Proceedings of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Volume 12 (1977)
Authors Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
Publisher Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
Download date 03/10/2021 00:40:57
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/316241 ne 12 Proceedings Journal Supplement of the
TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING of the ARIZONA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
April15-16, 1977 University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada
1976 - 77 Annual Reports
Participating Societies Arizona Junior Academy of Science American Water Resources Association Arizona Research Entomologists
APRIL 1977 CJI PROCEEDINGS OF THE 21st ANNUAL MEETING of the ARIZONA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
April 15-16, 1977-University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada
INDEX
Page
J.\t·breviated Meeting Schedule . 1
Schedule of Section Meetings . 2 Events Special . 3 Abstracts of Papers Presented at Section Meetings
ANTRHOPOLOGY . 4
BIOLOGY ...... 7
CONSERVATION . . · 24
ENTOMOLOGY ...... 32
GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY . • • • •• . 36
GEOGRAPHY...... 44
GEOLOGY...... • ...... 52
HYDROLOGY . · 59
Report of Officers and Committees of the Academy
Officers and Section Chairpersons. 70
Committee Roster ...... · 71
...... President's . . Report. · . 72
Minutes of the Annual . Meeting · 73 Treasurer's Report. • 74
...... Membership Secretary · . 75
Research Committee . . · 75
Committee .. Nominating · 75
Fellows Committee . · . 76
Scholarship Committee . .77
Outstanding Science Teacher Award .. .77
Editorial Board . · 78
Committee . Necrology · 78
Resolutions Committee . · . 78
i ABBREVIATED SCHEDULE
April 14 - 7:00 pm Executive Board Meeting, Room 312, Life Science Building (White Hall
April 15 8:00 am Registration, Lobby, Life Science Building (White Hall)
9:00 - 11:30 Paper Sessions (See Section Schedules)
11:30 - 12:00 Annual Business Meeting, Room 150, Life Science Building (White Hall)
12:00 - 1:45 Awards Luncheon and Past President's Address, Room 201, Student Union Building
2:00 - 5:00 Paper Sessions (See Section Schedules)
6:00 - 7:15 No Host Cocktail Hour, Room 201, Student Union Building
7:15 - 8:00 Annual Academy Banquet and Twenty-first Annual Academy Invited Address, Room 201, Student Union Speaker - Dr. Kenneth E. Boulding, University of Colorado Subject - Dilemmas in Energy Policy
April 16
7:30 am Registration, Lobby, Life Science Building (White Hall)
8:00 - 12:00 Paper Sessions (See Section Schedules)
12:15 Executive Board Meeting (Old Executive Board, New Executive Board and New Section Chairpersons), Room 312, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Registration Costs (Proceedings were mailed to members)
Members and Non-members $4.00
Students (includes a copy of the $2.00 Proceedings)
Proceedings, Non-members $2.50 SCHEDULE OF SECTION MEETINGS AT A GLANCE
Section Day/Date Session Time Room
Anthropology Sat.-16 I 8:00 111
Biology Fri.-15 I 9:00 118 IIA 2:00 118 lIB 2:00 119 Sat.-16 IlIA 8:00 118 IIIB 8:00 119
Conservation Fri.-15 I 9:00 115 II 2:00 115 Sat.-16 III 8:00 115
Entomology Fri.-15 I 9:00 114
Genetics & Fri.-15 I 9:00 126 Developmental II 2:00 126 Biology Sat.-16 III 8:00 126
Geography Fri.-15 I 9:00 120 II 2:00 120 Sat. -16 III 9:00 120
Geology Fri.-15 I 9:00 108 II 2:00 108
Hydrology Fri.-15 I 9:00 105 II 2:00 105 Sat.-16 III 8:00 105
2 SPECIAL EVENTS
Friday, April 15, 1977
Annual AcademY Business Meeting 11 : 30 - 1 2: 00 Room 150, Life Science Building (White Hall)
BANQUETS AND LUNCHEONS
Annual AcademY Awards Luncheon 12:00 - 1 :45 Room 201, Student Union Building Cost $4.50
Annual Past President's Address David T. Smith, President AAS, 1976 - 1977 Subject - "Today We Are Over 2111 - Coming of Age in Arizona Room 201, Student Union Building
No Host Cocktail Hour
6:00 - 7:15 Room 201, Student Union Building
Annual AcademY Banquet 7:15 - 8:00 Room 201, Student Union Building Cost $7.00
21st Annual Invited AcademY Address 8:00 pm Room 201, Student Union Building Speaker - Dr. Kenneth E. Boulding, University of Colorado Subject - DILEMMAS OF ENERGY POLICY
The Annual AcademY Invited Address follows the Annual Banquet. Doors will be opened to admit the public at 8:00 pm.
3 ANTHROPOLOGY
Session I: Saturday, April 16, 1977, 8:00 A.M.
Room: 111, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Gary B. Palmer
8:00-8:25 MALE SUPERIORITY? A BIOCULTURAL INTERPRETATION
Seymour Parker (University of Uta�, Salt Lake City, Utah) Hilda Parker (Uni versity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah)
The literature concerning the origin and functions of institutionalized gender role differences is characterized by ideological predilections and nature/nurture controversies. Utilizing a holistic approach, this study reviews relevant evidence from ethology, developmental psychology, and cross-cultural investigations. These data lead to the presentation of a socio-cultural model involving the relative elasticities of the male and female labor contribution in social evolution. That is, the qualities required in the male labor sector (i.e. strength, high levels of technological training and skill-mastery, ability to face dangers) make male labor (relative to female labor) less substitutable and less easy to expand. The universal existence of greater male power and prestige constitutes a societal reward as part of the "price" of el iciting male labor. Assumptions about technological progress in the future lead to a pre diction of the demise of male superiority.
8:25-8:50 THE GUATEMALAN-CULTURAL SEGMENTS OR OPPRESSED CLASS?
John J. Swetnam (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
What is an Indian in Guatemala? It appears that in previous studies anthropologists comparing Indian and Ladino market vendors may have mistakenly identified rural behavior traits with Indian culture. An analysis of market participation by members of Guatemala IS Indian and Ladino ethnic groups indi cates that inequalities among vendors are due more to economic and geographic factors than ethnic affiliations. These data are more consistent with a class than with a pluralist interpretation of a Guatemalan society.
8:50-9:05 DEVIL'S CLAW (PROBOSCIDEA): CASH CROP IN THE PAPAGO BASKETRY INDUSTRY
Gary Nabhan and Gordon Fritz (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
The commercial production of Papago coiled basketry, historically, has increased the demand for devil IS claw fiber, a popular design element. Today a domesticated form (Proboscidea cf parviflora) is one of the most frequently cultivated plants on Papago Indian reservations in southern Arizona. Fiber production involves both domesticated and wild devil IS claw in a wide range of horticultural contexts: 1) harvesting unattended wild and feral, domesticated plants; 2} protecting and irrigating self-sown plants; 3) sowing seed in "fallow" fields; 4} planting seed in dooryard gardens and in rainwater or floodwater fed fields; 5) applying modern cultivation, irrigation and fertilization techniques. Fruit yield, influenced by watering, ranges from a few to more than one hundred fifty per plant. Devil IS claw fruit, especially of the domesticated form, is a
4 significant economic crop on the reservations. Bundles of 50-200 fruit, obtained through traders and crafts shops, often sell for $10-30. In addition, devil's claw has been historically important as an item of cultural exchange with various ethnic groups including Anglos, Mexicans and several Indian tribes.
