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Ethnicity, Development and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 4, Ver. III (Apr. 2014), PP 137-149 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Ethnicity, Development and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland Clifford Mabhena Institute of Development Studies- National University of Science and Technology-Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Abstract: This article argues that the hegemony of the Shona people in Zimbabwe has been largely influenced by ethnicity and the quest to dominate Matabeleland politically, socially and economically. Development marginalisation of Matabeleland region, I argue has been influenced by ethnicity and politics of revenge. The study used ethnography to collect data and hence in-depth interviews were used as data collection tools. The results of the study indicate that Matabeleland has been largely dominated by the Shona ethnic group, and arguments advanced by scholars for this dominance, it is argued, Ndebele dominated the Shona people in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was due to conquest by the marauding Ndebele warriors under the leadership of King Mzilikazi and latter on King Lobhengula. The ascendance of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF) in the 1980 independence elections opened the gates for the ascendancy of the Shona people as the party was pre-dominantly Shona speaking. The march to state house by the ZANUPF dominated party created a lot of tension between the two ethnic groups; Ndebele and Shona, and hence the lashing out of the fifth brigade in 1983 and 1984 in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces of the country. Key words: Hegemony, ethnicity, internal colonisation, marginalisation I. -
Mentioned Resolution of the Organization of Afri- Can Unity; “5
143 -.Part II mentioned resolution of the Organization of Afri- it was necessary that the Council should consider the can Unity; situation as a matter or urgency. It further stated that “5. Requests all States to assist the Organization despite resolutions 1747 (XVI), 1760 (XVII), 1883 of African Unity in the attainment of this objective; (XVIII) and 1889 (XVIII) of the General Assem- bly, the efforts of the Special Committee established “6. Requests the Organization of African Unity, under resolution 1654 (XVI) and of the United Nn- in accordance with Article 54 of the Charter of the tions Secretary-General, and the repeated appeals made United Nations, to keep the Security Council fully by the African Heads of State and Government, the informed of any action it may take under the present United Kingdom had done nothing to apply resolu- resolution; tion 15 14 (XV) to “its colony of Southern Rhodesia”. “7. Requc,s~s the Secretary-General of the United Moreover, the intensification of repressive measures Nations to follow the situation in the Congo and against the African nationalist leaders, the decision to to report to the Security Council at the appropriate hold elections on the basis of the Constitution of time.” 1961, and the threats of “the so-called Prime Minister The question remained on the list of matters with of the Territory to proclaim the independence” of which the Security Council is seized.‘O” Southern Rhodesia without regard for the opinion of the African inhabitants, had resulted in a deterioration SITUATION IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA of the situation, and had been characterized as consti- Ihxision of 6 May 1965 (1202nd meeting): tuting “a threat to international peace and security”. -
A Crucial Watershed in Southern Rhodesian Politics
A crucial watershed in Southern Rhodesian politics The 1961 Constitutional Process and the 1962 General Election E v e n t u e Högskolan på Gotlandll fi 2011 VTg ”Kandidatuppsats”u Författare: Jan Olssonr / Avdelningen för Historiab Handledare: Erik Tängerstadil d ( 1 F o r m a t Abstract The thesis examines the political development in Southern Rhodesia 1960-1962 when two processes, the 1961 Constitutional process and the 1962 General Election, had far- reaching consequences for the coming twenty years. It builds on a hypothesis that the Constitutional process led to a radicalisation of all groups, the white minority, the African majority and the colonial power. The main research question is why the ruling party, United Federal Party (UFP) after winning the referendum on a new Constitution with a wide margin could lose the ensuing election one year later to the party, Rhodesian Front (RF) opposing the constitution. The examination is based on material from debates in the Legal Assembly and House of Commons (UK), minutes of meetings, newspaper articles, election material etc. The hypothesis that the Constitutional process led to a radicalization of the main actors was partly confirmed. The process led to a focus on racial issues in the ensuing election. Among the white minority UFP attempted to develop a policy of continued white domination while making constitutional concessions to Africans in order to attract the African middle class. When UFP pressed on with multiracial structural reforms the electorate switched to the racist RF which was considered bearer of the dominant settler ideology. Among the African majority the well educated African middleclass who led the Nationalist movement, changed from multiracial reformists in late 1950‟s to majority rule advocates. -
Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: the Decolonisation of White Identity In
Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles J. L. Fisher Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe J. L. Fisher THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY E P R E S S E P R E S S Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/pioneers_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Fisher, J. L. (Josephine Lucy) Title: Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles : the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe / J. L. Fisher. ISBN: 9781921666148 (pbk.) 9781921666155 (pdf) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Decolonization--Zimbabwe. Whites--Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe--Politics and government--1980- Zimbabwe--Race relations. Dewey Number: 320.96891 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2010 ANU E Press Contents Abbreviations. ix Preface . xi 1 ..Introduction. 1 2 ..Zimbabwe’s.discourse.of.national.reconciliation . 27 3 ..Re-inscribing.the.national.landscape. 55 4 ..Zimbabwe’s.narrative.of.national.rebirth. 79 5 ..Decolonising.settler.citizenship. 103 6 ..The.mobilisation.of.indigeneity. 131 7 ..The.loss.of.certainty. 173 8 ..Zimbabwe’s.governance.and.land.reform.crises—a.postscript.201 -
Southern Africa
24 Southern Africa SHULA MARKS For much of the twentieth century British policies in southern Africa have been dominated by calculations about South Africa. The Union, later Republic, of South Africa has occupied a unique position in British Imperial strategy and imagination. Undergirding this status materially was South Africa's gold, while sustaining it ideologically were the labours of Sir Alfred Milner's 'kindergarten', that group of bright young men from Oxford who were brought to the Transvaal to reshape its institutions after the South African War (1899-1902), and who were themselves reshaped by the experience. As Lionel Curtis, ideologist of Imperial Federation, put it in a letter in 1907: 'South Africa is a microcosm and much that we thought peculiar to it is equally true of the Empire itself... When we have done all we can do and should do for South Africa it may be we shall have the time and training to begin some work of the same kind in respect of Imperial Relations.'1 Interconnected networks of City, Empire, and academe gave South Africa its importance to the advocates of Commonwealth at least until 1945. The role played by the 'kindergarten' in the unification of South Africa provided its members with a model for their wider vision of Imperial Federation, propounded in their Round Table movement and their journal of the same name; the fortunes made by mine magnates such as Rhodes, Beit, and Bailey were devoted to furthering the schemes of the Round Tablers, whether through scholarships, chairs of Imperial history, or the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House; their friendships For the purposes of this chapter, southern Africa has been defined as the Union of South Africa, the High Commission Territories (Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland), Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. -
General Assembly
UNITED NATIONS Distr. GENERAL GENERAL A/67co (Part I)* ASSEMBLY 5 December l967 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Twenty-second session Agenda item 23 REPORT OF 'IHE SPECIAL CONIIYII'ITEE ON 'IHE SI'IUATION WI'IH REGARD TO 'IHE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON 'IHE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL CCUNTRIES AND PEOPLES (covering its work during 1967) Rapporteur: Mr. Mohsen S. ESFANDIARY (Iran) CHAPTER I ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES OF 'IHE SPECIAL CCMMI'ITEE CONTENTS Chapter Paragraphs lfTTEH OF 'I·RANSMI 'IT.AL • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 I. ES'IABLISfuv!ENT, ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE SPECIAL COJ\1MI'ITEE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l - 332 5 I. ESTJ\BLISHMENT OF 'IRE SPECIAL COMMITTEE • • • • 1 - 13 5 II. OPENING OF 'IHE SPECIAL COMM.I'ITEE I s MEETINGS IN 1967. .. .. " . 14 - 35 14 III. ORGANIZATION OF WORK . " . 36 - 142 20 IV. MEETINGS OF 'IHE SPECIAL COMJvl.I'ITEE .AND ITS WORKING GRGUP ANTI SUB-COMMITTEES ••.• 143 - 160 49 v. CONSIDERATION OF TERRITORIES •••••• 161 - 164 53 VI. QUESTION OF SENDING VISITING GROUPS TO TERRITORIES •••••••• , •. • • . 165 - 170 VII. QUESTION OF THE LIST OF TERRITORIES TO vTHICH 'lliE DECLARATION IS APPLICABLE. • • • • • • • • 171 - 256 * This documEnt ccntaiLs chapter I of the Special Ccrr:mittee 1 s report to the General Asserrbly. Chapters lI to XXIV have been issued separately in documents A/6700 (Part II) and Add.l-15. ~he report as a wt.ale, incorporating the chapterE circulated as addenda, will ce issued subse~uen~Ly under the symbol A/6700/RevJ.. 67-29011 I ... I 4 IP, -2- CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs VIII. IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS 2151 (XXI), 2184 (XXI), 2189 (XXI) AND 2248 (s-v) AND PERTINENT RESOLUTIONS OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE: REQUESTS ADDRESSED TO SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND INTERNATIONAL INSTI'IUTIONS ••••• 257 - 259 86 IX. -
