mE STORY· OF THE Nt\TIONS
EDmON ~bt ~tOt~ of tbe Jaations.
SICILY ~--~------~ THE STO~Y OF THE NATIONS
J. ROMB. By ARTIIUR GILMAS, 2'), THB NORMANS. lIy SAIlAIi M.A•. ORNK J RWETT. 2. THB JEWS. By Prof. J. K. JV. THB BYZANTINB EMPIRE. HOSMER. ByC. W. C. OMAN. 3. GERMANY. Ily Rev. S. IJA"'''il;' Jl. 8IOILY: Pbmnlolan, Gre.k and GOULIil M.A. Roman. Uy the late J'ruf. E. .. CARTHAGB. Ily Prof. ALI'R." A. lo'RlmMAN • J. CHURCIt. 32. THB TUSCAN REPUBLICS. s. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Ily Hy BELLA lJl'F"P'Y. Prof. J. P. MAHAYFY. 3]. POLAND. Dy W. R. MORP.L •• , 6. THB MOORS IN SPAIN. Dy M.A. STAHLEY LANE,PooLE. 34. PARTHIA. Dy Prof. GIlORc.n 7. ANCIBNT EGYPT. By Prof. RAWLINSON. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35. AUSTRALIAN COMMON- 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ARM'NIUS WEAI.TH. By GREVII ••• " VAMBERV. TRRGARTItEN. 9. THB SARACENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAUI. Dy H.·F., WATTS. GILMAN. M.A. 31. IAPAN. Dy DAV'" MURRAY, • 0 IRELAND. By Ih. Hon. EMILY Ph.D• LAWLESS. ]8. SOUTH AFRICA. Dy GEORG It II. CHALDEA. By ZENA'"'' A. M. THKAL. RAGOZJN. 39. VENICB. Ily A •. nTHEA Wmr.. 12. THB GOTHS. By HENkY BkAI>. 40. THE CRUSADES. Jly T. A. LEY• ARCIfI~R and C. L. KL'lriliSI/fJRU. • J. ASSYRIA. lly ZEN Ai.,,, A. 4" VEDIO INDIA. By Z. i\. RA· RAr,ozl:'f, (;(JlIK. '4. TURKEY. lly Sa'L'" LANI(. p. WESTINDIEBand tbeSPANIBH POOLE. IrtAlN. Jjy JA"'h.!'o ROHWAY. ',So BOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 4j. BOHElIIIlA. lIy C. EOMu,,, THOROLD ROta-:RS. MAUf
I..o'!DOS: T. FISHER t:NWIN, PATERNOSTER S'll'ARE, E.C. • ------~. - ~ ------~
•
• ,
• PHOENICIAN, GREEK, & ROMAN
BY
EDWARD A. FREEMAN, M.A., HON. D.C.L., LL.D.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF r..IODERN HISTORY, OXFORD. FELLOW OF ORIEL COLLEGE. HONORARY PELLOW OF TRINITY COLLBGE, OXFORD
THIRD EDITION
LONDON • T. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. COPYRIGHT BY T. FISIIER llN\\'IN. 1892
v ~ ~51 r 7 CL.
IN undertaking "to contribute ·a short History c,f Sicily to the series called The Story of the Nations," Mr. Freeman says, in the Preface to his greater work on the same subject, that he did so "on the express ground that Sicily never was the home of any nation, but rather the meeting-place of many." The original suggestion had been that he should write a volume on Norman Sicily. But in view of the necessity of first introducing his readers to the earlier stages of Sicilian lflstory, this suggestion finally ripened into the proposal to write the wh-ole story of Sicily, from the earliest days of the Greek colonisation to the time of Frederick the Second. The idea grew. It had for'many yeqrs been a favourite saying of Mr. Freeman that" in order bo write a small history you must first write a large one." viii PREFACE. In this way the II Little History of Sicily II gave birth to the larger one, of which three volumes, reach ing down to the time of the Athenian siege and the tyranny of Dionysios, have already been issued by the Clarendon Press. Besides this, there exist materials for a continuation of the larger history down to the period of the Roman Conquest and for a later volume on Norman Sicily. But, unhappily for his readers, he has not been spared to bring the work, either in its greater or lesser form, to com pletion. With the exception of the headings from p. 297 onwards and the Index, which has been drawn up as far 3.S possible on the lines of those maue by the author himself for his greater work, the whole of the sheets had been passed for press by Mr. Freeman before he left England on his last journey-a journey to Spain, undertaken with a special view to the better understanding of the later parts of his great work. The present volume goes down to the end of the Roman dominion, and the last pal't of 'he book, which deals with Sicily as a Roman Province, covers a period which, in contrauistinction to his usual practice, he had not yet written in the larger form. It had been his intention to add to the present a ~cond volume, beginning with the coming of the Saracens, and which should, accoruing to the hopes PREFACE. ix expressed in hIS greater work, have been at any rate carried on "till the Wondel' of the World is laid in his tomb at Palermo," or, it may be, carried on yet further to the time when the "island story" should be merged in that of the new Italian Kingdom. But it was not so to be. The" life and strength" that he had hoped for failed him before their time, and, in the language of the Psa:lmist, whose words were ever on his lips and in his writings, his strength was brought down in his journey, his days were shortened. He died at Alicante on March 16, 1892. A. }. E. AND M. E. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE vii I. CHARACTERISTICS OF SICILIAN HISTORY 1-7 Geographical position of Sicily-Strife of East imd West Summary of the History. II. SICILY AND ITS INHABITANTS Colonies in Sicily-Nature of Colonies-The older inhabitants -Phc:enician and Greek Settlers-Shape of Sicily-Nature of the land-The Hill-lowns-The Phc:enicians-Phc:enician Colonies in Sicily-Panormos, Motya, and Eryx. III. THE LEG:tNns . Hhakles-The Nether Gods-The Palici and the Goddesses -Arethousa. IV. THE GREEK SETTLEMENTS IN SICILY FO~lndation of Naxos-Foundation of Syracuse-Foundation of Leontinoi and Katane-Foundation of Megarn-Foundation of Zankle and Gela-Kamarina, Himera, and Sc1inous Foundation of Akragas-Foundation of Lipara. xii CONriNTS. PAC. v. THE FIRST AGE OF THE GRHK CITIES 57-75 The Syracuse Call1brbi-Tyranny-Phalaris of Akmgns -. Expedition of Dorieus-The Samians at Zankle-Wars of Hil'pokrates-Gelon at Syracuse-War in Wrstem Sicily. VI. THE FIRST WARS WITH CARTHAGE AND ETRURIA 76-86 Persia and Carthage-Invasions of Sidly and Old Greece Battle of llimera-Death of GeI,m-Rci~ of Jlieron. VII. THE GREEKS OF SICILY FREE AND INDEPENDENT 87-103 Fall of Iyranny at Akragas-AII Ihe citirs free~Wealtb of Akragas-Politics of Syracuse-Rioe of Ducelius-Fountlation of Kale Akte-Greal preparation' of Syracuse. VIII. THE SHARE OF SICILY IN THE WARS OF OLD GREECE 104-139 Sparta and Athens-Sikeliot appeal to Ath. ns-Ifermokrates al Gela-New War al Leontinoi-Apl'eal of Scgcs·a to Athens - Ilermokrates and Athenagor... - Recall of Alki· I,iades-Ballie before Syracu5e-AlkilJia IX. 'I'll' St:COSD CARTH.\GINI.\N INVASION F.,petlition of lIannil ..I-Sicge an.) laking of Selinoul lIannil ..!"s Sacrifice - Death of lIer",,,"rat':. - Sirge of Akraga.-Ilcginning. of Dinnpi ... -Sicge and for .... "ing of Gela-Trc"31y .. itb Carthage. COXTEXTS. XlIl PAGE x. THE Tnt.uiUn OF DJO!nslos • The lpanoy uf Diooysjos-Rewoll ag.>irut Diooysios-Con quesl~ of Diooysios-Foni6calioa of Epipobi-Dioorsios' double marriage-Siege of MotJ2-FOUD Xl. THE DEUVERDtS • Diooysios aud his Soo-Diooysios the Yoooger-Coming of Dioo-Dioo ddivas Syracuse-DiOO aud DiOD~-siOii-Dioo d~riwd of the Geoeralship-RelOlD of DiOO-RcCO\-e":)' of lbe l;l.md-End of Dioo.-T"UDOleOo in Sicily-RC'CO\'ft}' of the bland-Sew- Setdemenl of Sicily-W:or .. ith Canh:.ge- B:oule of the Krimisos-Last d:lys of Timolu>n-AlchiJo.mos aDd Aleundcr. XIL THE TntANKY or AGATHOKU:s 2 33-260 lIis early life-His rise lo power-His conquests-Raule of the IIimens-He Jands in .~-IIis .-\fricaD am(l'lij;n MOlder of Ophellas-Aguhok1es king-End of the Arriao e:r.. pedilioo,!-Ag:lIhok1es and Deiookr:lIes-Death of Ag2thokJc:s. X1IL THE CollI~G OF PTIlRHOS AND THE RISE OF HIERO:of° • 261-2 75 ,"moos Iynnls-I')-nhos of Epeiro&-Hdlas, C:ut~. and R.....,.-Cooquests of P).... "'-He l.