9:05-9:35 EVOLUTION OF DUAL ECOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION
Gary B. Palmer (University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Modernization of peasant agriculture creates dual ecologies: (1) an expanding, simplifying ecology, and (2) a shrinking ecology which becomes more complex at first, but ultimately degrades and simplifies. Within the dual eco logies, environmental changes stimulate two corresponding family adaptations: agricultural expansion and agricultural involution. In agricultural expansion, favorably situated or opportunistic families specialize uniformly, in parallel, to expand and intensify the raising of hybrid domesticates for regional and national markets. Agricultural expansion and modernization often degrade re sources by wasting and despoiling resources used in traditional agriculture. In agricultural involution, non-competitive families manage a shrinking resource base. Agricultural involution often degrades resources by intensifying the use of traditional resources. Thus, both adaptations may degrade resources, ampli fying competition and the pressure to evolve dual ecologies. By adapting to change, peasant farmers create more change in the same direction.
9:35-10:00 BIOFILTRATION FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Gary Stough (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
The usual methods of treating urban sewage waste money, energy, and poten tially valuable inorganic nutrients. Several biological systems of waste water treatment offer practical alternatives to the present capital and energy inten sive technologies. One alternative, biological filtration, involves cultivating selected plant species on waste water to remove inorganic nutrients. Trans parent domes, erected over the growing plants, will allow year round cultivation, optimization of growing conditions, and the recapture of water vaporized in transpiration. Studies of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) indicate that they can be used to process effluent, however, data is not available to describe their performance under conditions expected to occur under domes. This paper describes attempts to evaluate the potential performance of water hyacinths in a biological filtration system.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:15-10:40 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AS HISTORY OF THE INARTICULATE
Claude N. Warren (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Historical archaeology is a potential interdisciplinary study. Too often historical archaeology is regarded as providing only illustrative material for history or items for antiquaries. Neither discipline seems willing to embrace the study. Archaeologists behind a Hempelian facade of philosophy scorn history as non-scientific and historians attribute little historical data to archaeology.
5 The research of both historian and archaeologist deals with historic items characterized as documents and artifacts. Concepts of etic and emic, borrowed from ethnology, are used as a heuristic device to clarify the differences between the data of the two disciplines. It is shown that artifacts and other material items may form the basis for writing a history of a people where docu ments are lacking, scarce or in error.
10:40-10:55 THE PREHISTORIC AND MODERN ENVIRONMENT OF BLACK MESA, NAVAJO COUNTY, ARIZONA
Charles H. Miksicek (University of Arizona)
Between 875 and 1150 A.D., Black Mesa was covered with numerous small agricultural villages. The modern landscape however is ravaged by erosion, over-grazing, and strip mining. Was subsistence on Black Mesa during the first millenium A.D. as marginal as the modern vegetation suggests, or were pre Columbian conditions more suitable for human occupation? Modern ecological sampling suggests that over-grazing has favored the expansion of unpalatable shrubby species. Preliminary analyses of artifactua1 pollen washes and pollen from deep stratigraphic excavations seems to confirm that grassland communities have been replaced by sagebrush and sagesnakeweed associations. Juniper-pinyon woodland associations appear relatively unchanged. The correlation of modern pollen rain with existing vegetational frequencies offers a potential tool for retrodicting plant communities as they existed at the time of the prehistoric occupation of Black Mesa.
10:55-11:10 AGE DETERMINATION UTILIZING TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
Raymond D. Rawson, D.D.S. (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Age determination by visual examination of human pubic symphyses has achieved a high degree of reliability through the efforts of Todd, Brooks and others. The tomographic examination of this symphysical joint is an attempt at refinement and standardization of an already proven technique. Tomography is a radiographic procedure that allows for the examination of details within a thin layer of an object. The layer can be moved at will throughout the object by simple manipulation of the controls. Details lying in an infinite number of layers can be scrutinized one layer at a time with no special dissection or sample preparation. A pilot study on cadavers of known age is in process to examine the effectiveness and ramifications of this tech nique for age determination.
6 BIOLOGY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 118, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: W. Glen Bradley
9:00-9:15 MORPHOLOGY AND FOOD HABITS OF NINE AVIAN SPECIES FROM A HONEY MESQUITE COMMUNITY w. F. Laudenslayer, Jr. (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Specimens representing nine avian species from spring of 1976 were compared as to external morphology and diet. Verdins flavice s), B1acktai1ed Gnatcatchers CPo1iopti1a me1anura), and Lucy'sCAuritarusWar lers Vermlvora 1uciae) exhibited a high amount of overlap as to body measurements and size of prey items ingested. Insect taxa (Orders) procured was somewhat different indicating that during this period the three species have dissimilar diets.
9:20-9:35 BIRDS OF THE CREOSOTE BUSH COMMUNITY IN THE NORTHERN MOHAVE DESERT
J. Scott Miller, George T. Austin and W. Glen Bradley. (University of Nevada, [as Vegas, Nevada}
Birds were censused at five locations in southern Nevada from 1972-1976 using the Emlen (1971J technique. Data on density and diversity were collected for each season. Bird data were examined and compared in relation to variation in vegetative associations of each area. These data are further compared to data available from creosote bush communities in other areas.
9:40-9:55 BREEDING SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BIRDS IN MESQUITE ISLANDS
J. Scott Miller�and George T. Austin (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Species richness and population density of breeding birds were censused in 115 mesquite bosques, ranging in size from 0.01 to 15.50 ha, during April and May at 1975 and 1976; 26 bosques were censused both years. Population data on 8 species were analyzed with respect to total area, amount of edge (measured as bosque parameter), and plant species composition of each bosque. Density and species composition of breeding birds are controlled primarily by area and edge of the bosque. Smaller bosques with a lower area/edge ratio support more breeding pairs relative to larger bosques with a higher ratio. An apparently greater productivity of smaller (younger) vs. larger (older) bosques may account for this situation.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:35 THE BREEDING BIRDS OF A CYPRESS POSTCLIMAX FOREST
7 H. Bruce Johnston (Fresno City College, Fresno, California) and Steven W. Carothers (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona}
A 2 year study was made of the breeding birds of a Cypress Postclimax Forest, in north-central Arizona. The structure of the plant community was examined and quantitatively described. During 1974-75, 39 species of birds were observed and 12 species were known to breed on the 10.6 ha study plot. Breeding bird densities were 99 and 86 pairs/40 ha in 1974 and 1975 respectively. Differences could have been due to normal fluctuation in populations, or tempera ture differences between the 2 years could have contributed. Bird species diver sity and foliage height diversity were measured on the study plot and a positive correlation existed between them. Bioenergetic studies revealed that permanent residents had an average weight of 54.2 g whereas, the summer residents averaged only 19.3 g. Bird origins were considered and 80% of the permanent residents were of the Old World element. Considering all breeding birds, they were divided equally into Old World, No. American and So. American elements.
