Underlying Representations
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Signature Sound Summaries
SIGNATURE SOUND SUMMARIES This is a condensed version of the signature sounds and additional features described in detail in the books and booklets published by Paul Meier Dialect Services. Use this “cheat sheet” for quick, easy reference, but only after you have fully understood the complete text with its many details, exceptions, and qualifying remarks. The accent/dialect summaries are listed below in alphabetical order, one page each for easy printing and use. Accent/Dialect Page Afrikaans 2 American Southern 3 Australian 4 Cockney 5 Deep South 6 Downeast N. England 7 French 8 General American 9 German 10 Hampshire 11 Indian 12 Irish 13 Italian 14 Liverpool 15 New York 16 Northern Ireland 17 Russian 18 Scottish 19 South Boston 20 Spanish 21 Stand. British English 22 Welsh 23 Yiddish 24 Yorkshire 25 ©Paul Meier Dialect Services, 2009 http://www.paulmeier.com SIGNATURE SOUND SUMMARIES AFRIKAANS SIGNATURE SOUNDS 1. kit [ə] sometimes [i] if [p, t, or k] follows 2. dress [e or ɪ] 3. trap [ɛ] 4. lot/cloth [ɒ̹] 5. foot [u] 6. bath [ɑ̹] 7. non-rhotic; /r/ following vowel is silent 8. nurse [ɞ] 9. face [aɪ] 10. thought [ɔ]̹ 11. goat [ɐɘ] 12. goose [ʉ]; [j] used before the vowel following alveolar consonants 13. /h/ elided 14. pre-vocalic /r/ [ɾ or r] 15. voiced /th/ [d̪]; unvoiced /th/ [f] ADDITIONAL FEATURES a. no aspiration for [p, t, k], esp. initially in word or syllable b. final voiced obstruents devoiced c. unstressed /-et/, /-ed/ endings [ət, əd], e.g. pocketed [ˈpɒ̹kətəd] d. pure vowel, not schwa in initial unstressed syllables. -
Is Phonological Consonant Epenthesis Possible? a Series of Artificial Grammar Learning Experiments
Is Phonological Consonant Epenthesis Possible? A Series of Artificial Grammar Learning Experiments Rebecca L. Morley Abstract Consonant epenthesis is typically assumed to be part of the basic repertoire of phonological gram- mars. This implies that there exists some set of linguistic data that entails epenthesis as the best analy- sis. However, a series of artificial grammar learning experiments found no evidence that learners ever selected an epenthesis analysis. Instead, phonetic and morphological biases were revealed, along with individual variation in how learners generalized and regularized their input. These results, in combi- nation with previous work, suggest that synchronic consonant epenthesis may only emerge very rarely, from a gradual accumulation of changes over time. It is argued that the theoretical status of epenthesis must be reconsidered in light of these results, and that investigation of the sufficient learning conditions, and the diachronic developments necessary to produce those conditions, are of central importance to synchronic theory generally. 1 Introduction Epenthesis is defined as insertion of a segment that has no correspondent in the relevant lexical, or un- derlying, form. There are various types of epenthesis that can be defined in terms of either the insertion environment, the features of the epenthesized segment, or both. The focus of this paper is on consonant epenthesis and, more specifically, default consonant epenthesis that results in markedness reduction (e.g. Prince and Smolensky (1993/2004)). Consonant -
The American Intrusive L
THE AMERICAN INTRUSIVE L BRYAN GICK University of British Columbia The well-known sandhi phenomenon known as intrusive r has been one of the longest-standing problems in English phonology. Recent work has brought to light a uniquely American contribution to this discussion: the intrusive l (as in draw[l]ing for drawing and bra[l] is for bra is in southern Pennsylvania, compared to draw[r]ing and bra[r] is, respectively, in British Received Pronunciation [RP]). In both instances of intrusion, a historically unattested liquid consonant (r or l) intervenes in the hiatus between a morpheme-final nonhigh vowel and a following vowel, either across or within words. Not surprisingly, this process interacts crucially with the well- known cases of /r/-vocalization (e.g., Kurath and McDavid 1961; Labov 1966; Labov, Yaeger, and Steiner 1972; Fowler 1986) and /l/-vocalization (e.g., Ash 1982a, 1982b), which have been identified as important markers of sociolinguistic stratification in New York City, Philadelphia, and else- where. However, previous discussion of the intrusive l (Gick 1999) has focused primarily on its phonological implications, with almost no attempt to describe its geographic, dialectal, and sociolinguistic context. This study marks such an attempt. In particular, it argues that the intrusive l is an instance of phonological change in progress. Descriptively, the intrusive l parallels the intrusive r in many respects. Intrusive r may be viewed simplistically as the extension by analogy of a historically attested final /r/ to words historically ending in a vowel (gener- ally this applies only to the set of non-glide-final vowels: /@, a, O/). -