-ares Sici1y-ExploilS of HicrUo-liiaUn kiD§;. xiv CONTENTS. rACK XIV. THE WAR FOR SICILY The Mamertines-Hicron's alliance with Rome-Taking of Akragas-Roman taking of Panormos-D.:Cence of Panormos -Hamilkar ~arak-Battle 01 Aigousa- Carthage gi\'es up Sicily. XV. THE END OF SICILIAN INDEPENDENCE Roman power in Sicily-The IIannibnlian War-Death of lIieronymos-Slaughter oC Hier',"'s descendants-Taking oC Leontinoi-Rom:m siege of Syracu5e-Mnssacrc: at IIenna Epipolai in Roman han XVI. SICILY A ROMAN PROVIN<.:E 319-354 Relations of cities to Rome-The Roman peace-First Sla"e War- Second Sla'·e War-End of the Sla\'c War-Pr:rtorship of \'erres-Death of Ca!sar foretold-Peace of Mi.enum-War between C:esar and Scxtus-C:esar ma..ter of Sidly-Third Slave War - Growth of Christian legend. - fleginning of Teutonic iO\'asions-Rule oC Theodoric-Gothic War of ju,. tinian-Connexion with East·Roman Empire-Coostantine the Fifth. INOEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. rAGE THE THEATRE,. SYRACUSE Frontispiece OLYMPIElON, SYRACUSE ," 44 HERAKLES AND THE KERK6PES '(EARI.Y SCULPTURE FROM SELINOUS) 52 AKRAGAS, FROM THE OLYMPIEION • 54 COIN OF SYRACUSE, TIME OF THE GAMOROI 60 TEMPLE OF ATH.t;NE, SYRACUS);! 61 COIN OF HIM ERA, EARLY 64 COIN OF ZANKLft, SIXTH CENTURY 68 COIN OF NAXOS, c. 500 B.C. 68 COIN OF K~ARINA. EARLY 71 COIN OF SELINOUS. EARLY 75 ,PAMARATElON -82 , . COIN OF GELA. c. 480 B.C. '" 85 COIN OF SELINOUS. c. 440 B.C., 85 TEMPLE AT AKRAGAS 88 .AKTAI6N AND HIS HOUNDS 97 COIN OF PANORMOS. C. 420 B.C; 102 COIN OF MESSANA. C. 420 B.C. 102 COIN OF SEGESTA. C. 415 B.C. 112 MAP OF SYRACUSE DURING THE ATIJENIAN SIEGE 122 xvi LIST OF ILWSTRATIONS. "AC,;K COIN OF AKRAGAS. C. 415 B.C. 126 SYRACUSAN PENTtKONl'ALlTRON (PHIZE ARMS OF ASSINARIAN GAMES) 134 SYRACUSAN Sl'ONI( QUARRIES 135 COIN OF HIMERA. C. 430n.c • 139 COIN OF KATANt. C. 410 ~,c, 14 1 COIN OF SYRACUSE. c. 409 H.C. HFAD OF AllETHl'SA 1.l5 MAP OF AKRAGAS '48 SYRACUSE UNDER DlONYSIOS • PASSAGE IN THE CASTLE OF EURVALOS APPARENT ARCH IN THE WALL OF ERYX COIN OF MOTY A. C. 400 B.C. MAP 0.' MOTYA AND ERYX PH ONLY. 317 TO C. 310 B.C. 260 COIN OF AGATHOKLES, WITH NAME ONLY. C. 310- 306 B.C. 260 COIN OF AGATHOKLES, WITH ROYAL TITLE. C.-306- 289 B.C. 260 COIN OF MAMERTINI AT MESSANA. C. 282 B.C. COIN OF HIKETAS. 287-278 B.C•• COIN OF HIERON II, 275-216 B.C. 274 COIN OF QUEEN PHILISTIS c. 275-216 B.C. 275 PRETENDED TOMB OF THER()N AT AGRIGENTUIII 280 INDEX. A. Africa, Phreniciall colonies in, 14, Abacrenum, land of, taken for 23 ; campaign of Agathokles in, Tyndaris, 181 ; joins Magan, 242 seqq.; Roman invasions of, 183 ; taken by AgathokU!s, 237 282,317, 332; Vandal kingdom Achaia, province of, 335 in, 346; Belisarius's campaign Achaios, counsellor of King Eu in, 348 , nous, 326 Agathokles, compared with Diony Achradina, oritpostof Syracuse, 43; sios, 234, 257; his early life, 235; joined to Ortygia by Gelan, 73 ; chosen general at Syracuse;, 236 ; 'Dionysios' ,works on, 164; see his rise to power, 236; Spartan also Syracuse .~ expedition against, 237; his Adern", see Badmnum ,treaty with Akragas,. 238; A:gales, see Aigousa attacks Messana Illd AkWlgas, A:lian, his history of -animals, 29 238. recovers Centuripa' and A:schylus, at Bieran's court, 83 Galaria, ;6. ~ attacks the Punic lEschylus, brother-in·law QfTimo- camp ~:m Eknomos, 239; takes phanes, 217 Gela, :140; defeatell ~ at the A:tna, Mount; 18; legends about, Himeras, .240; 241' t !tis designs 31,343; legend of Empedokles on Africa, 242; his African at, 96; eruption of, thought to campaign, 243-251; assumes portend Cresar's death, 332; the title of king, 248; returns visit of Hadrian to, 341 to Sicily, 249; takes various lEtna (town), founded by Hieran, cities, 250; his treatment of 84; his death at, 90; men of, Segesta, 252 ; massacre ordered support Thrasyboulos, 90 ; drives by, 254; his dealings with out Deinomenes, 92; renamed Dcinokrates, 255-257; his Katane, 93, 99; transferred kingly position in Sicily, 257; to Inessa, ib. ; taken by Duce attacks Lipara, 258 ; takes Kor tius, 99; horsemen of Syracuse kyra, ib.; later wars in Italy, j'b.; escape to, 154; joins Symcusan called Lord of the Island, ib.; revolt against Dionysios, 158, plans a fresh Carthaginian 159; Dionysios drives away expedition, 259; his death, refugee horsemen, 160; Cam i6. panians seUle at, 175, 229; camp Agathokles the younger, slain by of Agathokles at, 259 Archagathos, 259 INDEX. Agathokles, defrauds the temple of vinus, 316 ; braun bull restored Athene at Syracuse, 60 to, 323 ; decay of, 324 Agathyrnum, centre of brigandage, Akrngas, river, 51 317 Akrai, outpost of Syracuse, So Agrigentum, bishopric of, 344 : tte Akrotatosof Sparta, his expedition also Akrogas against Agathoklcs, 237 Agrippa, M. V;, his expedition Alaric, king of the West·Goths, 34S agamst Sextus, 337--9 , Alexnnder of Epeiros, 231, 265 Agylla, temple of. plundered by Alexander theGreat, his con'1u~st •• lJionysioa,.,I91 a3P; their tlfc~ on Agathoklcs. t\gyris of Agyrium, his treaty 234 with Dionysios, 182, 184 Ale~ancler, son of PyrrhM, king. t\gyrium, Sikel site, 20 : Herakles dom of Sicily desi"ne') for. 2611 worshipped at, 31 ; admitted to Alketas of M olottis, restored by , "'yracusan citizenship, 229; reo Dionysios, 19' volts against Phint,"s, 263; its Alkibiadcs,, supports appeal of later name, 343 , SegCllta, 113; appointed genera), j\igousa, isles of, 17,55. battle 011', 114; ii, lor attack on :';yracu.~, 289 ' . 116; charged with impiety, 117 J t\iolos, isles of, see Lipara hiupe.ch and cOllnsel at :';parta, Akestorides of Corinth, plota 120 againil Agathokl~s, 23J' Alphahet, the, its Phomician Akis IlI1d GIllateia, legend of. I origin, 21 31 ,Alpheios, legend of, 37 Akragns, foundation pf. 51 : works, Amphinolllos, 46 of Theran ar, 119: tyranny of AIII\pios,46 Thrasydai05 at, ill. : its wealth, Anapos, river, 43; hattIe. by, 93; banishes Empedoklcs, i". ; 118, 123 'its war witlt Ducetius, 100; Anaxitas, tyrant of Rh"'gion, hi, "'ith Syracuse, 101: Athenian action towards Zankle, 69--70 ; envoys at, III; Selinuntines his alliance with Terillos of take refuge at, 143; prepares Himera, 74; asks help (rom for Carthaginian attack, 147; Carthage, 78; make. peace sie.:e of, 149; surrender and spoil with Gelon, 82; threatens ,of, I So; refugees accuse Syra. Lokroi, 84: his death, 85; cu ...n generals, 151; suhject to his son.' dealin!:1 with Mik" Carlh~e, 154; revolts against thas, 90; their fall, 91 DionyslOs.. 183; re-settled by Ancona, ue Ankon Timoloon, 229; withstand. Aga. Andromachos of Tauromenion, ~hokles, 237 ; makes terms with joins Timoleon, 219 him, 238 ; his fresh attempt on, Ank()n, foundation 0(, 191 i". ; its alliance against Agatho· Antalkidas, peace 0(, 1119 kit,s, 248 ; at war with Carth,!"e, Antandros. left I" command hy 249; tyranny of I'hintia. at, 263 ; Agathokl .... , 243 ; hean rumours drives him out, 264; suhmits to of his defeat, 244; execute. Pyrrhos, 268; taken hy Mamer· m.a.acre at Syracu.e for Aga. tines, 27%; by Rome, 281; thoklc., 254 known as AgrilJentum, i6.; Ahtigencs of Henna, j26 taken by Himilkon, JOS; held Antiochos, king, lie £un01I. by Hannlln, 113; reinforcements AntiochOli o( Syracuse, hi, Sici· lIe"t to, 315; betrayed to ~. lian hiltory, 8, 39, 104 INDEX. - 357 Antonius, L., his war with Caesar, Arele, daughter of Dionysios, and 334 wife of Dion, 200, 201 ; given Antonius, I\f., the elder, plunders in marriage to Timokrates, 201 ; Sicily, 331 . taken back,by Dian, 213; sus Antonius, M., the YOllnger, puts pects Kallippos, 214 ; his treat Verres to death, 332;, one of. ment of, 215'; her death, ib. the triuq,virate, 333 ; his ~gree Arethousa, fountain of. 37.J 4<1 ment with Sextus, 334; joins Argos, sends contingent to Athe~ Caesar againSt him, i8. ; makes nian anny, 114; Pyrrhos slain peac", with Sextus, '33S ; 'scnds at,271 ..... ' . ships against him. 337 Aristippos of Kyren~, Dionysios' Apollokratt~s, i:ommands in Orty treatment of, 19l' , . , gia, 209; his truce with Dian, Aristomache, wife of D(onysios,. 213; I"e-ente~ Ortygia, 216 165, 200; welcomes Dian's re ,Apollon, statue of, taken from turn, 213; suspects 'Kallippos, Gela to Tyre, 153 . 214; his treatment of, 215; Apollon Archegetes,'~s 'altar at • 'her death, ib. ' Naxos,41 ' 'Ariston of Corinth, improves Syra Apollonia. submits t" TjnlOle&t, , cusan naval tactics, 128 224; taken by AgatIlokles, 250 Aristos of Sparta, suyports Diony. Apolloniades. tYrant of Agjlrium~ , siOSt I~O. ..