10:40-10:55 SNAGS AND CAVITIES SELECTED BY SECONDARY CAVITY NESTING BIRDS
James B. Cunningham (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Snags (dead trees) have been greatly reduced in number in our forests in recent years. A group of birds, known as secondary cavity nesters, depend on these snags for nesting cavities. This study was designed to determine the characteristics of snags used by the birds when selecting nest sites in snags. Birds tended to select for snags which had a diameter of greater than 48 cm and were 14 m or more in height. The most highly utilized snags had 60% or more bark cover. The Violet-green Swallows used snags which were surrounded by very few live trees while the PygmY Nuthatch, Western Bluebird, Mountain Chickadee and Brown Creeper each selected snags in progressively more dense foliage. The most highly utilized snags were those which had been dead for 50 to 20 years. Almost exclusively all species utilized cavities surrounded by bark. The Vio1et green Swallow, PygmY Nuthatch, Western Bluebird, and Mountain Chickadee tended to select the highest cavities available to them while the Brown Creeper used only the lowest. The majority of cavities used for nest sites faced east.
11:00-11:15 FLOWER PIERCING VERDIN
Lois Becker (Tempe, Arizona)
A Verdin has been piercing flowers, and the Verdin and bees have been pry ing off flowers, in the flower bed along our south patio. During the autumns of 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976, and through the fall of 1975 into January, 1976 the Verdin was observed frequently in the garden, working on the blossoms. The bird visited four of the flowers in the bed: Cape Honeysuckle, Hummingbird Bush, Desert Honeysuckle, and Aloe. The flower of each plant is tubular, with a throat about one inch deep. The Verdin would pierce the corolla near the base. The bird would be active in early morning, and late mid afternoon. In autumn, 1975, bees were observed prying off flowers from the Desert Honeysuckle. The bee would place its head toward the stem and pry the corolla away from the receptacle. Often the blossom would sli.p over the pistil and fall to the ground. That same aut�mn, the Verdin was observed taking the corolla off the Desert Honeysuckle. Both bees and Verdin have pried off blossoms in autumn, 1976. Bird, bees, and flowers have been photographed. Blossoms with pierced holes have been collected.
8 11:20-11:30 THE EFFECT OF A TAPEWORM INFECTION ON STARCH DIGESTION IN THE LABORATORY RAT
Thomas I. Swan and Robert W. Mead (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
The presence of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has been implicated in the in vitro facilitation of starch digestion. Several authors have theor ized that projections on the tapeworm tegument, called microtrichs, provide the basis for the physical catalytic phenomenon termed contact digestion. In this system, host amYlytic enzymes are arranged on the microtrichs and gain greater enzyme activity in comparison to the enzymes without the tapeworm tissue. Recent experiments have supported this by demonstrating that in vitro enzyme activity increases proportionately to the surface area of the1Worm. Since the worm has no exogenous enzymes, and is totally dependent on the host enzyme system, some authors have concluded that this enhancement of enzyme activity is due entirely to contact digestion. However, similar experiments have yet to be performed in vivo to indicate the importance of this phenomenon in a living system. The hypothesis of this experiment states that rats infected with a tapeworm will have a greater concen tration of starch breakdown products than rats not infected with the parasite. Our data have supported this hypothesis most dramatically in the 1.5 hour time group.
11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150 LIFE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201 STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session IIA: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 118, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: W. Glen Bradley
2:00-2:15 INVESTIGATION OF VEGETATIONAL COMMUNITIES IN JOSHUA TREE NATIONAL MONUMENT
Patrick Leary and Wesley E. Niles (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Since the Joshua Tree National Monument came into the Park Service some forty years ago, no thorough vegetational analysis has been conducted. This project is a survey of the perennial flora of Joshua Tree. An area encompassing nearly 900 square miles. The emphasis has been to define plant communities from observation and transect data, a vegetational map of the monument has been con structed. Data concerning various perennial plant species includes frequency, distribution, percent cover and community affinity. Information from this study will be useful in helping to determine management policy for Bighorn Sheep, mule deer, public use, etc., and to lay the foundation for future research.
2;20-2:35 JOSHUA TREE POPULATIONS IN JOSHUA TREE NATIONAL MONUMENT
James T. Hogan and W. Glen Bradley (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
9 The Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifo1ia) is a characteristic tree occupying mid dle and higher elevations throughout the Mohave Desert. In Joshua Tree National Monument, Joshua Tree populations were found to be widely distributed and occupy a wide range of elevational, topographic and edaphic conditions. It is an impor tant component of most desert shrub plant communities studied as well as higher elevationa1 woodland communities. Ecologic distribution and community status are analyzed and compared.
2:40-2:55 THE VEGETATION OF THE NEWBERRY MOUNTAINS: AN ANALYSIS OF SORNORAN ELEMENTS IN SOUTHERN NEVADA
James S. Holland (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
The study area comprises 180 square miles situated in extreme southern Clark County, Nevada with an elevational range of 600 to 5600 feet. The floral composition of the area has been analyzed through the collection and identifi cation of taxa and through the use of quantitative techniques describing the major plant associations. To assist in the analysis of this desert mountain range, some climata10gical and soil factors have also been examined. The New berry Mountains are phytogeographical1y located within the boundaries of the Mojave Desert; however, investigations reveal that many floristic elements along the southeastern exposure of this range are Sonoran in nature. Taxa whose dis tribution is modified or terminated within the study area will serve as the basis for discussion.
3:00-3:20 COFFEE BREAK
3:25-3:35 COMPETITION AMONG WINTER ANNUALS IN THE MOJAVE DESERT
Lars F. Soholt (Desert Research Institute)
Eighteen species of desert annuals were observed coexisting in a southern Mojave Desert habitat. I hypothesized that these species avoided competition by displacing the time of phenological development. Thus, peak demands for water and nutrient resources would not overlap among the species. Randomly chosen sample sites were monitored from December through June. Density, biomass and phenological characteristics were arranged along a temporal axis. There were two major patterns of development. One peaked in early March and the second peaked in early April. However, within each group there was a large overlap among populations in the timing of development. These data suggest that competitive displacement does not playa major role in the coexistence of winter annuals.
3:40-3:55 UNDERSTORY PLANT COMMUNITY PRODUCTION IN AN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE FOREST
Steve McLaughlin (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Previously published estimates of understory production in undisturbed Arizona ponderosa pine forests vary from approximately 50 to 350 kg/ha/yr. There is general agreement in the literature that understory production de creases as overstory density increases. This paper reports the results of an intensive study of the understory plant production in a dense ponderosa pine
10 forest five miles northeast of McNary, Arizona. Aboveground net annual primary production was determined using the method of incremental summation of biomass increases. NAPP for the study site is estimated at 571 kg/ha distributed as follows: grasses and sedges, 230 kg/ha; legumes, 126 kg/ha; forbs, 163 kg/ha; and bracken fern, 52 kg/ha. Basal area for the study plots averaged 60 m2/ha. Published curves of understory production vs. overstory basal area predict pro duction of less than 100 kg/ha at basal areas greater than 40 m2/ha. Although the study site investigated is relatively mesic compared to other ponderosa pine sites in Arizona, site characteristics are probably less important than study methods in explaining the high production observed.
4:00-4:15 MODERN AND LATE PLEISTOCENE PLANT DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE CENTRAL GRAND CANYON
Kenneth L. Cole (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
A transect of the modern vegetational gradient on the Grandview trail was made in order to evaluate changes in vegetation recorded in Late Pliestocene and Holocene packrat (Neotoma �.) middens collected in the area. Fossil pack rat middens contain many identifiable plant fragments and can be dated by the radiocarbon method. The indurated middens are abundant in the Redwall Limestone, the Kaibab Limestone, and the Tapeats Sandstone. These fossil localities cover an elevational gradient of 1000 m. and provide an insight into the vegetational gradient of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Understanding the modern vege tational gradient is helpful in the interpretation of unique Pleistocene plant assemblages and in making Paleoclimatic inferences. Edaphic controls on some plants are also illustrated.
