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Axcient Irnly AxcIENT IrnLY Regions without Boundaries edited by Guy Brødley, EIenø Isayev and Corinna Riaø UNIVERSiTY ,f EXETER PRESS Contents List of Illustrations vll List of Contributors ix List of Abbreviations xii Preface xiii Maps XV r Why Italyì Elena Isøyezt I z -Ihe Ancient Veneti: Community and State in Northern Italy Køthryn Lomas 2T 3 At the Margins of ltaly: Celts and Ligurians in North-West trìrst publishe d in zooT by Italy Røþh Häussler 45 University of Exeter Press Reed Hall, Streatham Drive + The Archaeology of Picenum: The Last Decade Corinnø Riøø 7e Exeter EX+ +QR UK Etruria and the Etruscans: Recent Approaches Wdia Izzet u4 zurws. e x e te rpr e s s. c o. u k 5 O Guy Bradle¡ Elena Isayev, Corinna Riva 6 The Faliscans Letiziø Ceccørelli and Sirnon Stlddart 13I and the individual contributors zooT 7 Latiumand the Latins:The Hinterland of Rome The rìght of Guy Bradley, Elena Isayerl Corinna Riva Christoplter Srnitlt t6t and the individual contributors to be identified as authors of this work h¿s been asserted by them in accordance with 8 The Samnites Eduard Bispharn 179 the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Ancient Campania: Cultural lnteraction, Political Borders and British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 9 GeographicalBoundaries Mariassunta Cuozzo 224 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ro Daunians, Peucetians and Messapiansl Societies and Settlements in ISBN 978 o 85989 8r3 3 South-East Italy Edzoard Herring 268 rr Romanization: The End of the Peoples of Italyì Guy Bradley 295 Index .t-.t Typeset in rrlr3pt Adobe Caslon byJCS Publishing Services Ltd Printed in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne &Wear Y CHAPTER I Why ltaly? Elena Isøyev Introduction From an aerial vantage point the ltalian peninsula, with its spine-like Apennine range, stretches into the centre of the Mediterranean from the Aipine mountãins. Such a perspective has become so natural to us now that need to make a conscious effort to view the landscape eye level, and to we ^t recognize that its illusory cohesiveness is partly a superimposed overlay used to narrative construction. This is somewhat paradoxical, since much of the ^ù attraction of researchin gltaly,especially its earlier periods, is fuelled by the sheer multiplicity of co-existing community forms and networks, often reaching far beyond the frame of the shoreline. On those occasions when the peninsula does become a crucible for unified action and governance, the underlying context of diversity serves to highlight the fragile and transient nature of any resulting organism. Evidence for this dynamic atmosphere is plentiful, and becoming ,rrot" accessible, not only because of numerous archaeological projects, using"*, increasingly advanced methods of recovery and interPretation, but also as a result of nãw paradigms that inform our thinking about society and the historical process. The essãnce ofthis volume lies in the combination ofthese factors.It is therefore not a compfehensive study of all the areas of the peninsula. Rather, regions are used as case studies from which to explore both the history of communities that inhabited them and much broader themes, relevant not only to the study of the Mediterranean but also in providing long-term Perspectives for issues at the heart of contemporary debate. We have deliberately excluded those regions that have received significant attention in recent English{anguage scholarship, and which are easilyãccessible, such as for example Umbria (Bradley zooo) and Lucania (Horsnaes zooz;Isayev zoo7).The aim of this chapter is primarily to contextualize the different research trends and to highlight some of the ongoing debates that the contributions to this volume address. If the above is an initial answer to the question 'why ltaly?'then it could be summarized as'why not ltaly?'This apparentþ frivolous resPonse embodies the extent to which the nature of scholarship of the peninsula has changed. Only ten years ago there would have been an expectation of a particular emphasis, which is reflected in the opening paragraph of the landmark review by Curti, 2 Elena Isayeo Why Ita$? 3 Dench and Patterson the of Rornan in Journal Studies:'For the historian of the transformation of an abstract sense of belonging into a geographical realityl the Roman period, the archaeology of central and southern Italy raises . a To access this type of information-the self-perception of ancient peoples at fascinating variety of . questions it was here that Romans tested and perfected a given moment in time-we need to recognize the limits and opportunities the techniques of organization and control of territory that were to be used with offered by the evidence base. (tg96,r7Ð.While such success elsewhere . ) the fundamenral overview provided In interpreting and integrating remains of material culture and ancient by this article reaches well beyond the interest in Rome, still the impetus of the written ,our..r, often compiled by outside