~ , 229 ..'~ .z\sdrubaT, his defeat ~t tb,e Krimi-. Apollonides, his speech at ~jr:i.-_ ,$05, 225-7 ..:. ' • cllse,3OO • Asdrubal, his attack on ranormos, AquilJius, G., sent against the' 284; hi!>+vict0:'.jY. off Drepana. slaves. 329 '286 .., ~ , .. ,Archagathos, aCCGmpanies Aga Ashtoreth, worsbipped at Eryx, thokles to Africa, 243; mer 14,27 • ",- . " cenaries demand his death, 246; Assinaros, river, "Athenian slaugh· left in command, 249; prays . ter at, 136 his father for help, 250 l Aga Athenagoras, hi!; speech at Syra· thokles plans to desert him, 251; cuse, lIS . .; ~ his death, ib. Atheni6'n. general under Salv!us,' , Archagathos, the younger, con 329; succeeds him as king, ib ... , spires against his grandfather, killed, i6. • • . ~ ~ " 259; slain by Mainon, 262 Athens, her relation~ to Sparta, Archias, founder of Syracuse, 42, 105; her alliances in: Sicily, 59 106, 108; helps to found Thou· Archidamos, king of Sparta, slain rioi, 106; Sikeliot appeals to, at Manduria, 231 107, 108 ; generals accept I'\'ace AlIChimedes,. kinsman of lIieran of Gela. 110; embassy to Sicily II., 294; #it the siege of Syra 422 B.C., Ill; Segesta appeals cuse, 304. his death, 312; his to, 112; story of the envoys, 113; engines in Marcellus's ovation, expedition to Sicily voted, 114 ; 314 action of Nikias, 117; battIe Archonides I., Sikel king, helps by the Anapos, 118; Nikias Ducetius ta found Kale {\kte, ,asks for reinforcements. 119; 101, ~6r·; ally of Athens, 108, beginning of siege of Syra. 124; his death, 124 . cllse, 121; second expedition ArchOnides II., Sikel king. founds voted, '127; defeat at sea, 128, Halaesa, 161 • 131 ; coming of Demosthenes, 358 INDEX. 129; last battle and retreat, Campanian mercenaries, under 132-6; end of the invasion, Hannil.>al, 141; help Diuny. 137; Sikeliots, imprisoned I.>y, siuI, 159; take Entclln, ib.; . 139; decrees in honour of settle at £tna, 175; Timo. Dionysios, ISo, 194; recep· Icon's dealings with, 229; in lion of Dionysios' tragedies at, the camp of Archa~atho., 262; 190, 194; her alliance with him, seize on \\I e ..ana, lb.; tnl,. the 194 name of \\Iamertinel, 263; ra· Atiliu., A., invades Panormos, vage I{hcgion, 273; chastised 146, 282; takes it, 282, 283 1.>)' the Homan_, 273, 277 Augusta, Itt Xiphonia Canaan, gods or, worshipped in Augustus, see Corsar, G. O. Sicily, :U, 26 Carncalla, Emperor, his edict, B 344 Carthage, origin of the namt', 23 ; Bacchiads of Corinth, 58 her dependencies in Sicily, Balearic Isles taken I.>y Gaiseric, 24, 66; war with, to a,·cn!:e 346 Dorieus, 74; her alliance with Barbarians, meaning of the name, I'er.ia, 77; inVAdes Sicily under 21 lIamilkar, 77-81; SIloJllflilll Belisarius, his expetiiti<>n againJ;t. or, 79; treaty with Gel6n, 82 ; the Vandals, 341 r wins back cult or tile goddesses at, 8z, 180; Sicily, 348, 349 i effect of hi. Athenian embassy to, 120; conquest, 350 _ .cond invasiun of Sicily, 140 Beneventum, battle of, 271 . i~"".; 'poil from Akral:as oent • Boco, Cnpe, Itt Lilybaion 10, 1 So 1 treaty with Diuny.i"., ISomilkar, in command against 154; hi. embas.y to, 166; Agathukles, 244 Sicilian Greeks rise against, i6.; Bomilkar at the .iege of Syracuse, oend. Himilkon, 171; victory 308; seek. reinforcements, 309 i off Katane, 175; l>e.ieges Syra. goes to Tarentum, i6. cuse, 176-179; defeat of, 179 I Bruttians, war of, with Kruton, in,·a.ion or, under lIIag"n, II!J; 235; Segestans lold to, 252 makes peace with lJionysio., ·184; first war in Italy, 192; C fresh peace with Ditmysio., ,b. ; Cadiz, 23 robe of Lakinian lIera s"ld to, Cre",r, G. J., at Lilybreum, 332; 193 I fresh war with Viony,ius, hi. dt-ath foretold, ;6. 194; make. peace with hi, IVm, Cresar, G. O. (Augustus), hi. war 195, 199; lIiketas in Ical:UC with Sextus, 333-5; mak('_ with, •• 6, 218; envoy. at Tau",· peace with him, 335 ; hi. second ,""nion, 219; admitted illto war with Sextus, 336-9; ruaster ~xracu .. II)' lIikctas, 2Z2; cm· of Sicily, 339; hi. Sicilian Clhct Magon, 222; war 0(. with ovation, ib. ; plant. colonies in Tirnolc'm, 225-227; ddcat at Sicily, J40 the Krimi",,", 227; supports C.lal>na part of the ",,"11 of the tyrants, 2z7; makc. pcace Sicily, 353 with Timuleon, 228; recall. CallalJdlutta, said to l>e lite or lIamilkar, 237; treaty ",ith KamikOl, 33; ..·hether identical Agathokl"., 2JI!; help 1OIII:Iot ",ith Triocala, 329 I,y Syracusan exile., ,6.; nO\·,1 Dlta,·ulturo, lee Turgium lune., ZJ9; victory at the IIi· INDEX. 359 meras, 240, 241; her position Charondas, his code of laws, 57. in Africa. 242; expedition of 65; story of his de.ath, 6S Agathokles against, 243-251; Charybdis, tale of, 30 . Akragas throws off her alliance, Chersikrates, founder of Korkyra; 249 ; defeats Archagathos, 250 ; 42 peace made with, by the Greek Clma, land of the Phcenicians, soldiers, 251; treaty of Aga 21 thokles with, 255; Mainon's· Christianity preached in Sicily, alliance with, 262; supports 342 Phintias, 263; besieges Syra Cicero, his speeches against Verres. cuse, 264; her alliance with 319, 330-332 Rome, 267, 272; withstands Cilician pirates enslaved in Sicily, Pyrrhos, 267, 271; fortifies 325 Lilybaion, 270; alliance with Citizenship, right of, in old com Hieron, 273> 277; wars of, with monwealths, 58 Rome,276-29O, 295-317; makes Claudius A., . Roman prretor, peace with Rome, 290; em 296; Syracusan negotiations bassy of Hieronymos to, 296; with, 298, 299; with the fleet second peace of, with Rome, at Syracuse, 300; at the siege 318; taken by Scipio, 323; ~f Syracuse. 304- under Gaiseric, 346 Cludius P., defeated off Drepana, Cassibile, see Kakyparis 286 ...:. . Cassiodorus, his notices of Sicilian Colonies, nal~te of, 10, 1 I matters, 347 Constalls II.. Empe'ror, at Syra Castrogiovanni, origin' at the ; : cuse. 352; killed, iff. name, 20 ;~. ·Constantina, Empress, appeals to Catania, plain of, 17, 18, alld ·see ". Gregory the Great on behalf of Katane • Sicily, 351 Catulus, G. L., his victory off Constantine IV., Emperor, wins Aigousa, 289; makes terms back Sicily, 352 with Hamilkar, 290 Constantine V., Emperor, 353 Caucana, Belisarius sets sail from, Constantine VI., Emperor, 353 348 Constantinople, seat of the Em- Centuripa, Centorbi, Sikel site, pire, 349; its connexion with 20; tyrants at. 229; held by Sicily, 350 Agathokles, 238; attacked by Corinth, her colonies and their re him, 250; position of, under lations, 41, 42; mediates be Rome, 322, 340; specially tween Syracuse and Hippo favoured as regards land, 322 krates, 71; Ducetius sent to. Cephakedium, CefaHl, Sikel.. site, 100 ;. Syracusan embassy to, 20; betrayed to Dionysios; 18:a; 120, 160; embassy of Dionysios taken by Agathokles, 250; joins to 179; Syracusan appeal to, Deinokrates, 254; AgathokIes: 216; sends Timoleon, 217; negotiates for, :a55 ••• Dionysios the younger sent to, Cethegus, Prretor, 314, 315 220; sends settlers to Syracuse. Chaironeia, battle of, 230 223; Leptines sent to, 224; Chalkis, metropolis of Naxos, 40, Carthaginian spoil sent to, 227 41; of Zankle,. 48; its treat Corn. Sicily the market of, for ment by Athens, 119 Rome, 19, 317, 324, 334. 338, Charles the Great, crowned at 351 ; for- Gaul, 347 Rome, 350 Cornelius G. takes Panormos. 282 INDEX. Comi6cius, Q., his retreat before Delphi, designs of Dionysios on, Sextus,33S 191 Corsica. possible Syracusan settle· Dell/Q.t:".~ues at Syracuse, 94 ment in. 98; claimed by Rome. Demetc?r and Persephone, legend 290; ceded by Carthage, 320 ; of. 29. 35; temple of. at Syra taken by Sextus, 333. 334; cuse.83. 176; temples of Car confirmed to him at IIlisenum, thage, 82, 180; solemnity of 335; joins C-esar, 336; taken oath by. 2'4; Corinthian ship by Gaiseric, 316 consecrated to. 2'7 ; Agathoklcs Crete, independent cities in, 14; offers up his ships to. 243 settlers from, at Gela, 49 Demetrios the Besieger, 258 Crispinus. T. Q., commands at Demochares. in command under siege of Syracuse. 305. 308; Sextus. 336. 337 ; cuts off I.epi pestilence ill his army, 309 dus' reinforcements. 