4:20-4:35 ALPINE PLANTS OF THE WASSUK RANGE, NEVADA
Katherine L. Bell and Richard E. Johnson (University of Nevada, Las Vegas and Washington-State University)
The peak of Mt. Grant (11,239 ft.) in the Wassuk Range of Nevada is one of a number of small alpine islands in the Great Basin. In this study, the alpine zone was defined to be the zone above the highest areas dominated by shrubby Artemisia species. Approximately 50 angiosperm species have been collected in the alpine zone of Mt. Grant. Habitat uniformity appears to limit species di versity. The Wassuk alpine flora shows close affinities to that of the Sierra Nevada, and it is rather different from that of the White Mountains to the south. Most members of the flora are species which are not restricted to alpine habitats.
4:40-4:55 DEVELOPMENT OF A PLAN TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL NIGER
Robert I. Dennis and W. Gerald Matlock (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Niger is one of six countries in the Sahel-Sudan region of northwest Africa. It has a land area of 127 million ha and a population of four million. Inadequate diets have had a devastating effect upon the people of the Sahel Sudan especially in central Niger.
11 Land in central Niger is used to produce dryland millet, sorghum, cowpeas and peanuts. It a lso provides grazing for sheep, goats, and cattle owned by nomads. Conflicts between sedentary farmers and nomads are common. A project to increase crop productivity in central Niger must begin with the people and must properly accommodate all production constraints. It must fit well with the existing governmental infrastructure and goals. The strategy proposed for the central Niger project includes an initial six-month study to assemble subject-matter and related data and formulate delivery techniques. An organizational pattern similar to that of the early United States Extension Service should serve needs in central Niger well. It will rely heavily on village leaders, and frequent use of demonstration techniques.
5:00-5:15 DAILY AND SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND AREAS UTILIZED BY THE DESERT TORTOISE GOPHERUS AGASSIZI IN SOUTHERN NEVADA
Betty L. Burge (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
During the period from May 1974 through October 1975 changes in daily and seasonal incidence of activity, distances travelled and sizes of areas utilized by free-living tortoises were determined by radio tracking 10 adults; from recaptures of 78 marked, untransmittered tortoises of various sizes; and by monitoring cover site use. Tortoises remained in burrows, November-February. By the second week of May increasing ambient temperatures limited epigean acti vity to early morning and late afternoon. The option to emerge during the 1 or 2 daily activity periods was not always utilized by an individual, hence were termed potential activity periods (PAP). Following the period of emergence from hibernation, 20% of the observed PAP of transmittered tortoises indicated no-egress. No-egress periods of >2 consecutive PAP were infrequent. The mean distance travelled during a PAP was approximately 150 m (23-434), nearly equal for males and females. Both shorter and longer trips were made during each month but a greater number of longer trips were observed from July-September. Mean home range area of males was 32 ha (11-65); of females, 14 ha (6-27). The few data from juveniles «168 mm carapace length) indicated that their home ranges were smaller than those of females.
6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session lIB: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 119, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson:
2:00-2:15 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FERAL BURROS IN DEATH VALLEY
Charles L. Douglas and Christopher Norment (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
12 A herd of 1500 feral burros inhabits mountain ranges on the western side of Death Valley. These animals cause severe management proble�s by destruction of vegetation and competition for resources with other mammals. A large scale marking and telemetry program is underway to determine seasonal movements. Marked animals are monitored from ground and aerial surveys. Movements are being correlated with phenological changes in major browse plants. A double sampling technique is used to assess the biomass of vegetation consumed sea sonally. Nutrient levels and caloric content of important browse species are analyzed at monthly intervals. Population structure and dynamics are being assessed, and parameters such as growth and aging also are being studied. The effect of burros on populations of small mammals is being evaluated by means of two trapping grids. An electrophoeretic study of serum proteins is helping assess population genetics.
2:20-2:35 MOVEMENTS OF DESERT BIGHORN IN THE RIVER MOUNTAINS OF LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA
David M. Leslie, Jr. (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
Since 1973, a total of 82 individual bighorn have been marked with color coded ear or neck tags. Ten animals were equipped with radio telemetry collars in 1975 to facilitate intensive study of their movement and home range patterns. Over 1500 observations of marked bighorn were collected by means of ground sur vey, waterhole counts, helicopter and fixed wing surveys. A total of 2000 ob servations of marked and unmarked bighorn was recorded between July 1,1975 and June 30, 1976. Movement data indicate a smaller total range for ewes (particu larly those with lambs) and a larger range for rams, that increases in size with age of individual. Demography of the River Mountain herd was also evaluated.
2:40-2:55 MOVEMENTS AND SPACING OF FEMALE COYOTES
James H. Witham (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Twelve female coyotes (Canis latrans), were radio-collared near Anderson Mesa, Arizona. Six reproducing female coyotes occupied exclusive and uniformly dispersed ranges during the breeding season (1 April-31 August). Gradual changes in the seasonal ranges were observed, but no dramatic reorganization of individual home area was apparent. Exclusive breeding ranges (x=11.36 km2, n=5), were one-half the size of annual home ranges (x=2l.82 km2, n=2). Boundaries of reproducing female ranges were directly correlated with topography. Six non reproducing females were highly mobile. These females avoided central areas of adult female ranges (10.5%), showing preferred use of interstitial zones (89.5%). Dispersal by non-reproducing female coyotes was documented. The reproducing female segment of this coyote population is extremely stable, a factor which promotes greater mobility and dispersal among the non-reproducing f'enal es .
3:00-3:20 COFFEE BREAK
3:25-3:40 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND REPRODUCTION IN PINYON MICE
Jeffrey B. Llewellyn (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
13 During a two year period of live trapping a wild population of pinyon mice (PeromYscus truei) in a pinyon-juniper woodland community, differences in sea sonal reproductive patterns were found. The population was reproductive during the spring and early summers of 1975 and 1976, during the late summer of 1976, and during the fall months of 1974 and 1976. The onset of reproduction in the spring of 1975 and 1976 was initiated by either the lengthening photoperiod, warmer temperatures, availability of green vegetation, or by a combination of these factors. Reproduction in the late summer of 1976 was initiated, or main tained from the spring, possibly through large amounts of precipitation in the area which caused a second crop of green vegetation. Reproduction in the fall months of 1974 and 1976 was probably caused by the availability of pinyon nuts, while the lack of reproduction in the fall of 1975 can possibly be attributed to a small crop of pinyon nuts. The lack of reproduction in the late summer of 1975 was possibly caused by small amounts of precipitation.
3:45-4:00 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CACTUS MOUSE IN TWO COMMUNITIES OF MESQUITE
Judd A. Howell (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Two populations of cactus mouse (PeromYscus eremicus) Were live trapped for 13 months beginning in January 1975. One population was monitored in a honey mesquite stand (Prosopis glandulosa) and the other in a screwbean stand (�. pubescens). Food habits were examined by analyzing the stomach contents of snap trapped individuals. The vegetation stands were described using the point quarter method, and Prosopis seed pod production was recorded. The results of this population study indicated that the cactus mouse had delayed and lowered reproductive success when subjected to poor diet quality. Population fluctuations were dissimilar during the breeding and recruitment period with high mouse population levels (15-22 mice/ha) during the summer in the screwbean stand and low mouse population levels (3-9 mice/ha) during the summer in the honey mesquite stand. It was suggested that the cactus mouse had a fixed reproductive pattern and that the reproductive delay varied within that pattern depending upon resource quality.