Between-Word Junctures in Early Multi-Word Speech
This is a repository copy of Between-word junctures in early multi-word speech. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1571/ Article: Newton, C. and Wells, B. (2002) Between-word junctures in early multi-word speech. Journal of Child Language, 29 (2). pp. 275-299. ISSN 0305-0009 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000902005044 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ J. Child Lang. (), –. # Cambridge University Press DOI: .\S Printed in the United Kingdom Between-word junctures in early multi-word speech* CAROLINE NEWTON Department of Human Communication Science, University College London, UK BILL WELLS Department of Human Communication Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK (Received February . Revised April ) Most children aged ; to ; begin to use utterances of two words or more. -
Sociolinguistics LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE General Editors: Geoffrey Leech & Mick Short, Lancaster University Already published: Analysing Sentences (2nd edition) Noel Burton-Roberts Words and Their Meaning Howard Jackson An Introduction to Phonology Francis Katamba Grammar and Meaning Howard Jackson Realms of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics Th. R. Hofmann An Introduction to Psycholinguistics Danny D. Steinberg An Introduction to Spoken Interaction Anna-Brita Stenström Watching English Change Laurie Bauer Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics Jenny Thomas An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics Friedrich Ungerer and Hans-Jörg Schmid Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose Mick Short Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction William O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky and Francis Katamba Analysing Sentences Noel Burton-Roberts An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Through Prolog Clive Matthews An Introduction to Child Language Development Susan Foster-Cohen The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics Henry Rogers An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching Keith Johnson An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th edition) Janet Holmes An Introduction to Sociolinguistics Fourth Edition JANET HOLMES First published 1992 by Pearson Education Limited Second edition published 2001 Third edition published 2008 Fourth edition published 2013 Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1992, 2001, 2008, 2013, Taylor & Francis. The right of Janet Holmes to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
From "RP" to "Estuary English"
From "RP" to "Estuary English": The concept 'received' and the debate about British pronunciation standards Hamburg 1998 Author: Gudrun Parsons Beckstrasse 8 D-20357 Hamburg e-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................i List of Abbreviations............................................................................... ii 0. Introduction ....................................................................................1 1. Received Pronunciation .................................................................5 1.1. The History of 'RP' ..................................................................5 1.2. The History of RP....................................................................9 1.3. Descriptions of RP ...............................................................14 1.4. Summary...............................................................................17 2. Change and Variation in RP.............................................................18 2.1. The Vowel System ................................................................18 2.1.1. Diphthongisation of Long Vowels ..................................18 2.1.2. Fronting of /!/ and Lowering of /"/................................21 2.2. The Consonant System ........................................................23 2.2.1. The Glottal Stop.............................................................23 2.2.2. Vocalisation of [#]...........................................................26 -
Analogy in the Emergence of Intrusive-R in English MÁRTON SÓSKUTHY University of Edinburgh 2