338 Cum",. battle off, 336, alUi Itt Democracy, origin of. 58; de6ned Kyme by Athenagnral. "S Cyprus. compared with Sicily. 5 ; Dell/OS of Athens. S9 .'hrenicians in, 22 Demosthenes, appointed general, 114. 127; hi. plan of attack, D 129; counsels retreat. '30 ; Daidalos, stOIY of, 32 5urrenders, '34; put to death, Damarata, wife of Gell>n, 74; 136 marries Polyzelos. 83; her tomb Dexippos. command. at Akragas. destroyed by Himilkon, 177 '47; .uspected of bribery. '49. Damareta. wife of Hadranodl>ros, '50; command. at Gela. 's'; 297; put to death, 299 .ent back hy Dionysios, 152 Damarista, mother of Timole&n, Dikaiopolis. Itt Segesta 21 7 Diodoros. hi. Sicilian history. 8, Damas, promotes Agathokle., 235 3',76, '04. '40• '56.319; hi. Damippos, as to his ranllOm, 306 version of the battle of Himera, Damophilos, defeats Xenodikos, 80; gives the kingly title to 249 Gelon,82 Damophilos of Henna, his treat· Dioklcs of Syracuse. his code of ment of his slaves, 325; killed laws. 138; negotiates with by them, 326 Hannibal, 143; marches back Daphnaios, Syracusan general, be to Syracuse. '44; bani.hed from fore Akragas, 149 Syracuse. '46 Darius I., King of Persia, 69 ; re Diun, Life of. hy Plutarch and Cor ceives Skythes of Zankle, 70 nelius Nepos. '56"97; favoured Darius II., his alliance with by Dionysios I he elder, 200; per Sparta, 137 suade. I'lato 10 revi.it Syracu .... Deonokrates, joins Hamilkar, 245; 20' ; banished. ;6. ; trealment of withstands Agathokle.. 250, hi, property and wife. ;6. ; re 254; negotiates with him, 25~; ceives Spartan citi7en,hip, 202; hi. defeat, 256; Agathokle.· hi. expedition against Diony.ios treatment of, ;6.; siaYI Pasi· the younger. 202 seqq. ; enters philos.257 Syracu ... 204; chosen general, Deinomenes, father of Gell>n, 71 20S ; drives out the mercenari .., Deinomenes. son of Hieron, King ;6.; negotiation. of Diony.io, of "'tna, 84, 90; driven out of with. 206; Diony.ios· letter to, IEtna,92 2O'J; charges again.t, ;6. I INDEX. counsels acceptation of Diony 188; his embassy to Olympia, sios' terms, 208; deprived of 190; his tragedies at Athens, his generalship, 209; retires to 190, 195 ; his treatment of men Leontinoi, ib.; his return, 211, of letters, 190, 191 ; his Hadri 212; his treatment of his atic and Etruscan campaigns, enemies, 212; reconciled to 191 ; fresh war with Carthage, Herakleides, 213; recovers the 192; terms of peace, ib.; takes Island, 213 ; refuses to destroy Kroton, 193; wall planned by, tomb of Dionysios, ib.; con ib.; invades Western Sicily, 194; nives at murder of Herakleides, his death, 195; effect of his reign, .214; plots against, ib.; hisdealh, 195, 197; his tomb in Ortygia, 215; Plato's schemes for his son, 199, 213; his sun-dial, 205; 162 compared with AgathokIes, 234, Dionysios the elcler, escapes the 257 fate of Hermokrates, 146; his Dionysios the younger, compared speech in the assembly, 151; with his father, 198, 199; ac chosen general, ib.; his concluct knowledged by the assembly, at Gela and Leontinoi, 151, 199; makes peace with Car 152; established as tyrant, 152; thaginians and Lucanians, ib.; his marriage, ib.; empties Gela his marriage, 200 ; his friendship and Kamarina, 153; treatment for Plato, 201 ; his treatment of of his wife, ib.; recovers his Dion, ;6.; banishes Herakleides, power at Syracuse, 154; his to.; his negotiations with Dion, treaty with Himilk8n, ib.; great 206, 208; his letter to Dion, ness of his power, 157, 184;. 207; escapes from Ortygia, 209 ; fortifies Ortygia, 158; his Sikel sends Nypsios to Syracuse, 210;' wars, 158, 161; revolt against, re-occupies Ortygia, 216; sur ib.; his policy to his besiegers, renders to Timoleon, 220; sent 159; his alliance with Sparta, to Corinth, ib. 16o; his treatment of Naxos Dionysios of Corinth, 224 and Katane, 161; extends the Dorian settlements in Sicily, 41, Syracusan fortifications, 164; 46,49 founds lIadranum, ib.; his war Dorieus of Sparta, his expedition with Rhegion and Messana, to Western Sicily, 66; war to 165; his double marriage, ib. ; avenge him, 74 his preparations against Car Doris of Lokroi, wife of Diony thage, 165, 175,176; his speech, sios, 165 166; besieges Eryx, 168; and Drepana, haven of Eryx, 194; Segesta and Entella, 170, 171 ; stronghold of Carthage, 281, defeatecl off Katane, 175; his em 285; Roman defeat off, 286; bassies to Peloponnesos, 176; taken by Rome, 289 calls an assembly, 177 ; defeats Ducetius, helps to drive out Deino the Carthaginians, 178; his menes, 92; union of Sikels agreement with them, 179; under, 98, 99; founds Menre Attic decrees in his honour, 156, num, 99, 102; and Palica, 99 ; 18o, 194; his settlements, 181, takes A<:tna, ib.; his war with 182; his defeat at Tauromenion, Akragas and Syracuse, 100; 183; defeats Magon, ib.; makes throws himself on the mercy of . peace with Carthage, 184; takes the Syracusans, rD.; sent to Tauromenion, ;b.; his wars in Corinth, ib. ; founds Kale Akte, Italy, 184-189; takes Rhegion, 101 ; his death, ib. INDEX. Duilius, G., his victory off Mylai, Ergetion, conquered by Hippo. 281 krates,68 E Erineos, river, Athenian halt by, East and West, their strife in 134 Sicily, 4, 354 Erymnon of Aitolia, withstands EbbsReet,compared with Naxos,41 Hamilkar, 244 Egypt, Roman conquest of, its Eryx, temple at, 14. 27; Phre effect on Sicily, 341 nician remains at, 27 ; attempted Eknomos, Punic camp on, 239, foundation of DOrieus on, 67 ; 240 Athenian envoys at, 113; joins Elba,98 Dionysios against Carthage, Elephants first used in the WeiI, 1611; taken by Ilamilkon, 171 ; 266; use of in the Punic armies, retaken by Dionysios, 194 ; won 283-285 by Pyrrhos, 269; taken by Eltul'ltria, feast of, at SyraC1lsc, }{ome, 286; lower town seized 91 by Hamilkar, 288; prolonged Elpidius, Sicilian tyrant, 353 strife for, 288-290; garrison Elymians, hold Segesta and Eryx, marches out, 2go 13, 20; as to their Trojan orib>in, Eryx, ep6nymo~ hero overthrown 20,3°,31 by Herakles, 31 Empedion of Selinous, 143 Etruscans, Hieron'. victory over, Empedokl~s, his Life by Diogenes 85; war of, with Syraculle, 911; Laertios, 117; legend of, 96; help Athen., 120, 131; war of refuses tyranny of Akragas, ill. ; Dionysioswith,I91 banishment and death, ill. Euboia, island, independent cities Empire, Eastern, its connexion in, 14 with Sicily, 350 Eul",ia in Sicily, a settlement of Empire, Roman, Sicily a pr?~i~ce Chalki., 46; its treatment hy of, 339, 340, 344, 349; diVISIOn Gel6n,73 of the empire, 350 EumClos, the poet, settle. at Syra Engyum, submit. to TimoleOn, cuse, 59 224 Eunous the sla,-e, King of Henna, Entella, taken by the Campanians, 326; call. himself Antiochos, 159; besieged by Dionysios, i6. ; defeats the Romans, 327 I 170; taken by him, 194; saved his death, io. by TimoleOn, 226 Eupatrid, of Athens, origin of, Epichannos, at Bier6n's court, 83 59 Epikydes, his mission to Syracuse, Euphcmos, hi. speech at Kama 2:)6; intrigues against Rome, rina, 119 298, 299; chosen general, 299 ; Eu!)'al"", occupied hy the Athe slirs up the Leontines, 300; nians, 121; DionYlim' castle at, spreads falsehoods about Mar 164 ; ~urrendered to Marcellu., cellus, 302 ; re-enters Syracuse, 30S 303; his answer to the Roman Eurylcon, founds lIerakleia, 67; envoys, ib.; puts Roman parti hi' tyranny and overthrow at sans to death, J06 ; holds Ach Selinou., ill. radina, 307, J09; ask. (or Eurymed6n, commander of llecond re-inforcements, 309; leave. Alhenian expedition, 127 ; joins Syracuse, ib. ; holds Akraga., in attack on Epipolai, 129; 313; escapes from it, 316 counsels retr~at, I JO ; dies in Epipolai, I(e Syracuse the sea-tight, IJI INDEX. Euthy II Hananiah, meaning of name, 21 Hadranodoros, uncle of Hierony. Hannil>al, meaning of name, 21 mos, 295; supporls Carl h~ge, lIannih31, son of Giskon, hi. 2<)6 ; bo!",s 10 succeed lIier. haIred of Greek., 141; be· Carthaginians, 75 ; Diun lands Herodotus, on Sicilian - history, at, 203; held by Carthage, 203, 57 ; his account of Gelon, 76, 229, 238; delivered hy Akra 71. ; of the baUle of Himera, 80 gns, 249; seized by AgathokIes, Hieron I., son of Deinomenes, 72 ; 250; taken by }>yrrhos, 269; his victories commemorated by taken by Himilkon, 305 Pindar, 76, 83 ; his helmet, 76, Herakleia, daughter of lIieron, 85; his dialogue with Simon !