4:05-4:20 SEASONAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF BATS OVER A DESERT WASH
��. Hirshfeld, Caris L. Crow, W. Glen Bradley, And Zachary C. Nelson (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Bats were collected monthly for a year over a desert wash in northern Arizona for a total of 66 mist net nights. Three species, Myotis ca1ifornicus, Pipistrel1us hesperus, and Antrozous pallidus were netted in all seasons, whereas Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis yumanensis, Plecotus phyl1otis, and Tadarida brasiliensis were only act�ring warmer months. In contrast, Plecotus townsendil were collected only during November. Ambient temperature was a major factor affecting nightly and seasonal activity, with more individuals being netted and a greater species diversity at higher temperatures. During colder months, nightly activity for most species was greatest shortly after sun set, but in warmer months, activity continued throughout much of the night. Evidence of continued year-round activity by resident species of bats in warmer areas of the southwest is compared with previous studies which indicate an alternative to hibernation or migration.
14 4:25-4:40 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALTERNATING PHASES OF THE RED ALGA BANGIA FUSCOPURPUREA
Hsiu-ping Lin and Milton R. Sommerfeld (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
The marine red alga, Bangia fusco ur urea, has a diplobiontic life history consisting of two morphologically lSSlml ar generations, the unbranched multi seriate Bangia phase and the highly branched, uniseriate, filamentous concho celis phase. The life history includes reproduction of the Bangia phase by monospores and conchospores and the conchocelis phase by carpospores. The vegetative plants were examined with light and electron microscopy. The two vegetative phases differ light microscopically in chromatophore shape and posi tion, and size and position of vacuoles. Ultrastructurally the phases also dif fer in arrangement of chromatophore thylakoids, pyrenoid structure, quantity of starch, and pr-sence of pit connections. The phase possessed cellular characteristics of the red algal subclass BangiopBan�acidae, whereas the alternate conchocelis phase was structurally more similar to the subclass Florideophycidae.
4:45-5:00 A SURVEY OF SWIMMING POOL ALGAE IN MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA
Richard P. Adamson, Dan D. Brockmire, and Milton R. Sommerfeld (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Over one hundred swimming pools in Maricopa County, Arizona were sampled for algae. Representatives of 13 genera were found. Six genera of blue-green algae, five genera of green algae, one genus of diatoms, and one genus of yellow green algae were identified. The yellow-green alga Pleurochloris pyrenoidosa was the most common pool alga. The majority of pools with algal infestations contained this organism. The next most abundant organisms were the filamentous blue-greens, Oscillatoria and Plectonema. Swimming pool water was analyzed for chlorine level, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and temperature to ascertain if a relationship existed between these factors and the presence of specific algae. A study of the effect of various classes of swimming pool algaecides on the various alga species isolated from pools in Maricopa County has been initiated.
6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session IlIA: Saturday, April 16, 1977, 8:00 A.M.
Room: 118, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: W. Glen Bradley
8:00-8:15 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATTERN OF A COMMON ARCTIC LICHEN
Thomas �. Moser and Thomas H. Nash III (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
15 In the high arctic tundra, lichens are frequently the dominant organisms. During the winter months they serve as the major food source for caribou and consequently their productivity is important from a land management perspective. The photosynthetic pattern of the common lichen Cetraria cuculata was monitored over the growing season in 1976. Peak photosynthesis generally occurred in the early morning hours when the lichen was moist. By early afternoon photosynthesis generally declined to approximately zero as the lichen dried out. This photo synthetic pattern exhibits phYsiological convergent evolution with desert lichens studied in the Negev. Peak rates of photosynthesis varied remarkably little over the summer, a fact which illustrates the lichens ability to acclimate to changing environmental conditions.
8:20-8:35 LICHEN DOMINATED SYSTEMS OF COASTAL BAJA CALIFORNIA
Glenn T. Nebeker, Thomas H. Nash III and Thomas J. Moser (Arizona State Univer Slty, Tempe, Arlzona)
Throughout most of the Sonoran Desert lichens are an inconspicuous compo nent of the desert flora. However, on the Pacific coast of Baja California they form a dominant element. Two transects were run from the coast inland: the first began at Guerro Negro; the second, at San Carlos. Data from the transects show that lichen cover and diversity decrease dramatically from the coast inland whereas vascular plants abundance remains relatively constant. The occurrence of the lichens can be correlated with the presence of fog in the coastal areas. Lichens, being poikilohydric organisms, utilize fog as a physiological activa tion mechanism. The photosynthetic system is readily activated by absorption of atmospheric water. Photosynthetic data demonstrated that Roccella babingtonii, a coastal dominant species, had an optimum photosynthetic rate between 50 to 100% thallus saturation and that Ramalina complanata, an interior species, had an optimum peak at approximately 30% saturatlon.
8:40-8:55 CHEMOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS HAZARDIA (COMPOSITAE) w. Dennis Clark (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Prior to the present treatment, Hazardia was treated as a section of the large genus Haplopappus. However, comparative flavonoid chemistry, morphology, and chromosome numbers now distinguish Hazardia as a separate genus. As such, it is comprised of 13 species distributed mostly in southern California and northern Baja California. It is characterized by a complex flavonoid comple ment, consisting of flavone and flavonol O-glycosides, C-glycosyl flavones, and highly methoxYlated flavonol aglycones. All but one species are woody shrubs, the exception having herbaceous stems arising from a woody rootcrown. Eleven Hazardia species are diploid with n=5 pairs of chromosomes, with one species having n=6 pairs and one having n=4 pairs. The latter, H. whitneyi, may repre sent an-ancient aneuploid reductTon from the main HazardTa line. The n=6 species, H. brickellioides, is an isolated relict which may have been derived by ascendIng aneuploidy from the basal �=5 group.
9:00-9:15 POLLEN STUDIES OF ANCIENT LAKE SEDIMENTS IN ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH
Richard H. Hevly lNorthern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
16 Recent studies in Zion National Park have documented the occurance of Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene lakes. Apparently formed by the darning of ancient drainages by lava flows and/or land slides. The following localities have been studied: Sentinel Slide Lake, Taylor Creek Slide Lake and Bog, Coal pits Wash Lake, and Trail Canyon Slide Lake. While a variety of macro and micro-fossils are present, only the pollen of seed plants was recovered in suf ficient quantity from the relatively more fine textured and organic strata to determine the relative abundance of major types. Pollen, spore and algal relict data definitely indicate that these finer textured sediments represent lacustrine depositional environments. Paleoclimatic conditions seem to have changed signi ficantly since the end of the Pleistocene when conditions were sufficiently cooler and moister so that spruce, fir, douglas fir and ponderosa pine were dominant plants where now pinyon pine, juniper, and oak predominate. At least twice during the Post-Pleistocene environmental conditions have undergone a sig nificant fluctuation suggestive of the classical tripartite subdivision of the Post-Pleistocene widely documented in western North America.
