergangenen Jahrhunderts angehören und eine jeweils unterschiedliche Häufigkeit aufweisen, spürt die Autorin diese Wörter in kroatischen Wörterbüchern auf. Dank der ziemlich großen Zahl rumänischer Vokabeln sind Ziel und Zweck dieses Artikels hinlänglich gerechtfertigt.

Schlüsselbegriffe: Einflüsse, Lehnwörter, Rumänisch, slawische Sprachen, Kroatisch

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