(lut to death, 299 ides, 76 ; succeeds Gelon, 83 ; lIerakleides, of Syracuse, ban his war with Theron, ilJ.; re ished by Dionysios the younger, conciled to him, 84; founds 202; plots against him, ilJ. i fttna, ilJ.; sends help to Lok elected admiral at Syracuse, roi and Kyme, 84, 85; his 207 ; defeats Philistos, 208 ; his death, 90; his tomb at fttna attack on Dion, 209 ; appointed destroyed, 93 general, ilJ. ; sends to Dion for II ieron II., stories of his ancestry help, 21 I ; Dian's treatment of, and birth, 272; chosen general 212; reconciled to him, 213; at Syracuse, ilJ.; marries Phi se~ret murder of, 214 list is, 273; his war with the Herakleides, Syracusan J;eneral, Mamertines, 273, 277 ; his rule denounced by Agathokles, 235 ; in Syracuse, 274, 293, 294; his banished, ilJ. ; seeks Hamilkar's alliance with Rome, 279; posi help, 235, 236 tion of his kingdom under Herakleides, son of Agathokles, Rome, 293; strengthens and 243, 251 adorns Syracuse, 294; his Herakles, legends of, 31 law as to tithe, 294, 322; his lIerbessus, besieged by Dionysios, death, 295; slaughter of his 158; Hippokrates and Epi descendants, 299 kydes at, 302 Hieronymos, son of Hieroll II., Herbit., attacked by Dionysios, kingdom of Syracuse be 161 queathed to, 295 ; his character, lIerkte, rock of, 25; taken by 295, 296; joins Carthage, 296, Pyrrhos, 269 ; held by Carthage 297 ; killed at Leon tinoi, 297 283; taken by ~ome, 285; re Hiketas, puts Aristomake and covered by Hamilkar, 287 Arelt~ to death, 215 i tyrant 01 Hermokrates of Syracuse, his Leontinoi, ilJ.; in league with speech at Gela, 109, 110; his the Carthaginians, 216, 218, speech at Syracuse, 114; and 219, 221; defeated by Timo at Kamarina, 119; appointed leon, 219; besieges Ortygia, 219, general, 119; driven back from 221; his plots against Timo: Euryalos, 121 ; deposed, 124; leon, 221; besieges Katane, advises attack on fteet, 127; 222; escapes to Leontinoi, ilJ. ; his stratagem, 132; pleads for submits to Timoleon, 224; set mercy to Athenian ~enerals, up again by Carthage, 227 ; put 136 ; his action in ASia, 137; to death, 228 his banishment, 138; his deal Hiketas, Syracusan general, with ings with Pharnabazos, 138, stands Mainon, 262; tyrant of. 145; occupies Selinous, 145; Syracuse, 263; defeats Phin. his war with Motya and Panor tias, ilJ.; overthrown by Thoi mos, 145, 146; enters Syracuse non, 264 and is killed, 146; his daughter Hill towns in Sicily, 20 marries Dionysios, 152 Himera, founded by Zankle, So; 366 INDEX. its hot baths, 51 ; held by The ceIl us, 302 ; re·enters Syracuse, ron, 78; battle of, 79-81,227; 303; joins H imilkon against betrayed by Hieron to Theron, MarceIlus, 3oS; his death, 309 84; Pindar's odes to the citi Hippon, tyrant of Messana, 227 ; zens, 87; reruses Athenian al put to death, 228 liance, 117; joins Gylippos, H.ppilnion, Dionysios' treatment 124; vengeance of Hannibal of, 187 on, 143, 144; Hermokrates at, Holm, A., his Ces(hid,le Sid· 146 litlls, 8 IIimeras, river, 18; battle of, lIybla, Sikel goddess, townscalle,1 240, 241; proposed boundary after, 33 ; temple of, at Paterno, of Hieronymos, 297 34 Himilkon, coIleague of Hannibal, Hyhla the Greater, see Megars besieges Akrngas, 147, 150; Hyblaia sacrifices his son, 149; be Hybla, Galeatic, worship of the sieges Gela, 153 ; his treaty with goddess at, 34; unsuccessrul Dionysios, 154; tries to de rend Athenian attack on, 117 Motya, 170; recovers Western Hybla Heraia, caJled after the Sicily,171; roundsLilybaion,ib_; goddess, 33; death of Hippo. destroys Messana, 173; founds krste. at, 71 Tauromenion, ib_; his victory Hyblon, Sikel prince, helps Me· off Katane, 175; besieges Syra garian settler., 47 cuse, 176; plunders temples, Hykkara, taken by !'likins, 117 ib.; and destroys tombs, 177; lIyp the Goths, 347; war of Beli tion of, 45; legends of the sarius in, 349 lava at, 46, 343; Charondas makes laws for, 65; enforced J migration and repopulation I.y Jehohanan, same as Hananiah, 21 Hieron, 84; name changed Jews in Sicily, dealings 01 Gregory to iEtna, ib., see iEtna; its the Great with, 351 old name restored, 93; joins John, origin of the name, 21 Athenian alliance, 116; Athe Junius, L., takes Eryx, 286 nian headquarters at, 116, 118, Justinian, Emperor, Sicily re- 121 ; camp at, burnt, 119; war covered by, 348, 349 of, with Syracuse, 140; treat ment of, by Dionysios, 161; K sea-fight off, .175; Kallippos, Kadmos of Kos, 79 tyrant of, 215; welcomes Kakyparis, river, guarded by Syra Pyrrhos" 267; Roman colony Cllsans, 133 at, 340; Saint Peter at, 343; Kale Akte, proposed Greek settle bishopric of, 344; amphitheatre ment at, 69; settlement at by at, 347; Belisarius lands at, Ducetius, 101 348; stories of Heliodoros at, Kallimachos, his mention of 353 Henna, 35 Kaulonia, siege of, 185-187 Kallipolis, Chalkidian settlement, Kephalos of Corinth, 224 46; conquered by Hippokrates, Kleandros, tyrant of Gela, 68 68 Kleon, general under Eunous, Kallippos, his friendship with 326, 327 ; his death. 327 Dion, 202; enters Syracllse, Knidos, metropolis of Lipara, 55 ; 204; plots the death of DiOn, Athenian victory at, 180 214; his rule at Syracuse, 215 ; Kokalos, King of Kamikos, 32 turned out, ib.; murder of, 224 Korax, teacher of rhetoric, 94 R;amarina, outpost of Syracuse, Korkyra, colony of Corinth, 41, 50; its war with Syracuse and 42 ; mediates between Syracuse destruction, ib. ; refounded by and Hippokrates, 71 ; asks help Hippokrates, 7 I; destroyed by of Athens, 106; sends contin Gelon, 73; Pindar's odes to, gent to Athenian expedition, 87 ; set up again by Gela, 91 ; II4; meeting of Athenian fleet allied with Athens, 108; makes at, II5 ; ~ends help to Syracllse, peace with Gela, 109; refuses 218; won by Agathokles, 258; Athenian alliance, 116, 120; de dowry of his daughter, ib. bate in the assembly, 119; joins Kossoura, island, 17 Gylippos, 126; emptied by Krimisos, river, 18 ; battle of, 226 Dionysios, 153; tributary to Kroton, at war with Sybaris, 66 ; Carthage, 154 sends help to Kaulonia, 185; Kamikos, built by Daidalos, 32 ; makes treaty with Dionysios, its probable site, 33 186; taken by Dionysios, 193; Karkinos, father of Agathokles, at war with the Bruttians, 235 234 ' " _Kyana, legend of, 36, 43 ' Kasmenai, outpost of' Syracuse, Kydippe, wife of Terillos, 74 50; occupied by the Gallloroi, Kyklopes, 30 . 62,72 Kyme, foundation of, 40, 4a; Ka Kyrene,Z47 fleet. 175. 177; Attic decrees in his honour, ISo; his treat L ment of the Thourians, 185; l..:evinus, !II. V., chosen consul, banished by Dionysios, 190; 314; his exchange with !lIar· his death, 192 cellus. 315; Akragas betrayed Leptines. tyrant of Engium Dnd to. 316; his dealings with the Apollonia, 224 brigands. 317 Leptines, general of Agathoklcs, Laistrygones. 30 defeats Xenodikos. 249. 251 Lamachos. appointed general. 114; Leptines, father of Philistis, 273 is for attack on Syracuse, 116; Leukas, sends help to Syracuse, his plan carried out, 121; 218 killed in hattIe, 123 Libyphcrnicians. 113 Lamis. his attempt at settlement Licata. see Phintias in Sicily. 46; hIS death, 47 Libo, father·in-Iaw of SextllS, 335 Lanassa, daughter of Agathokles, Lilybaion, its geographical posi- 258 tion, 16; foundation of. 2S, 171; Land tenure in Sicily, und~r besieged by Dionysi05, 194; Rome, 322 Carthaginian fleet at, 225; Landowners of Syracuse, see besieged by Pyrrhos. 270; Gamoroi besieged by Rome, 285, 288, Latin tongue, akin 10 Sikel, 12,27 289; garnson marches out, Leo, Bishop of Catina, 353 290; Scipio at, 317; Cresar sets Leo. Emperor, deprives the Popes out for Africa from, 332; of junsdiction in Sicily. 350 besieged by Lepidus, 337; Leontinoi. Lentini. plain of, 17, marriage portion of Theodoric', 18; foundation of. 45; its war daughter, 347; Imperial claim with Megara. 63; taken by 10.348 Hippokrates.68; peopled from Lindioi, akropolis of Gela. 49 Naxos and Katane, 84; its Lipara, 17; Knidian scttJ.,menl treaty with Athens. 