9:20-9:35 SOIL PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO CRYPTOGAMIC GROUNDCOVER IN CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK
Edgar F. Kleiner (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
A comparative study of the soils of a virgin grassland and an adjacent grazed area in Canyonlands National Park has been made. Soils from the virgin site are finer textured than those of the grazed area, and the surface 5 cm contains a significantly lower amount of Ca++. In addition, the surface 5 cm of the virgin site contains significantly greater amounts of P04=, K+, and organic matter. Sub-surface soils in the two parks are less dissimilar. Cryptogams on the virgin grassland appear to have an important influence on chemical characteristics of the surface 5 cm of soil. The difference in sur face soils between the parks may be related to the presence of these species. Data point strongly to light winter grazing as a disturbing influence which has contributed to the differences in the surface soil, and in vegetational characteristics between the sites.
9:40-9:55 THE EFFECT OF LOW LEVEL OZONE ON ATRIPLEX HYMENELYTRA
Jack C. Fisher Jr. (Nevada Division of Forestry, Mt. Charleston, Nevada)
Ecology of Desert holly (Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Watts.) was studied in order to give some insights into its recently high rate of mortality in Death Valley National Monument. Symptom of decline is associated with water stress, although the Death Valley area has not experienced an unusually severe drought. Ozone was monitored for one year at the Furnace Creek National Park Service headquarters. Ozone was found to be present in greater than normal background concentrations during the summer months, peaking at 0.16 ppm in August. National Standard for Plant Damage is 0.08 ppm. During winter months, ozone levels fell to normal background concentrations of 0.02 to 0.04 ppm. Greenhouse experiments were employed to determine effect of exposure to low level ozone on photosynthesis and water use efficiency in Desert holly under three controlled water stresses. Photosynthesis and water use efficiency were found to be significantly reduced under mid water stress (-20 to -30 Atms. soil
17 water potential), and under high water stress (-40 to -50 Atms. soil water potential), after exposure to 0.15 to 0.18 ppm ozone for three hours.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:35 ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SONORAN DESERT PLANTS
�. M. Woodhouse and S. R. Szarek (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Diurnal gas exchange patterns were investigated for two Sonoran Desert plants. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance rates of a drought deciduous shrub, Ambrosia de1todea and an ever green non-riparian tree, Olneya tesota are affected differently by plant water potential. Decreasing water potential affects C02 assimilation similarly in both plants by inducing stomatal closure. However, tne shrub has a higher potential maximum photosynthesis but is more sensitive to plant water stress than is the tree species. Both species respond rapidly to favorable growth conditions throughout the year and provide an impor tant source of carbon input into the Sonoran Desert ecosystem. 10:40-10:55 THE CO2 COMPENSATION POINTS OF SOME HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF THE MAJAVE DESERT
Kent O. Wirtz, Jo Schreiweis, Katherine L. Bell, and James S. Holland (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
In the spring of 1976, C02 compensation points were determined for 29 species of herbaceous Mojave Desert plants. With the exception of Salsola kali, all had C02 compensation points above 75 u1 1-1, suggesting that they have a C3 photosynthesis pathway. These determinations were made with an infrared gas analyzer. An alternative method, microwave emission spectroscopy, is discussed.
11:00-11:15 ALLERGENIC POLLEN RAIN IN PRESCOTT, ARIZONA
Archie Dickey and William Edmonds (Yavapai College, Prescott, Arizona)
Over a two year period pollen counts were recorded weekly for two collec tion sites in Prescott, Arizona. Collection sites were approximately six miles apart and represented two dissimilar habitats, juniper-pinyon woodland and hill side grassland. Major plant associations adjacent to collection sites, and Prescott in general, include conifer forest, interior chaparral and oak woodland. At the same time, inpatient allergic responses were recorded in the co-author's medical office. Data was then analyzed and correlations' were observed between seasonal pollen and allergenic responses. The data indicates that dominant pollen during the spring months consists of elm (Ulmaceae) and Juniperus, while during early summer Quercus and Pinus pollen are most abundant. By mid-summer Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiacea and Quercus pollen dominate and during late summer composite pollen outnumber Quercus. Fungal spores are the most abundant during fall and winter. Correlated with seasonal changes of pollen types were increased frequencies of specific allergenic responses within the Prescott population. 11:20-11:35 RESPONSE OF A DESERT GRASSLAND COMMUNITY TO COPPER SMELTER EFFL�ENTS Jeffrey Dawson and Thomas H. Nash III (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
18 An investigation was made of the relationship between heavy metal pollu tion from a smelter in Miami, and the status of the surrounding vegetation. Copper, the only metal present in potentially toxic levels, showed an inverse relationship with distance from the smelter, and a concentration in the upper layers of the soil. Vegetation transects showed distinct gradients relating to distance from the smelter and copper levels in the soil surface. The parts of the community most effected were winter annuals, followed by perennial grasses, forbs, half shrubs, and some succulents. Large shrubs were not effected. Bio assays made with soil extracts showed that toxic copper levels were present at the sites with the most disturbed vegetation.
11:40-11:55 ECOLOGY OF SOIL-INHABITING FUNGI IN A COLD-DESERT ECOSYSTEM
Jack States (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Abundance, diversity, and distribution for soil-inhabiting fungi were studied in four plant communities of a cold-desert ecosystem. Numbers of fungi were found to increase with higher soil organic matter content, and to decrease with soil depth regardless of organic matter concentration. Fungal community composition was strongly influenced by the presence of vegetation and soil depth. Despite general heterogeneity of both plants and fungi, the soil of each plant community was found to support a characteristic population of fungi. A technique using a graphic representation of fungal species diversity is pre sented as a means of predicting the composition of resident vegetation.
Session IIIB: Saturday, April 16, 1977,8:00 A.M.
Room: 119, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson:
8:00-8:15 POPULATION FLUCTUATION IN THE DEVILS HOLE PUPFISH
James E. Deacon (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Population sizes of the Devils Hole pupfish have been estimated approxi mately monthly since April 1972. Measurement of diurnal variation in oxygen concentration and sunlight show significant correlation to the population fluc tuations that have occurred. Data indicate that predictions of the effects of manipulation of water levels on population sizes can be made.
8:20-8:35 PROBABLE EFFECTS OF REMOVING LAVERKIN SPRINGS WATER ON COMPETITION BETWEEN THE NATIVE WOUNDFIN AND THE INTRODUCED RED SHINERS, TWO CYPRINIDS OF THE VIRGIN RIVER
Jack E. Williams (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
As part of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's effort to desalinize the Colorado River, the LaVerkin Springs Unit, a complex of highly saline springs flowing into the Virgin River in southwestern Utah, will be desalinized in 1977 or 1978. The desalinization of the springs will drastically alter the chemical and physical properties of the Virgin River below LaVerkin Springs, Utah, in-
19 c1uding the entire habitat of the endangered Woundfin, P1agopterus argentis simus. Presently, the Woundfin compete with Red Shiners, Notropis 1utrensis, an exotic, native to the Mississippi River System. The impact of this desali nization project will be to lessen the high variability in conditions, speci fically temperature and salinity, which has historically existed in the Virgin River System. This decrease in temperature and salinity extremes will probably lessen the competitive advantage of the Woundfin and favor the more generalist tendencies of the Red Shiners.