Analogy in the emergence of intrusive-r in English MÁRTON SÓSKUTHY University of Edinburgh 2 ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel approach to the phenomenon of intrusive-r in English based on analogy. The main claim of the paper is that intrusive-r in non-rhotic ac- cents of English is the result of the analogical extension of the r∼zero alternation shown by words such as far, more and dear. While this idea has been around for a long time, this is the first paper that explores this type of analysis in detail. More specifically, I provide an overview of the developments that led to the emergence of intrusive-r and show that they are fully compatible with an analogical approach. This includes the analysis of frequency data taken from an 18th century corpus of English compiled specifically for the purposes of this paper and the discussion of a related development, namely intrusive-l. To sharpen the predictions of the analog- ical approach, I also provide a mathematically explicit definition of analogy and run a computer simulation of the emergence of the phenomenon based on a one million word extract from the 18th century corpus mentioned above. The results of the simulation confirm the predictions of the analogical approach. A further advantage of the analysis presented here is that it can account for the historical development and synchronic variability of intrusive-r in a unified framework. 3 1 INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of intrusive-r in various accents of English has inspired a large number of generative analyses and is surrounded by considerable controversy, mainly because of the theoretical challenges that it poses to Optimality The- ory and markedness-based approaches to phonology (e.g. -
Department of English Linguistics School of English and American Studies Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary Table of Contents
The Odd Yearbook 2014 Department of English Linguistics School of English and American Studies Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................i Fodor, Brigitta: Scottish Vowel Length: Regular Vowel Length Alternations and the Raising of /ae/ in Scottish Standard English ........................................................................................ 1 Pándi, Julianna Sarolta: Flapping in American English: A Theoretical Approach .............. 14 Szalay, Tünde: L Vocalisation in Three English Dialects .................................................... 35 Szabó, Petra Florina: Social and Regional Variation and Intrusive /r/ ................................. 49 Szabó, Lilla Petronella: “You’re a good friend, bro!”—A Corpus-based Investigation of the Meanings of ‘bro’ ................................................................................................................. 81 Kiss, Angelika: A remark on the Individual/Stage-Level Predicate Distinction in English ... 98 Biczók, Bálint: Approaches to Antecedent-Contained Deletion ......................................... 110 Tomacsek, Vivien: Approaches to the Structure of English Small Clauses ......................... 128 Kucsera, Márton: Restrictive relative clauses in Alignment Syntax .................................. 155 Foreword This is the ninth volume in the series ODD Yearbook, which is the collection of undergraduate -
0 Hyman Vita April 2021
LARRY M. HYMAN Professor of Linguistics & Executive Director, France-Berkeley Fund Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2650 http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman/ • [email protected] BIRTHDATE PLACE OF BIRTH NATIONALITY September 26, 1947 Los Angeles U.S.A. EDUCATION University of California, Los Angeles B.A. (Linguistics) 1969 University of California, Los Angeles M.A. (Linguistics) 1969 University of California, Los Angeles Ph.D. (Linguistics) 1972 HONORS/AWARDS Honors at Entrance, UCLA, 1965 Kiwanis Club Scholarship, Fall 1965 President’s and University Scholarships, 1965-1968 Honors Program, UCLA, 1966-1969 Education Abroad Program, Bordeaux, France, 1966-1967 N.D.E.A. Title VI Fellowships (to study Igbo, Hausa, Bamileke), 1968-1970 Departmental Scholar, Department of Linguistics, 1968-1969 Phi Beta Kappa, graduated Summa cum Laude, June 1969 UCLA Alumni Award for Distinguished Service in the Humanities, 1972 Cultural Exchange, Affaires Etrangères, France, January 1976 John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, 1977-1978 Albert S. Raubenheimer Distinguished Faculty Award, University of Southern California, 1987 Chancellor’s Professor, UC Berkeley, 1996-1999 Distinguished Service Award, Social Sciences Division, UC Berkeley, 2002 Médaille du Collège de France, January 2004. Elected Fellow, Linguistic Society of America, January 2007 EFL International Chair of Quantitative and Experimental Linguistics, Paris, September-December 2012 President, Linguistic Society of America, 2017 (Vice-President, 2016; Immediate Past President, 2018) Victoria A. Fromkin Lifetime Service Award, Linguistic Society of America, 2021 Chevalier, Ordre des Palmes Académiques, France, 2021 GRANTS/FELLOWSHIPS Fulbright-Hays Dissertation Year Fellowship, Nigeria-Cameroon, 1970-1971, approx. $5000 Postdoctoral Fellowship, Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1973- 1975, approx. -
Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller
Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context Daniela Müller To cite this version: Daniela Müller. Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross- linguistic context. Linguistics. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. English. NNT : 2011TOU20122. tel-00674530 HAL Id: tel-00674530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530 Submitted on 27 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORATDEL’UNIVERSITÉDETOULOUSE délivré par l’université de toulouse 2 - le mirail discipline: sciences du langage zur erlangung der doktorwürde DERNEUPHILOLOGISCHENFAKULTÄT DERRUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄTHEIDELBERG présentée et soutenue par vorgelegt von DANIELAMÜLLER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LATERAL IN OCCITAN DIALECTS ANDTHEIRROMANCEANDCROSS-LINGUISTICCONTEXT JURY Jonathan Harrington (Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Francesc Xavier Lamuela (Catedràtic, Universitat de Girona) Jean-Léonard Léonard (Maître de conférences HDR, Paris -
The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology
Durham E-Theses The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN How to cite: AHMED, ZHWAN,OTHMAN (2019) The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13290/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology Zhwan Othman Ahmed A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages and Cultures Durham University 2019 Abstract This thesis investigates phonological processes in Sorani Kurdish within the framework of Element Theory. It studies two main varieties of Sorani spoken in Iraq which are Slemani and Hawler. Since the phonology of SK is one of the least studied areas in Kurdish linguistics and the available studies provide different accounts of its segments, I start by introducing the segmental system of the SK dialect group. -
An Amphichronic Approach to English Syllabification
An amphichronic approach to English syllabification Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero University of Manchester PREVIEW OF THE ARGUMENT §1 This paper is an exercise in ‘amphichronic linguistics’ (Kiparsky 2006, Bermúdez-Otero 2013). It illustrates the proposition that: • synchronic phonological universals (specially those concerning the modular architecture of grammar) delimit possible pathways of phonological change; • but the structure of particular phonological systems cannot itself be understood without reference to the diachronic pathways from which they emerge. §2 My evidence will be drawn from the history of phrase-level syllabification in English. I focus on the problem of the behaviour of word-final consonants immediately followed by a vowel across a grammatical word boundary: i.e. …C GWord][GWord V… §3 Using both internal linguistic evidence and data from poetic metre, Minkova (2003: ch. 4) shows that, • in Old English (OE), resyllabification was normally blocked by a process of []- insertion that avoided empty onsets in stressed syllables; σ σs …C GWord][GWord V… • in Middle English (ME), []-insertion became optional, enabling the rise of phrase-level resyllabification into onsets. σ σ …C GWord][GWord V… The problem, surprisingly, is how to follow up Minkova’s narrative into the present! In Present-day English (PDE), word-final prevocalic consonants display both onset-like and coda-like properties; their syllabic affiliation is, therefore, a disputed issue. §4 Since Kahn (1976), a popular answer to the problem of the syllabic affiliation of word-final prevocalic consonants in PDE has been ambisyllabicity: σ σ …C GWord][GWord V… RUMMIT, UMass, Amherst, 6 April 2013 2 I shall argue, however, that Kahnian ambisyllabicity incurs fatal paradoxes because it attempts to use syllabification alone to describe the effects on consonantal allophony of three different factors: the segmental environment, stress, and grammatical word boundaries.