106; wars on, ss; Himilkon nt, 173; with Syracuse. 107; asks help attacked by Agathokle.. 258; of Athens. 107. 112; absorbed taken by Rome, 283 ; ceded to by Syracuse. III; Athenians Rome by Carthage. 290 Mtempt to restore. ih.; Akra Lissos, founded by Diony.iol, 191 gantinerefugees settled at, 151 ; Lokroi, delivered hy Hier&n. 114 ; indepen'lent of Syracuse. 155; Thrasyboulos retires to. 90; treatment of, by DionY5i",. 161 ; it. union with lIIe ...na. loS; given to his mercenaries. 181 ; refuses peace of Gela, 110; revolts against Dionysios the I!ivel a wife to 1>iony,i"", 165 ; younger. 2oS; welcomes 1>ion. lIIessana repeopled from, 181 ; 2.0; Hiketa•• tyrant of,215; land, given to Dionysi09. 187. Hiket"" escapes to, 222; Ti 189; lJiony.iOl the younger at, molc6n', attempt on. 224; 216 H ieronymoi slain at. 297; re· Lomhard. in Italy, 350 volts against Syracuse, JOO; Longanos, river, bailIe near, 273 taken by !\Iarcellus, ]OJ Lucanian.. their treaty tI ith Lepidus. 1\1. ,,10:., in\'ades Sicily. 1>ionYliOl, 185 I wage war on 337-339; bis designs on Sicily, Tarentin .... 231 Lucullus, L. L., defeats Tryphtln, T }3,! , Lykiskos of Aitolia. 246 Marcellus, M. C., betrothed to Lysandros. Spart:I,A em'oy to Pompeia, 335 Syracuse. 160 Marius, C., his war with Solin, 330 Lysias. Allie orator. 156; his lIIarsala, sn Lilybaion . embassy to Dionysios. 181 ; his Massilia, Yerres in exile at, 332 speech against Dionysios. 190 lIIazaros, river. Selinuntine out· Lyson, idol, 343 post on. 51. 142 lIIegakles. brother of Dian, enters Syracuse, 204 ; elected general. 205 Maccaluba, mud volcano of, 33 Megallis, her treatment of the Mncrobius. on the Palici, 29 slaves, 32S; killed by them. 326 lIIagan, defeated by Dionysios, Megara, Old, its colonies in Sicily, 183; his death, 192 46--48; trial and execution of Magan, comes to help of Hiketas, Thrasydaios at, 89 ; Empedo· 221 ; kills himself, 222 kles buried at. 96 Mainon, of Segesta, said to ha\'e lIIegara, Hyblai.1, foundation of. poisoned Agathokles, 259 i 33. 48; metropolis of Selinous. banished. 262 i murders Archa· 51 ; its war with Leontinoi, 63 i gathos, ;6. its treatment by Gelan, 73 Maktorion, secession from Gela, Melita. island of. 17 i 'I\'on by 67 Rome, 295 Malta. su Melita Melkart, his relation to Herakles, Mamercus of Katane joins Timo- 31 leOn. 220 Menrenum. temple of the Palici Mamertines at Messana, 262; near. 34 i founded by Ducetius, . destroy Gela. 264 i withstand 99, 102 Pyrrhos. 267, 271 i wars of I l\Ien:mdro.~. Athenian general, Hieron II. with, 273, 277; . 127 ijoins in attack on Epipolai. alliance of Syracuse and Car· 129 thage against, 273. 277 ; seek Menas, freedman of Sextus, 334 ; help Irom Rome. 277 his proposal at lIIisenum. 335; l\lamercus. tyrant of Katane. asks joins Cresar. 336; wounded at help lrom Carthage. 227 i his I Cumre. ;6.; returns to Sextus. death. 228 337 i changes sides again. 338 i lIIanduria, battle of, 231 lIIenekrates, killed off Cumre, 336 lIIarcellus, 111. C .• 299 i negotiates I lIIercenaries, Sikeliot, decree as to with Syracuse. 300 i takes Leon- their settlement. 92; see a/slI tinoi. 301 ; his treatment of the I Campanians deserters, ;6. ; falsehoods about, I Mericus, betrays Syracuse to iliaI" ;6. ; besieges Syracuse, 303-7 ; I cellus. 310 ; his rewards, 312 takes the outer city, 307; con· Messana, lIIessene. Messina. name tinues the siege. 308; Syracus:m of Zankle changed to, 92; its negotiations with. 310; his treat· ~hifting politics, 108; attacks ment of Syracuse. 311 ; of other i Naxos, ;6.; its union with Sicilian towns, 313 i his victory I Lokroi, ;6. i refuses Athenian over Hannon, 314 i his o.-ation, alliance. 116; independent of ;6.; re-elected consul. ;6. i I' Syracuse. ISS i joins Syra- Sicilian feeling against, 315: cusan revolt against Diony- his exchange with L"evinus, ;6. i I sios, 158; makes peace with patron of Syracuse, ;6. Dionysio... 165 i destroyed by 31 2S 370 INDEX. Himilkon, 17.11 repeopled by ib. j r«eives Roman citizen,hip, Dionysios, 181; puts Hippon 317 to death, 228 j war of, with lIIylai, said to be site of TII,.,.",,!.-il, Agathokles, 237 j refuge of 30 j outpost of Zankle, 48, 50 : Syracusan exiles, 238; attacked attacked by Athens, loS; seized by Agathokles, ib.; massacre by Rhegion, 182; won back by at, by mercenaries, 262 ; called Messana, ib.; Roman victory Civitas IIfamerfina, 263, 321 ; off, 281 j occupied by Sextus, Carthaginian garrison in, 277; 333; sea·fight ofl, 338 its alliance with Rome, 321; Myletids, banished from Syracu,e, occupied by Sextus, 333; Cresar 60 defeated at. 337; gets full Roman N franchise, 340; bishopric of, 344 Messapians, their wars with the Naulochus, sea.fight olf, 339 Tarentines, 85, 231 Naxos, island, gives its name to :llessenia, settlers from, in Sicily, Sicilian Naxos, 41 92, 181, 182 Naxos, Sicilian, foundation of, 41, Metellus, L. C., defends Panor· 42 j analogy with Ebb-fleet, mos, 284 il>. j conquered by Hippokrate" IIIe1r()/JOlis, relations of, to the 68 j people of, moved to Leon· colony, 10, II tinoi, 84 j attacked by Messana, Mezetius, set up as Emperor in loS j joins Athenian alliance, Sicily, 352 116 j Athenian fteet nt, 118; lIIikythos, his rule at Rhegion, 85, ~'ar of, with Syracuse, 140 j 90; his retirement and death, destroyed by Dionysios, 161 90 Neaiton, Netum, outpost of Syra. Milan, church of, holds lands in cuse, So; its position unller Sicily, 347, 35 1 Rome, 321, 340 l\Iilauo, see Mylai Neptune, Sextus claim. him as Milesians share in the Samian father, 334, 338; devotion to, expedition to Sicily. 69 at Rome, 335; Cresar'. edict Miletos, Tissaphernes' castle at, against, ib. 137 NeOn, 222 Mineo, sce lIIemenum Nerva, P. L., sets free the slaws, Minoa, foundation of, 32, see a/s() 328 Herakleia Minoa Nikias, opposes Sicilian expedi. Minos, King of Crete, 32 tion, 113; appointed general, :llisenum, peace of, 335 114; counsels return, 116: IIbnaco, principality of, 322 his delays, 117, 123, 125; hi> IIlorgantina, battle of, 329 slralagem, 118; a.ks for horse· 1II0tya, Phlrnician settlement of, men and money, 119; in IiOle 24; Hannibal at, 142; war of command, 123 ; send. shil'. to Ilermokrates against, 145; be· meet Gylippos, 124 j his etter sieged by Diony.ios, 168-71; to the Alhenians, u6 j refuses won back by Himilkun, 171; to retreat, 130; hi. enerl:Y forsaken for Lilybaion, ih. during tbe retreat, 133; suf· Motyon, taken and lost Ly renders to Gylippos, I lS, I J6 ; Ducetius, 100 put to death. 136 Mutines, his exploits in Sicily, 313. Nikoteles, of Corinth, 160 314 j depri\'ed of hi. command, Norman kinJ:dom in ~icily, 6, 353 316; betray' Akragas to Rome, Noto, see Neaiton INDEX. 37 1 Numidians under Mutines, 313, PanteIlaria, see Kossoura • 314 Papyrus at Syracuse, 294 Nypsios, holds Ortygiafor Diony Paros, settlements of, 191 sios, 210-212 Pasiphilos, joins Deinokrates, 254 ; Nysaios, in possession of Ortygia, slain by him, 257 215; driven out, 216 Passero Cape, 16 Paterno, see Hybla Galeatic o Peithagoras, tyrant of Selinous, Odowakar, 346 67 ' Pellegrino, Set Herkte Odyssey, sites for, sought in Peloris, 16 Sicily, 16, 30, 48; menlion of Pentathlos, counted as' founder of Sikels in, 39 Olympia, embassy of Dionysios to, Lipara,55 Pergus, Lake, .35, 36 190 Persephone, see Demeter Olympieion, temple at Syracuse, Persia, its alliance with Carthage, 43; Himilkon's head-quarters at, 77 ; invades Greece, 78 176; robbed by Dionysios, 191 Petal ism, instituted at Syracuse, Ophellas of Macedonia, 247 95 Orethos, river, 18 Phalaris of Akragas, his forged Orlygia, story of Arethousa at, 36, letters, 57 ; stories of, 64; his 42; see also Syracuse bull,64,323 Ostracism, meaning of, 94 Phalkon, idol, 343 Pharakidas, Spartan admiral, 177, P 178 Pachynos, Promontory of, 16 Pharnahazos, his dealings with Palazzuolo, see Akrai Hermokrates, 138 Palermo, Semitic and Nonnan Pharos, Pari:m settlement on, 191 capital of Sicily, 26; Phrenician Philinos of Akragas, 276 tombs in museum, 