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Phosphorus-Sulphur Donor Complexes of Palladium, Nickel and Iridium

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Phosphorus-Sulphur Donor Complexes of Palladium, Nickel and Iridium Phosphorus-Sulphur Donor Complexes of Palladium, Nickel and Iridium: Preparation, Coordination and Structural Characterisation Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Cardiff for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Simon James Baker April 2007 1 UMI Number: U584975 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584975 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract Commercially available substrates for the synthesis of chiral bidentate phosphinothiolate and phosphinothioether ligands are usually limited with low molecular weights. We report the synthesis of two sterically diverse ligands and how their backbones can influence reactivity and coordination geometries. Phosphinothiol ligand 2-(diphenylphosphino)cyclohexanethiol (L*H) has been successfully synthesised using commercially available cyclohexene sulphide and fully characterised. A second chiral bidentate phosphinothiolate ligand 9, 10-ethanoanthracene-2-diphenylphosphino- 1-ethanethiol, 9-10-dihydro, (L 2H) has been synthesised via a seven step process derived from anthracene. A series of phosphinothioether ligands have been synthesised using the phosphinothiolate L JLi and L2K precursors. The series includes thioether moieties containing benzyl (L 1Bn, L 2Bn), 1-methyl naphthalene (L1 1-MN, L 2 1-MN) and 9-methyl anthracene (L^-MAN, L29-MAN). L*H reacts with divalent nickel and palladium to form complexes of general formula M(L * ) 2 (7, M=Ni), ( 8 , M=Pd), [M(L 1)C1] 2 (9. M=Ni) and MCL^MCP (11, M=Pd). We also report the formation of a novel dimer complex using the well researched 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethanethiol (dppet) ligand, [M(dppet)Cl ] 2 (10, M=Pd). We report the first structural characterisation of a nickel phosphinothiolate bis-chelate and dimer complexes. L2H reacts with divalent palladium to produce a number of polymeric complexes; M(L 2 ) 2 (12, M=Pd), M(L 2 S 0 2) 2 (13, M=Pd) M[(L 2 )C1] 2 (14, M=Pd) MCl 2 [Pd(L 2 )2M(H20)Cl2] 2 (15, M=Pd) M[(L 1)C1] 3 (16. M=Pd). Complexes are structurally analysed via their crystallographic data and compared. Complexation of phosphinothioether ligands using divalent nickel and palladium yield the following dihalide complexes M(L 1Bn)Br 2 (17, M=Ni), (18, M=Pd), M (L 1Bn)Cl 2 (19, M=Ni), (20, M=Pd), M(L 11-MN)C12 (21, M=Pd), M(1-MNL 11- MN)C12 (22, M=Pd), M(L 19-MAN)C12 (23, M=Pd). The resulting complexes are structurally compared to similar complexes reported in the literature. We report a similar series of phosphinothioether ligands as previously described using the phosphinothiolate precursor L 2 K. Complexation of these ligands with divalent palladium resulted in the corresponding dichloride complexes Pd(L 2Bn)Cl 2 (24), Pd(L 2 l-M N)Cl2 (26) and Pd(L 29-MAN)Cl2 (28). NMR analysis revealed the complexes were fluxional between conformations and diastereoisomers at room temperature. Variable temperature NMR studies show the relative intensities of the inter-converting species. Finally the series of phosphinothioether ligands were coordinated using iridium cod chloride dimer to form complexes: Ir(L Bn)(cod) (25), Ir(L l-MN)(cod) (27) and Ir(L29-MAN)(cod) (29). 2 DECLARATION This work has not been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed Date......... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed Date o s I ® H- \ o 3- STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ....................................... Date............... 3 Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge Johnson Matthey for their financial support of this work and providing the metal precursors. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Nancy Dervisi, for providing me with the opportunity to carry out this work and for her guidance throughout the project. Most of all, I appreciate her support and encouragement to complete my studies. Thank you. Thanks are due to all my friends and colleagues in the department of Chemistry, past and present. I would like to thank all the members of the group Dr Despina Koursarou and Dr Christina Carcedo for their encouragement throughout the time of my studies. I’d like to say a special thank you to Rob Jenkins for all his advice and time spent recording the low temperature NMRs and electrospray mass spectroscopy. A thank you goes to Dr Li-Ling Ooi for her time and effort recording and resolving the X-ray crystallography analysis. I want to pay a special tribute to my family for whom all of this would not be possible without their continued support, not only through my PhD but also throughout my entire studies. Finally I’d like to say a thank you to all the current and past members of the chemistry football team (Chemsoc) for all the enjoyable moments that we have shared over the seasons. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................5 List of tables ............................................................................................................................ 7 List of figures .......................................................................................................................... 9 List of schemes......................................................................................................................12 Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................16 1.1 Coordination chemistry ..........................................................................................16 1.1.1 Crystal field theory .............................................................................................17 1.1.2 Molecular orbital theory ....................................................................................20 1.2 Hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) ................................................................. 24 1.3 Chelating ligands .................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Chelate effect..................................................................................................... 25 1.3.2 Macrocyclic effect ..............................................................................................26 1.4 Trans effect and influence ..................................................................................... 27 1.5 Phosphine chemistry; electronic and steric properties ........................................28 1. 6 Sulphur chemistry.................................................................................................. 29 1.6.1 Thiolates.................................................................................................................. 30 1.6.2 Thioethers............................................................................................................31 1.7 Mixed donor ligands .............................................................................................. 31 1. 8 Phosphinothiol ligands ...........................................................................................32 1.8.1 Ring opening of episulfides .............................................................................. 33 1.8.2 Nucleophilic substitution .................................................................................. 36 1.8.3 Reduction of phosphinothiol oxides ............................................................... 37 1.9 Phosphinothioether ligands ....................................................................................38 1.10 Coordination chemistry of phosphinothiols ......................................................... 41 1.11 Phosphinothioether coordination .......................................................................... 43 1.12 Catalysis.................................................................................................................. 44 1.13 Aims of the project ................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 2 Ligand synthesis ...............................................................................................49 2.1 Phosphinothiol ligands ...........................................................................................49
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