8:40-8:55 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE COLORADO RIVER FROM LEE'S FERRY TO DIAMOND CREEK
Wayne M. Crayton and Milton R. Sommerfeld (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Phytoplankton distribution and abundance in the Colorado River was inves tigated from April 1975 to June 1976. During this period a total of 64 genera and 131 species of phytoplankton were identified in the River. Of the 131 species, 77 were diatoms, 27 were green algae, 22 were blue-green algae, 2 were dinoflagellates, 2 were euglenoids, and 1 was a cryptophyte. Diatoma vulgare, Cocconeis pediculus and Rhoicosphenia curvata were the dominant algal species in the Colorado River. Phytoplankton numbers were low throughout the sampling period (less than 5,000/liter). Phytoplankton abundance and diversity appeared to be influenced by turbidity, turbulence, low temperature, rapid current, fluc tuating river levels, and age of the water. A number of algal species occurring in the Colorado River showed significant correlations with specific physico chemical parameters.
9:00-9:15 DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS ALONG A THERMAL GRADIENT IN CHOllA LAKE, AZ
C. O. Minckley, Terry McCall and Dean W. Blinn (Northern Arizona University, tlagstaff, Arizona)
Studies were initiated during 1975 and intensified during 1976 to measure the distribution of benthic organisms at differing water and substrate tempera tures ranging from 8°C to 40°C. These investigations were undertaken at Cholla Lake, a thermally enriched body of water constructed and used as a cooling pond for the Chol1a Generating Plant near Holbrook, Arizona. Benthic samples were collected using a miniponar dredge with water and substrate temperatures, as well as vegetation composition of each grab being recorded. Selected seasonal physico-chemical features were also measured along each transect.
9:20-9:35 SEASONAL ANALYSIS OF PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES ALONG THERMAL GRADIENTS IN CHOllA lAKE, ARIZONA
Marc Tuchman and Dean W. Blinn (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Cholla lake is a thermally elevated lake due to a coal burning power plant that utilizes the cooler waters of the lake and returns a heated effluent. Pig ment analysis and quantification of periphyton communities were conducted along seasonal thermal gradients using both artificial (e.g. glass and aluminum) and natural substrates (e.g. Potomogeton fi1iformis, Najas marina, Myriophyllum
20 exalbescens}. Temperatures of 41°C were reached during the peak summer period near the heated effluent outlet. Pigment ratios, densities and community struc ture of periphyton communities changed along the thermal gradient with Lyngbya limnetica most tolerant to conditions in close proximity to the heated effluent outlet. The diatoms, Amphora sp. and Cocconeis placentula lineata were also present at low numbers at this elevated temperature. Physico-chemical features were also concurrently measured along the thermal gradient to correlate with periphyton communities. Comparisons between artificial substrates and artifi cial and natural substrates will also be discussed.
9:40-9:55 ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTE PRODUCTION AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN A SHALLOW MOUNTAIN LAKE IN ARIZONA
Gloria Griffith and Dean W. Blinn (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Foxboro Lake is a shallow, astatic system at an elevation of approximately 1880 m in northern Arizona. Selected physico-chemical parameters governing the phenology and production of vascular macrophytes were measured in Foxboro Lake from February 1976 through November 1976. Considerable fluctuations in water volume occurred throughout the year due to the high surface area to volume rela tionship. The conductivity ranged from a low of 39 umhos'cm in March to a high of 95 umhos·cm in August. The production of macrophytes was measured ten times during their growing 2eason from April through September with biomass measured at 0.1 g dry weight·m in April to 1425 g dry weight·m2 at the end of July. The total biomass began to decline in September. A total of twelve different taxa of macrophytes representing eight different families were analyzed during the season of 1976. Insect populations associated with the macrophytes were also evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:35 DETECTION OF MERCURY IN SOIL BY IMPACT ON A HYDROGEN-OXIDIZ MICROORGANISM
Robert D. Rogers, Donald V. Bradley, Jr., and Craig McFarlane (U. S. Environ mental Protection Agency,-Las Vegas, Nevada)
A study was designed to determine the effect of different concentrations of mercuric nitrate on a hydrogen-oxidizing soil microorganism in an aqueous solution and in soil. The bacterium, Alcaligenes paradoxus, was suspended in a buffer medium and exposed to 1.5 microcuries of elemental tritium (3H2). Tri tiated water was produced by this organism according to the following reaction 2HT + O2 + 2HTO. The water was extracted after various times and its tritium content determined. In a buffered solution, concentrations of 1,10, and 100 ppm of mercuric nitrate resulted in 37, 98, and 95 percent reductions below control solutions in the amounts of tritiated water recovered. In soil, 100 ppm of mercuric nitrate resulted in a reduction in tritium activity of only 22 percent below a control soil. These results imply that the impact of mercury is less in soil than in solution. We suggest that this method is an indication of heavy metal availability, and thus this microorganism has the potential for use as a biological monitor.
21 10:40-10:55 METABOLISM OF KANGAROO RATS RUNNING IN WHEEL CAGES
Thomas F. Drost and D. B. Dill
Kangaroo rats (D. merriami) voluntarily run in wheel cages, sometimes 20 km per night. To understand the impact of such endurance runs on body composi tion required metabolic measurements. For measuring metabolic rate at rest CO2- free air is drawn at 50 ml/min past a rat in a 500 ml. wide-mouth bottle and through a C02-absorber containing 50 ml 0.1 N NaOH. After 60 min C02 absorbed is determined on the Van Slyke gas analysis apparatus. Assuming an R.Q. of 0.8 oxygen used is estimated in ml/g·hr. For measuring metabolism running a rat is enclosed in a running wheel; this is placed in a leakproof metal box of suitable dimensions and known volume. After a few hours of running air is mixed with a fan and samples are analyzed for C02; oxygen used is calculated as above. The mean metabolic rate of 4 rats was 2.68 ml/g·hr at rest and only 80% greater run ning at 27 m/min, 40% of that previously reported running at that rate on a treadmill.
11:00-11:15 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND EXERCISE ON CERTAIN BLOOD VALUES OF DESERT WOODRATS
z. C. Nelson, M. K. Yousef, and J. R. Hirshfeld (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
The desert woodrat, Neotoma 1epida, was exercised on a motor driven tread mill at 5, 22-23, and 38°C. Resting rectal temperatures (Tre) were not differ ent at 5 or 22-23°C, but rose significantly at 38°C. The Tr increased after exercise at all temperatures tested. Hemotocrit and hemoglo5in values showed no significant change due to or exercise at 5 and 22-23°C, but decreased during exercise at 38°C. Plasma proteins did not change at any temperature nor after exercise. Plasma glucose levels decreased upon exposure to heat and cold, and increased from 43% to 436% after exercise at 5 and 38°C, respectively.
11:20-11:35 SERUM PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS OF THE FERAL ASS (EQUUS ASINUS) IN DEATH VALLEY
John G. Blake (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
Serum proteins of two populations of the feral ass (Equus asinus), found within Death Valley National Monument, are being examined for intra- and inter populational differences. Samples were collected from burros found within the Wildrose Canyon and Butte Valley areas of the monument. The transferrin fraction of serum is known to be highly polymorphic, and particular attention ;s being placed on the frequencies of occurrence of the different types. Exis tence of satistical1y significant frequency differences may be indicative of a reduced rate of genetic exchange between the two populations of burros. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, utilizing a discontinuous buffer system, is being employed to identify the variants. Idet:ltification of the transferrin variants is facilitated through use of Fe(59) autoradiography.