27 ; see also Philip of l\Iac~don, his conquests Panormos in Greece, 218, 230; interviews Palica, founded by Ducetius, 99 ; Dionysios, 221 destroyed by the Syracusans, Philistis, wife of Hieron II., 273 102 Philistos, Sicilian historian, 8, 76, Palici, their lake and, worshi p, 34, 140; takes part in the war 99; temple of,refuge for the against Athens, 104; his friend slaves, 328 ; protectors of King ship with Dionysios, 151, 158; Tryphon, 329; whether they banished by him, 190; recalled, survived in god Phalkon, 343 200; in command against Dion, Panaitios of Leontinoi, 63 203, 208; taken by Herakleides Panormos, harbour of, 17, 26; and slain, 208 Phrenician settlement ai, 26; Philodamos of Argos, 308 Semitic head of Sicily, 26; Philoxenos, treatment of, by Hamilkar lands at, 79; invaded Dionysios, 191 by Hermokrates, 146; taken hy Phinlias, tyrant of Akragas, 263 ; Pyrrhos, 269 ; taken by Rome, defeated by Hiketas, ib.; driven 2~2 ; attacked by Asdrubal, 284; out of Akragas, 264; town posilion of, under Rome, 322; founded by, ib. bishopric of, 344; withstands Phintias (town), foundation of, Belisarius, 349; see also Palermo 264; battle of, 314 , Pantagias, Pantakyas, river, 46 Phcenicians, their political system; 372 INDEX. 9; pl:tnt colonies in Sicily, II, 334; claims divine origin. 334. 14, 21-28 ; origin of the name, 338; his agreement \\ ith An· 21; their tongue the same as tonius. 334; makes peace with Hehrew, ib.; their relations C",sar and Antonius. 335 ; pro· with the Greeks, 21, 22; their posal of Menas to, il>.; his Mediterranean colonies, 22, 23, second war in Sicily, 336-339 ; 26; alphabet taught to Greeks his death, 339 by, 22; hold the west of Sicily PorCllri, see Pantagias against Greeks, 24; remains of Prohus. Emperor. 341 their walls at Motya, 25 ; tombs Province. Roman system of. 320, of, in Palermo Museum, 27; 344, 345 their coins. i6.; their wars with Ptolemy. King of Egypt. his the Greeks. 66 friendship with Agathoklcs, 258. Phyt&n, Rhegian general, 188; 259 Dionysios' treatment of, 189 Punic 'Vars. Set Carthage Pinarius, L., his massacre at Pylos. won back for Sparta. 139 Henna. 305 Pyrrhos, Kin~ of Epeiros. marrieR Pindar, notices of the goddesses Agathokles daughter. 258; in, 35 ; refers to Phalaris. 57; Greek Sicily seeks his help, Sicilian references in his odes. 265; his wars against Rome. 76, 83, 87; entertained by 265. 266. 267. 271 ; withstood Hier&n, 76. 83; gi"es Hieron by the Mamertine., 267; lands title of king. 82 at Tauromenion. il,.; receiv«1 Pious Brethren. legend 0(. 46 at Syracuse. 267 ; wins Akroga., Pithekoussa, island, 85 268; his title of King of Sicily. Plato, his alleged letters on Syra· i/,. ; his campaign in North·w~st cusan aHairs, 156. 196 ; treat· Sicily. 268. 269; take. Panor· menl of by Dionysios. 191; mos. 146. 269; besiegcs Lily. visits the younger Dionysios. baion, 270; fails to reco"cr 201 ; his constitutional schemes Messana. 271; leavcs Sicily, for Syracuse, 214, 216 il>.; dcfeated at lIeneventum, Plemmyrion, peninsula. 42; occu ih.; killed at Argos. it.. pied by the Athenians. 125; recovered by Gylippos, 128; Himilkon's fort on, 177 R Plenniu •• 339 Ragusa, see Hybla Heraia Polichna, early Greek outpost. 43; Ras Melkart. see lIeraklcia :llil1(.a occu pied by Syracu se. 125; Ravenna. church of. llOldolands in Himilkon's camp on, 176 Sicily, lSI Pollis. king of Syracuse, 62 Regulus, M. A., hi. attack on Polyphemos. legend of, 31 Carthage, 282 Polyxenos. brings help from Old Rhegion. tyranny or Anaxilas at. Greece to Syracuse. 177 69. 70; rule of Mik),thol at. Polyzelos. son of Deinomcnes. 72; 85, 90; !lOns of AnaxilaK at, 90, marries Damareta, 83; lIierion'. 91 ; treaty ",ith Athen., 106; plots against. if,. ",ks help of Athe"" 107; Poml-'eia. daughter of Sextus, 335 Athenian fleet nt. 115; joins Pompciu'l, (;., in Sicily, ~JO Syracusan revolt again.t Dinny. Pompeiu., S .• hi. war In Spain, si"", 1,58; makcR peace ",ith 332 ; his war with the Trium' Viony''''.. 165; refuses him a virs, 333; charges made against, wife, 165, 181; ""iteR on lolylai. INDEX. 373 18z; attacked by Dionysios, Saint Marcian, bishop of Syra 184; sends embas>y to him, cuse, 34z 186; siege and taking of, 188; Saint Pancratius of Tauromenium, destruction of. 189; Timoleon 342 at,zl8; ravaged by Agathokles, Saint Paul, at Syracuse, 342 z35; by the Campanians, z73 ; Saint Peter, legends of, at Syra defence of, by Lrevinus, 317 cuse, 342; said to ha ve been at Rhodes, her selllements in Sicily, Catania, 343 49, 53, 55; bounty of Hieron Saint Zosimus, Bishop of Syra II. to, Z94 cuse, 352 Roman Peace in Sicily, 323 Salvius, king of the slaves, 3z8 ; Rome, Romans, Sicily the granary calls himself TryphOn, 329; of, 19, 317. 324, 334,338, 351 ; his revolt against Rome, ib. war of Pyrrhos with, z65-7, 271 ; - Samians, take Zankl.\ 69; treaty aIlied to Carthage, 267, 272; I of Hippocrates with, 70; turned dealings of, with the mercen· out by Anaxilas, il>. aries, 273; wars of, with . Samnites, pray Pyrrhos for help Carthage, 276-290, 295-317; I against Rome, 271 Hieron's alliance with, 279; San Filippo d'Argiro, 343; se, establishment of her power in Agyrium Sicily, 292; Hieronymos re San Marino, republic of, 3zZ volts against, 296; war-Iawof, Saracen invasion of Sicily, 4, 353 301 ; uses Sicily as an outpost Sardinia, ceded by Carthage to against Africa, 317 ; relations of, Rome, 290, 320; taken by to subject cities, 320; state of Sextus, 333, 334; confirmed to Sicily under, 321-323, 330-2; him at Misenum, 335; joins enactment as to slaves, 328; Cresar, 336; taken by Gaiseric, colonies of, in Sicily, 340; 346 rights of, extended by edict of Sciacca, hot springs near, 33, 343 Caracalla, 344; taken by Alaric, Scipio, P. C., his expedition 345; besieged by Totila, 349 against Hannibal, 317 Rome, Church of, deprived of Scipio, P. C., the younger, re jurisdiction in Sicily, 350 ; stores to Sicily spoil from estates therein, 351 Carthage. 323 Rome, New, see Constantinople Segesta, Elymian site, 13, ZO; Rufus, Q. S., sent against Sextus, wars of with Selinous, 55, 334 112, 141; with DOrieus, 67; Rupilius, P., takes Tauromenium, its treaty with Athens, 106, 327; his laws, ib. loS; appeals to Athens, ib.; trick played on Athenian en S voys, 113 ; helps Athens, IZO ; Sacerdos, G. L., Prretor in Sicily, alliance of, with Carthage, 141 ; 33 1 besieged by Dionysios, 170 ; Sacred Band of Carthage, de siege raised, 171 ; treatment of, stroyed at the Krimisos, 225-- by Agathokles, 252, 279; joins 227 _ Pyrrhos, 269; joins Rome, 279 ; Saint Agatha of Catania, 343 position of, under Rome, 32Z, Saint Kalogeros, 343 340 Saint Lucy, Matron, 343 Selinous, foundation of, 51 ; wars Saint Lucy of Syracuse, Virgin, with Segesta, 55. 112, 141; 343 tyranny of Peithagoras and -, 374 INDEX. Euryk>tln at, 67; her relations 3'5; an oUlpost of Europe, to Carthage, 74, 82, 154.22<), 317 ; Scipio's starting point for 238; promises help to Han,il· Africa, 3'7; relatiun of ils cilies kar, 80; joins Gylippos, 124; 10 Rome, 320-322; l{oman sends help to Greece. 137; Peace in, 323; increase of taken by Hannibal, 139, 142; slavery, 324; slave wars of, fortified by Hermokrates, I4S ; 325-329.341; Cicero's account recovered by Dion),sios, 194; of, 330; Julius C",sar's slarting origin of the name, 226; wel· point for Africa, 332 ; occupied comes Pyrrhos. 269; destroyed lIy Sexlus. 333 u'!.; war be· by Carthage, 285 tween c.-esar and Sextus for, Selinous, river, 5 I 336-339; C.",sar master of, Servilius, Q., his war with the 339; Roman colonies in, 340 ; slaves, 329 Hadrian's visit to, 34' ; Frank· ShOPMfilll of Carthage, 179 ish invasion of, 342; Chris· Sicily, its historical importance, tianity in, 342-344; effect I, 2 ; its geographical position of the edict of Caracalla on, and character, 3. 