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CAROLINA CORREIA SILIPRANDI Are Landmarks Universidade de São Paulo Instituto Oceanográfico CAROLINA CORREIA SILIPRANDI Are landmarks analysis adequate to identify fish assemblages in a subtropical ecosystem? Study of case for the Araçá Bay (São Sebastião, Brazil). VERSÃO CORRIGIDA Tese apresentada ao Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de “Doutor em Ciências”, Programa Oceanografia, Área de Oceanografia Biológica. Julgada em ___/___/___ _________________________________ ______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _________________________________ ______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _________________________________ ______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _________________________________ ______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito _________________________________ ______________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Conceito ii SUMMARY FIGURE INDEX .................................................................................................................... iv TABLE INDEX ...................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (AGRADECIMENTOS) ................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... xi RESUMO ............................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1. Shape’s diversity towards ecomorphology: a historical review ....................... 15 1. Importance of the morphology in biological studies ................................................... 16 2. Historical survey about measuring the morphological variability ................................ 17 3. Quantitative techniques for measuring morphological variability ................................ 34 CHAPTER 2. Optimal fishing samplers to reveal the morphological structure of a fish assemblage in a subtropical tidal flat ................................................................................... 40 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 41 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 41 2. Material and Methods ................................................................................................ 44 2.1. Study area .......................................................................................................... 44 2.2. Sampling ............................................................................................................ 45 2.3. Geometric morphometric data and analysis ....................................................... 48 2.4. Measuring morphological diversity ..................................................................... 48 2.5. Statistical analysis .............................................................................................. 50 3. Results ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.1. Composition and morphological structure of the fish assemblage ...................... 50 3.2. Morphological variability according to each gear ................................................ 53 3.3. Effect of fishing gear on the fish assemblage ..................................................... 54 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 3. How diversity indicators reveal fish habitats use ............................................ 61 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 62 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 62 2. Material and Methods ................................................................................................ 66 2.1. Sampling ............................................................................................................ 66 2.2. Fish composition and habitat .............................................................................. 68 2.3. Morphological diversity ....................................................................................... 69 2.4. Functional Diversity ............................................................................................ 70 2.5. Taxonomic Diversity ........................................................................................... 72 2.6. Ecologic diversity ............................................................................................... 72 3. Results ...................................................................................................................... 73 iii 3.1. Fish composition and habitat .............................................................................. 73 3.2. Morphospaces of fish assemblages ................................................................... 77 3.3. Functional spaces of fish assemblages .............................................................. 79 3.4. Comparing diversity indices................................................................................ 82 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 4. Fish body shapes and otolith shapes: are them morphologically correspondent? …… ..................................................................................................................................... 92 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 93 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 93 2. Material and Methods ................................................................................................ 96 2.1. Sampling ............................................................................................................ 96 2.2. Otolith Size Parameters ..................................................................................... 97 2.3. Otolith Shape Indices ......................................................................................... 99 2.4. Geometric Morphology ..................................................................................... 101 2.5. Wavelet Transform Representation .................................................................. 102 2.6. Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................... 103 3. Results .................................................................................................................... 105 3.1. Morphometry .................................................................................................... 105 3.2. Shape Indices .................................................................................................. 110 3.4. Geometric Morphology ..................................................................................... 114 3.5. Wavelet Transform Representation .................................................................. 116 3.6. Morphological correspondence between otolith and fish body shapes ............. 124 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 126 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 132 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ...................................................................................... 136 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 145 iv FIGURE INDEX Figure 1. Rondelet’s Illustrations based on Aristotle’s descriptions of an adult sepia (left side), and a young dogfish (Mustelus laevis) still attached by the umbilical cord to its mother (right side) (Modified of BLITS, 1999). ........................................................... 18 Figure 2. Darwin's drawings of the different heads and beaks he found among the finches on the Galapagos Islands (Source: Darwin Online). ..................................... 24 Figure 3. D’Arcy Thompson example of homology as a smooth deformation, displaying the correspondence of homologous points (a) and by a Cartesian grid transformation (b) (Source BOOKSTEIN et al., 1985). ...................................................................... 27 Figure 4. a) Araçá Bay location, bordering São Sebastião Channel, north shore of São Paulo State, Brazil; b) Top view of the Araçá bay (Source: Gabriel Monteiro). ......... 45 Figure 5. Schemes of fishing gears employed in sampling fish faunal diversity in Araçá Bay: a) otter trawl; b) beach seine; c) encircling gillnet 1; d) encircling gillnet 2; and f) large and small gillnets; g) cast net; h) fish trap; and hook and line, not illustrated. (Source images: Ichthyofauna and Growth Laboratory – LABIC, University of São Paulo, designer: Laura Montserrat). .......................................................................... 47 Figure 6. Landmarks and semilandmarks used in the geometric
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