observers, it is, therefore, crucial to research is presented as the ciry's rise to power, and the contextual expansion of have an awareness of the theoretical frameworks and distinct methodological the better-known narratives centred on Greece and Rome. Frustration with this tools that are being employed. Implicitly or explicitly, the contributors in this agenda is partly expressed in the final section of the review:'the problem remains collection provide a wide range of approaches to the material, determined by that "Hellenizatiod' and"Romanization" are concepts that cover, and sometimes the main focus of their inquiry and the types of evidence available to address it. conceal many different phenomena, and interpretations of these phenomena. The region therefore acts as a physical and mental sPace to test existing models What we really need now are further attempts to integrate the intricacies of and explore the impact of divergent forces on individual communities and individual cultural situations with explicitly theoretical treatments'(Curti et al. broadei societal forms. While each regional package is distinct, a number of ry96,ß). overlapping themes are shared in common. The most prominent among them That appeal has been answered and its results are incorporated in the discussions are urbãniiation, identity, state-formation, economy and cultural contact. Other here, but with different aims in mind. Many of the quesrions addressed in this subjects, such as gender and cult, are presented as areas of future opportunity volume are far removed from the specific historical circumstances of the two and development, with discussions here only as starting points. better-known civilizations, although they help to provide the conrexr for the myriad of other, equally significant, processes witnessed on the peninsula. Notwithstanding the numerous works published since the ryg6 JRS review, Landscape asAgent it remains one of the most well-used summaries for activity in ltaly. While fundamental reports on new findings continue to expand the regional sections Italy inspires a passion for landscape (Fìgures t and z),which must be at least of library shelves, there has been little attempt to provide an integrated overview a subcoñscious reason for most authors beginning with a description of the of the impact of new approaches, especialþ in bnglish. Key rãcent syntheses topography. Mountains, valleys, coast and plains are all cited for their potential and collected papers are cited in the 'Further Reading'section at the end of this to-aiá oi inhibit interaction and to provide an appealing environment in which chapter. to settle. The tone is on the whole positive; where previously mountain ranges An underlying structure that persists through many of the studies of Italy, were perceived as barriers, it is now accepted that such physical obstruction did and indeed through this one, is regionalism, here organized geographically not i;hibit cultural interaction (Riva, in this volume). Instead, the landscape from north to south. The extent to which this categorization is more than an is described in terms of the opportunities it provides, with river valleys and administrative or narrative packaging tool is a concern raised in the chapters of passes seen as imPortant routes and meeting points, not just gateways into this volume, even if not explicitly. There are a number of key contexts where the hostile territory. The ridge of a mountain range can make as good a track as the issue is highlighted, particularly in discussions of identiry conquesr, colonialism bottom of a valley (Buck rg75,Ior-?), depending on what is being transported, and cultural interaction. What is clear from the evidence is that it is in fact the purpose of the journey, and one's destination. hard to keep to the boundaries. Either the phenomena being described reach Thir ìh"ng" in outlook may be partly attributed to a shift from a Roman- beyond them, or there is such internal diversity that it is dificult ro argue for centred to an Italian perspective. It need only be subtle, as demonstrated at the the coherence of the area within. In the same way that the nation-state is not start of Bispham's chapter on Samnium,where he positions the reader's historical a natural unit but, as suggested by Anderson (t99r), only one form of imagined gàze to look out from within the Apennine-based community by altering the community, neither is the region. One of the challenges is to understand the iraditional role of the adversary: 'The Romans, their enemy in the "Samnite circumstances that may cause the imagined communiry to function regionally, Wars" . .'. This refocusing owes its existence, in part, to such interdisciplinary rather than on the level of an individual settlement, the peninsula, or indeed studies as Horden and Purcell's Corrupting Seø (zooo), which, through an the empire. Even Cicero questioned his own allegiances in De Legibus 2.5 integration of anthropological findings with geographic models, shows the (cf.
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