Racism in Colonial Zimbabwe 25 Alois S
Racism in Colonial Zimbabwe 25 Alois S. Mlambo Contents Introduction ...................................................................................... 430 Defining Racism ................................................................................. 430 Scientific Racism and the White Man’s Burden Idea .. ........................................ 431 Racism and the Black Peril Phenomenon ....................................................... 433 White Racism and the Alienation and Racialization of Land .................................. 436 A Racialized Labor Regime ..................................................................... 439 Some Are “More White” than Others (Mlambo 2000)......................................... 441 The Invisible Minorities ......................................................................... 442 Political Marginalization and Other Forms of Discrimination .. ............................... 443 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 444 References ....................................................................................... 444 Abstract Colonial Zimbabwe (known as Southern Rhodesia until 1965, and Rhodesia there- after until independence in 1980) was established in 1890 under the sponsorship of Cecil John Rhodes and his British South Africa Company (BSAC). Rhodes was a firm believer in the White-Man’s Burden idea of the duty of the Anglo-Saxon race to help “civilize” the “darker” corners of the world and regarded British imperialism -
Historical Background Information on Nationality
Historical background information on nationality Version 1.0 Page 1 of 23 Published for Home Office staff on 21 July 2017 Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................... 2 About this document................................................................................................... 4 Contacts ................................................................................................................. 4 Published ................................................................................................................ 4 British Nationality law ................................................................................................. 5 Before 1914 ................................................................................................................ 5 The position at common law ................................................................................... 5 Acquisition of British subject status by birth ........................................................ 5 Crown’s dominions .......................................................................................... 5 Extra-territorial jurisdiction ............................................................................... 5 Mandated and Trust territories ..................................................................... 6 Protectorates and protected states .............................................................. 6 Acquisition of British subject status -
British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa
Annals of Global History Volume 1, Issue 1, 2019, PP 37-47 British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule and Economic Development in Africa Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA *Corresponding Author: Ngozi Caleb Kamalu, Ph.D, Fayetteville State University, Department of Government & History, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, USA, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Although the goals of the colonial powers of controlling the human and material resources of Africa were alike, their means of achieving those colonial goals and interests were different by virtue of their different approaches in social control, economic development and political integration. Despite achieving independence, many African countries still suffer from the remnants of colonialism in the form of neocolonialism – economic, social, language and cultural dependencies. Other contemporary conflicts African countries face in the post-colonial era include border disputes, disparate and unequal patterns of economic development, cultural and language differences resulting from colonial histories and experiences. This paper sets to narrate the history and evolution of European presence in Africa; analyze different and competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. Keywords: Berlin Conference, Race and Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa, Bakassi Peninsula, Industrial Revolution, Slave Coast, Triangular Trade, Warrant Chiefs, Indirect Rule, Assimilation, Emancipation, Brazaville Conference, Poll Tax, Paternalism, Sabon Gari, Colonialism, Compulsory/ Forced labor. -
The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century
Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century Máire ní Fhlathúin University of Nottingham Various source media, 19th Century UK Periodicals EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The history of British imperialism during the nineteenth further expanded with the creation of the Dominion of century describes a process of expansion and Canada in 1867. Indigenous residents were displaced in consolidation, its success all the more remarkable for the process of settlement, and eventually formed a its unpromising beginnings. The idea of empire had lost small minority of the population. much of its attraction at the latter end of the eighteenth century, following revolution and war in North America and the loss of the thirteen American colonies. Australia and New Zealand Maintaining an empire was no longer seen as a James Cook’s three voyages of exploration between prerequisite for developing and protecting Britain’s 1768 and 1779 laid the foundations for the colonization international trade, and the influential economist Adam of Australia and New Zealand, and stimulated British Smith argued in 1776 that ‘Great Britain derives nothing trade and missionary activity across the Pacific islands. but loss from the dominion which she assumes over This was, from the beginning, a new kind of her colonies’. [1] Even as he wrote, however, new forms colonization. While the North American settlements of colonial domination were emerging at different had been founded on land purchased from its locations around the world. From across the British Amerindian occupants, Cook claimed a swathe of Isles, large numbers of settlers travelled to the main territory along the east coast of present-day Australia “white colonies” (Canada, Australia and New Zealand), for Britain on the grounds that it was terra nullius, establishing institutions and forms of government that empty or uncultivated land. -
Rhodesia to Zimbabwe a Chronology 1830 to 1976
Rhodesia To Zimbabwe A Chronology 1830 to 1976 by George M. Houser THE AFRICA FUND (Associated with The American Committee on Africa) 305 E. 46th St. * New York, N.Y. 10017 9 Telephone (212) 838-5030 16-~ 16 0N55 7 MASHONALAND NORTH ~ lae KaS / Namibia ~oo 10 T . .. .0 , o ledell ELsv' MASHONALAND OUTH * MILANDS O~on MATABELELANDNORTH *Redd:LU ANClANU.-*-Kt BOTSWANAFotVcri Rs~o~oyo*/ ~For, V'cto,, '..2 Shobon, LKele 1 VICTORI MATABELELAND SOUTH > MOZAMBIQUE SOUTH AFRICA 28 3 Note Provrnces -.- hove no posthon n requlor strvctvre of governmnft Zimbabwe FROM RHODESIA TO ZIMBABWE A conflict of major proportions is now coming to a head in southern Africa, as Africans struggling for a free Zimbabwe confront a white minority government whose sole aim is to protect the political power and economic privilege of the tiny Rhodesian settler population. The white minority numbers less than 280,000 in a population of over 6 million, but it is a minority determined to maintain its power and privilege as long as possible. History, for the white minority, begins with the aggressive expansionism of Cecil Rhodes. His central role in the work of British colonial occupation at the end of the 19th century is reflected in the naming of both Northern Rhodesia (now independent Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia in his honor. The attitude of most white settlers toward African history prior to white occupation is accurately summed up by the white Rhodesian who told a New York Times reporter: "The African has no past, very little present without white or yellow help, and no future of his own." Rhodesian settlers use this argument to justify the history of white minority rule, to explain the present repression of Africans and to project continued white rule into the future. -
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Under a Fulbright Grant
50 cents AFRICCA TODAY PAMN PHLET%*# The FEDERATION of RHODESIAand NYASALAND: THE CONTRIBUTORS CHANNING B. RICHARDSON is Professor of Government at Hamilton College, New York. During 1957-58 he lived in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland under a Fulbright Grant. A graduate of Amherst College and Columbia Uni versity, Dr. Richardson directed a displaced persons camp in Germany and Arab refugee camps in Palestine. He has written articles for the Foreign Policy Association, Africa South, etc. M. IV. KANYAMA CHIUME was born in Nyasaland in 1929. He attended Makerere College in Uganda and taught in a mission school in Tanganyika. He returned to Nyasaland in 1954 and was elected to the Nyasaland Legisla tive Council. In 1958 he became publicity secretary of the Nyasaland African Congress and attended the All-African People's Conference in Ghana. He was in Mombasa when the emergency was declared in Nyasaland and has since travelled widely in Africa, Europe, and the United States pleading the cause of self-government for Nyasaland. Guy CLUTTON-BROCK was born in 1906 and graduated from Cambridge Uni versity. He was director of several London social settlements before going to Africa. For a decade beginning in 1949 he was director of agricultural and village development at St. Faith's Mission, Rusape, Southern Rhodesia. In February, 1959, he was imprisoned for a month under the emergency regula tions of Southern Rhodesia. He is chairman of the Southern Rhodesia De tainees Legal Aid and Welfare Fund and representative of the African Devel opment Trust in Central Africa. He is author of the new book, "Dawn in Nyasaland," published by Hodder and Stoughton in England.