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Passengers, Packages, and Copper: the Steamer Pewabic, Its Archaeology, Management, Material Culture, and the Development of the Keweenaw Peninsula

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Passengers, Packages, and Copper: the Steamer Pewabic, Its Archaeology, Management, Material Culture, and the Development of the Keweenaw Peninsula PASSENGERS, PACKAGES, AND COPPER: THE STEAMER PEWABIC, ITS ARCHAEOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, MATERIAL CULTURE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA by Philip Alexander Hartmeyer May, 2014 Director of Thesis: Dr. Bradley Rodgers Major Department: Department of History, Program in Maritime Studies Pewabic was a passenger/package freight propeller with multiple identities that will serve in this study to better understand the tourism explosion and the copper boom of the Great Lakes during the Civil War. The hybrid steamer brought urbanites to the vast forests of Lake Superior upbound while filling its hold with 250 tons of native copper to sell on the Detroit mineral market downbound. Pewabic represents the essence of the middle nineteenth century Great Lakes economic and cultural zeitgeist having tapped into two profitable enterprises. The primary goal is to place the short-lived Pewabic into the larger context of Great Lakes commerce and tourism by researching its economic role during the Keweenaw copper boom and its therapeutic role for war-torn Americans. Documentary historical sources and archaeological data will be used to unearth the identities of Pewabic afloat as well as the new identities it has adopted as an archaeological site, a gravesite, and salvage training ground. PASSENGERS, PACKAGES, AND COPPER: THE STEAMER PEWABIC, ITS ARCHAEOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, MATERIAL CULTURE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA A Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Maritime Studies By Philip Alexander Hartmeyer May, 2014 © Philip Alexander Hartmeyer, 2014 PASSENGERS, PACKAGES, AND COPPER: THE STEAMER PEWABIC, ITS ARCHAEOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, MATERIAL CULTURE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KEWEENAW PENINSULA By Philip Alexander Hartmeyer APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: ________________________________________________________________________ Bradley Rodgers, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________________ Lynn Harris, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________________ Nathan Richards, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________________ James Delgado, PhD CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: ___________________________________________________________________ Gerald Prokopowicz, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _________________________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any undertaking of this nature, this thesis could not have been possible without key supporters. Thanks to my colleagues in Alpena and Silver Spring for the continued support and opportunity. Wayne Lusardi has been with me and Pewabic since the beginning, and deserves gratitude for providing sources and friendship and always challenging my research. To Dr. Jim Allan, who inspired me to pursue this life journey and to Dr. Bradley Rodgers, who offered insight and calming conversation throughout the process. To my committee for their assistance in molding this thesis and providing constructive comments and new angles. To my friends in Greenville for the encouragement and grounding when I needed it most. Finally, to Mom and Dad, none of this would be possible without the drive you instilled in me and the support you provided along the way. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 4 Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORIES OF THE INDUSTRIES IT FACILITATED ................... 12 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12 Barrels, Boxes, and Bags ...................................................................................................... 15 Red Gold............................................................................................................................. 18 Copper in the Civil War ....................................................................................................... 22 Different Mineral, Same Transport Problems ........................................................................ 25 General Cargo ...................................................................................................................... 27 ‘All Aboard! ........................................................................................................................ 28 Steam Travel Gets Accessible .............................................................................................. 28 Life Upstairs ........................................................................................................................ 30 Life in Steerage .................................................................................................................... 33 Boats in the Keweenaw Psyche ............................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER THREE: ORIGINS OF PASSENGER/PACKAGE FREIGHT PROPELLERS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PEWABIC ................................................................................... 39 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 39 The Need for a New Vessel .................................................................................................. 40 Vandalia: Passenger/Package Propeller Prototype ................................................................. 41 The Forest City: Hub of the Northern Frontier ...................................................................... 43 “One of the Finest on the Lakes” .......................................................................................... 45 Pewabic’s Final Voyage ....................................................................................................... 52 Archaeology of Pewabic ...................................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER FOUR: FROM SALVAGE TARGET TO SHIPWRECK CELEBRITY – THE MANAGEMENT HISTORY OF PEWABIC ........................................................................... 66 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 66 Who Owns Pewabic, and Does Anyone Care? ...................................................................... 67 The Curse of the Copper....................................................................................................... 68 The First Diver to Return Alive ............................................................................................ 71 The Bell ............................................................................................................................... 73 The “Iron Duke” .................................................................................................................. 80 The Dormant Period: 1917 – 1974 ........................................................................................ 85 The Final Salvage................................................................................................................. 87 Early State Legislation ......................................................................................................... 91 Federal Involvement ............................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER FIVE: MATERIAL CULTURE ............................................................................. 96 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 96 What Was Salvaged, When? ................................................................................................. 99 State Collection: Cargo....................................................................................................... 104 State Collection: Equipment ............................................................................................... 106 State Collection: Tableware ................................................................................................ 107 Besser Museum .................................................................................................................. 110 Besser Collection: Cargo .................................................................................................... 111 Besser Collection: Personal Effects .................................................................................... 113 Artifact Reuse .................................................................................................................... 115 CONCLUSION
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