9. IS u'!q.; 344; part of the dioust of strife between East and West Italy, 345; Teutonic iD\'asions for. 3, 26, 354; compared with of, 345 Sfq.; under Theodoric, Cyprus and Spain,s; Norman 347; won hack by Delisarius, kingdom of, 6, 353; Ph",nician 348-349; its connexion with the colonies in, II, 14, 21-28; Eastern Empire, 350; lands of Greek colonies in, II, 14, 39 the Roman Church in, 347, 351, Sfqq.; older inhabitants of, 11- 352; Con.tans II. in, 352; 14; becomes practically Greek, Mezetius Emperor in, 352; reo 16, 324; its triangular shape, covered hyConstantine IV .• ib.; 16; sites for Odyssey sought in, Saracen invuion. in, 353 ; won 16, 30, 48; mountain and rivers hack by the Normans, 353 of, 17-19; chief granary of Sidon. prohable seltlcment from Rome, 19. 317, 324. 334, 338. I in Sicily, 24; itl hatred to· 351 ; hill towns of, 20 ; legends wards the Greek •• 77 of, 29 seqq.; Hamilkar's in· Sikania, name of Sicily, II; men· ,·a.ion of, 77-81 ; independence tioned in Odyssey, 39 of its cities. 87 seqq.; share of, Sikans. the, ,1-13.27 ; hilltown~, in the wars of Greece. 104 characteristic of, 20; remains Sf,!q., 160; Athenian expedi. of, in Sicily, 27; traditions of, tion to,114strQ'; second Cartha· 32 ginian invaslOn of, 140 Stql/.; Sikelia, II ; suhject to Carthage, dlect of the reign of Diony. 154 . sius on. 197, 198; new seltle· Sikeliots, distingui.hed (rom Si. ment of, 223; freed by Timo· kels,41 leOn. 23<); position of Aga. Sikels, the. 11-13; gradually 'thokles in. 257; war of Pyrrh .... hecome Greek. 13; lang"age in, 26 5-271 ; a wrestling ground of, akin to Latin. n. 27; hill· for Rome and Carthage, 272, to'll'nl of, 20; remains of, in 276 seqq.; given up by Carthage, Sicily. 27 ; tale of their migra. 2'}O; becomes a Roman pro. tion from Italy, 29; their heliefs "ince, 292. 320. 339. 344 ; main and tradition., 33-37; men· baltletidd of lIannillal, 305; I ioncd in 0.1 )·,scy. 39; d rh'en outcry in, against Marcellu., out of Syracu,e, 45; Theuk I':s' INDEX. 375 dealings with, 47 : war of, with I Dionysios sends help to, 189. Skythes, 69; their union under . 194; checks his advance, 191 ; Ducetius, 98 : help Naxos, 108; ! admits Dion to citizenship, 202 ; help Athens, 120: guaranty of I sends help against Agathokles, their independence, 155 237 Simonides, Sicilian references in I Sthenios 'Of Therma, 330 his poems, 76: entertained by Stesichoros, 64 Hieron, 76, 83; said to have I Strabo, his description of Sicily, g:onciled Hieron and Theron" 39,340 Sulla, L. C., his war with Marius, Skylla, tale of, 30 330 Skythes of Zankle, his war with Sulpicius, G., invades Panormos, the Sikels, 69: Hippokrates' 282 treatment of, 70: escapes to I Susa, see Hadrumetum Asia, i6. . Sybaris, its war with Kroton, 67 Slaves, increase of, in Sicily, 324; I Symaithos, river, 18 wars of, 325-330; Roman order Synalos, receives Dian at Hera for their liberation, 328; third , kleia Minoa, 203 revolt of, 341 I Syracuse, foundation of, 42; her Solous, Solunto, Phrenician settle· relations to Corinth, if>.; im ment of, 25; taken by Pyrrbos, portance of her -topography, 270 ; joins Rome, 283 I 43; her outposts, 49, 50; her So~hrosyne, daughter of Diony. war with Kamarina, 50; cham SlOS,200 pion of Europe against Africa. Sosis, slays Hieronynios, 297; 56; Gamoro; of, 59-62; war of takes refuge with Marcellus, Hippokrates with, 71 ; tyranny 303, 306: leads the Romans of Gelon at, 72 seqq.; enlarged into the Hexapyla, 307; re by him, 73; temples at, built warded by Marcellus, 312 by Geloll, 83; drives out Thrasy Sosistratos, denounced by Aga boulos, 90; feast of the Elm thokles, 235; banished, i6.; Ikeda at, 91 ; exclusion of the seeks Hamilkar's help, 235, 236; new citizens, ;6.; demagogues his death, 238 at, 94; institution of petalism, Sosistrato, in command at Syra 95; her wars with Akragas, cuse, 204; welcomes Pyrrhos, 96, 101 ; with Etruscans, 98; 267 ; takes service under him, with Ducetius, 100 ; with Leon 268 ; flees from Syracuse, 271 tinoi, 107, III ; attacks Naxos, Spaccaforno, ue Kasmenai 108 : Athenian expedition Spain, compared \\ith Sicily, 5 ; against, 114 seqq.; debate -in Phrenician colonies in, 14, IS, the assembly, i6.; embassies to 23,26 Peloponnesos, [20; beginning Spanish mercenaries of Diony of the siege, 123; coming of sios, 179 Gylippos, 124, 125; improve Sparta, compared with Athens, ment of naval tactics, 128; 105; Syracusan embassy to, Athenians surrender to, 134. 120; her alliance with Darius, 136; treatment· of prisoners, 137; Pylos won back for, 139; 136; sends help to Greece, supports Dionysios, 160; em 137 ; threatened by Hannibal, bassy of Dionysios to, 176; 144; feeling towards Hermo objects to settlement of Mes knues, 145-6; sends help to senians by - Dionysios, 181; Akragas, 149; generals accused INDEX. of treason, 151; recalls the man colony at, 340 ; sacked by exiles, 151; Dionysios tyrant at, the Franks, 34l; SS. Peter 15z, 156 ;..-evolt of the horse and Paul at, ib. ; bi.hopric of, men, 153; return of Dionysios, 344; Gothic count of, 347 ; sub. 154; suhjection to Dionysios mits to lldisarius, 348; temple guaranteed by Carthage, 155; of Athcne turned into a church, fortification of the Island, lSI! ; 35z; Constans II. at, lb. revolts "gainst Dionysios, ;6.; fortified by Dionysios, 164; be T sieged by IIimilk{,n, 176; Olym. Taormina, su Tauromenion pieion plundered by Vionysios, Taras, Tarentum, helpe<1 hy l\[j. 191 ; her treaty with Carthage, kythos. 85; asks help of SpMta, 195; position of, under Dion), 231 ; helpe!1 by I'yrrhos against sios, 197; delivered by Diun, Rome, 265, 266, 271 ; suhmits z03-5; Island held by Dionysios to Rome, 271 ; head-quarterlof the younger, 205, 207; treatment Antonian ships, 337, 338 of Philistos by, zol! ; gets rid of Tauromenion, founuatiun of, 173; Vion, ZO<); prays him (or help dereat or Vionysios at, ISj; against Vionysios, 211 ; Diim s taken hy him. 184; Timole':'n entrance into, 212; I'lato's lands aI, 219; Punic envoys at, schemes for, 214, 216 ; tyrannies i6.; meR or, slain hy Aga in, on Diun'. death, 215-6; thoklcs, 238; Pyrrhos lands at embas.,y to Corinth, 217; de 267; its alliance wilh Rome, li,'ered hy Timoleon, 220-2; 321 ; taken hy the sla,-es. 327 : second Corinthian settlement of, Roman siege of, ,.6. ; c."s.u nl, 223; treatment of Hiketas' 338; Roman colony at, 340; family, 2z8, of lIIamercus, ;6. ; church of Saint I'ancratiu. at, massacre at, by Agathoklcs, 236; 34z; hishopric of. 344 his tyranny at, ib. ; Carthaginian Taurus, S., in command under An· attack on, 239 IetJ'l.; lIamilkar tonius, 337 retires from, 245; his first Tcgca, l\Iikythos dies at, 90 attack on, 246; wars of with Telemacho5 of Akragal, 65 Akrasta., 249, 263; Hikctas Tclincs of Gela, 68 tyrant of, 263; prays Pyrrhos Temenitcs, outpost of Syracu'IC, for help against Carthage, 43: taken into the city, 119 265; welcomes Pyrrhos, 257; Tenea, settlers from, at Syracu! Tyndarion, his attempt at tyranny Vel res, G.,Cicero·s speech against, at Syracuse, 94 319. '330, 332 ; his oPl're"ion Tyn,larion, tyrant of Tauromc· il1. Sicil)·, 3j1 ; goc~ into exile, nion, 263; joins Pyrrhos, 267 .332 ; put to dea th, i/!. Tyndaris. foundation of, 182; joins "oleanic mountains and lak~ in Timoleon, 220 ; Roman victory Sicily, 33, 34 off, 282; occupied by Sextus, 333; Roman colony at, 340 x Ty,allts, use of the name, 62, 353 ; Greek view as to slaying of, XL'IIodikos of Akragas, defeated 217, 228 hy Leptines, 249, 251 Tyre. probahle settlements from Xerxes, invade! Greece, 78 in Sicily. 24; its hatred to· Xiphonia, penin9Ula, 43, 46 wards Greeks. 77; the Geloan Apollon sent to. 153; Carthagi· z nian embassies to, 244 Zanklc, foundation of, 48; found. Himera, 50; ruled by Skyth.·., U 69; seized by the Samians, ib.; its army enslaved Ly Utica, Phcenician colony, 23 I lIippocrates, 70; occupied by taken by Agathokles, 248 Anaxilas, ib.; name changed to Messana, 70, 92; rule of v Mikythos at, 85, 90; son. of Anaxilas at, 90, 91 ; ue Messana Vandals, alleged invasion of Sicily Zoippos, uncle of lIieronymos, by, 342; in Africa, Italy, and 295; supports Carthage, 2')6; Sicily, 346; Belisarius' cam· sent to Egypt,· 299; slaughter paign against, 348 of his family, ib. raJJnED BY .ORr.I80~ "liD OJIJIt LUU1£D. EIJ'XBUK.B