11:40-11:55 EFFECTS OF B-ADRENERGIC AGENTS ON AMPHIBIAN WATER BALANCE
Stanley Q. Hillyard and Ed Schmid (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
22 Norephinephrine has been demonstrated to mimic the effects of arginine vasotocin (AVT) in increasing the water permeability of isolated amphibian skin (Bastide, F. and S. Jard; Biochim. Biophs. Acta. 150:1l3-l23� 1966). The pre sent study examines the in vivo effects of the B-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol, on cutaneous water uptake-and on urine production in the desert toad, Scaphiopus couchi. Isoproterenol stimulated cutaneous water uptake by animals captured in the field during their summer activity period. Isoproterenol also enhanced the elevation of cutaneous water uptake following the release of endogenous AVT produced by hypertonic saline injection. Isoproterenol did not reduce urine production in these animals. In animals tested during the fall, when this species is naturally dormant, isoproterenol had no effect on cutaneous water uptake. Urine production, however, was reduced by isoproterenol and the reduc tion in urine formation produced by endogenous AVT (again released by hypertonic saline injection) was further reduced by isoproterenol. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system may playa significant role, either directly or indirectly, in the water economY of anuran amphibians.
11:55-12:10 ECOSYSTEMATICS: THE SYSTEMATICS OF ECOSYSTEMS
Charles H. Lowe (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
23 CONSERVATION
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 115, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: G. Patrick OIBrien
9:00-9:20 THE CONSERVATION CHALLENGE
R. J. Becker (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Conservation is being neglected. Conservation is a social objective; hence, it is a matter addressed through governmental and other agencies. These institutions should be examined for improvement of conservation performance in the country. The lack of an academic conservation department is a disadvantage: conservation has no IIhomell in academia. This is a weakness, since academia is less pressed by commercial interests. Social policy brought the proper but limited governmental thrust in the SCS. This was oriented to soil, tended to soil-moving re: water and attended protection from water as much as conserva tion of water. This thrust in government became weakened by diverse alliances. A subsequent government bureau buttressed the conservation effort: EPA. But EPA has no direct focus on conservation. The technical fix is not uncommon. For example, exhaust is cleaned up: there is no urban-form change that reduces travel. The need for conservation is upon us. We have shortages of energy,
water, clean air, prime farm land, wood, recreation ... We have overages of environmental damages to crops, structures, hea1th--cancers, respiratory ills,
heart attacks, ulcers, eye problems ... Potentials for constructive conserva tion are abundant. Energy use for the same output could be cut 50%; water
savings are apparent; travel reductions would save much material and time ...
9:20-9:40 THE ARIZONA NUCLEAR INITIATIVE
Bradley K. Vandermark (Chandler, Arizona)
Efforts shifted from unpaid volunteers to highly-paid professionals, once the Arizona nuclear safeguards petition was filed with the Arizona Secretary of State. During the summer and fall of 1976, many volunteers spent many hours getting petitions signed and IIprecincted.1I A major achievement was realized when the documents bearing over 79,000 signatures were filed. Since the number of signatures was significantly more than the 55,220 required, the probability seemed high for the nuclear safeguards question to appear on the November 2, 1976 ballot. Then, a different group of workers a-peared: lawyers, corpora tion nfficials, experts, and spokesmen for economic groups such as power utili ties, labor unions, and supplier businesses. A relatively large sum of money from sources in the state and out of the state was applied against the initia tive: some money came in after the November 2 election. The contest shifted from the person-to-person effort used to get pro-initiative signatures, to 1I1egalll tactics: delays, prosecutions, challenges before administrative bodies and courts. There was much use of media. Exposition of the nuclear safety and economics issues was obscured by avoidance, quibble, fractional information, and fussing about the motivation and wording of the initiative proposition. The initiative was defeated.
24 9:40-10:00 ACCESS TO ARIZONA STATE LANDS FOR HUNTING AND FISHING
Ray Kohls (Law Enforcement Supervisor, Arizona Game and Fish Department)
For several years hunters and fishermen have been trying to gain entry of lands held in trust by the State Land Department, State of Arizona. Entry has been denied to some of the lands by locking gates, fencing, erecting signs and displacement of roads to adjoining private lands. The State Land Department's position is that according to the Enabling Act and Arizona Constitution that no use of the land can be made without the user paying a fee of the State Trust For Schools. The position of the sportsmen who want this access to this land for the purpose of hunting and fishing was re-affirmed by Arizona Attorney General's Opinion that stated that the Arizona hunting and fishing license was the appropriate fee and license for these sportsmen to enter these lands for this purpose. The Attorney General further directed that the State Land Depart ment and the Arizona Game and Fish Department work together to formulate regu lations, under each agencies authority as a regulatory agency, to work out a solution acceptable to all parties concerned on this 9 1/2 million acres of state land.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:40 THE POPULATION, HABITAT AND DIET OF THE BLACK HAWK IN ARIZONA AND NEW EXICO
R. L. Glinski and �. Q. Ohmart (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
In the spring of 1976 studies were initiated to examine population size, habitat requirements and diet of the Black Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus) in Arizona and New Mexico. Initial findings suggest that approximately 150-200 pairs breed in the two states, primarily along perennial tributaries of the Gila River. Nest sites were located in broad deciduous riparian forests on wide, alluvial valley floors or in scattered clumps of trees in narrow, rocky canyons. On broad valley floors Black Hawks capture a variety of prey, including reptiles (47 percent), birds (20 percent), fish (14 percent), arthropods (10 percent), mammals (5 per cent), and unidentified (4 percent). In narrow canyons Black Hawks survive on a more restrictive prey base of aquatic vertebrates (primarily fish and frogs; J. Schell, pers. comm.). Habitat alteration appears to have been the primary factor responsible for the elimination of the Black Hawk from the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Arizona and New Mexico are the only two remaining states where this raptor breeds.
10:40-11:00 REVEGETATION TESTS ON THE PARADISE VALLEY FLOOD DETENTION DIKE SYSTEM: A PROGRESS REPORT
Bruce H. Campbell (Arizona Projects Office, Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix, Arizona)
Revegetation experiments on newly constructed flood control dikes northwest of Phoenix were initiated in 1975 by the Bureau of Reclamation. Four irrigation systems, a conventional sprinkler system, Filtrex system, and two Drip-Eze sys tems, were installed to support planted gallon sized containerized perennials.
25 Quantitative data on these systems were obtained by belt transect, measuring growth rates and actual count of planted materials. These data were used to compute percent of growth, cover, density, and frequency of occurrence values and these tested for significant variation. One irrigation system varied signi ficantly in percent cover. Containerized plants had an average growth rate of 12.8 percent during their first summer, while invading perennials grew 4.4 per cent. Results, based on percent growth and survival rates after transplanting, presented positive support for further planting of four species, negative sup port for two species and one marginal species.
11:00-11 :15 THE URBAN WILDLIFE PROBLEM
Robert D. Hernbrode (Region 6 Wildlife Specialist, Arizona Game and Fish Depart ment)
Contrary to popular sentiment, urban areas are not devoid of wildlife and urban biologists are appearing allover the country to deal with the phenomenon. Phoenix and Tucson are no exception. The Arizona Game and Fish Department has professional wildlife biologists assigned to both cities. The problems and philosophy of dealing with people and urban wildlife are discussed.
11 :15-11:30 AREAS EXEMPTED FROM ANNEXATION
Ray Henkel and R. J. Becker (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
No less than 56 Areas Exempted From Annexation (enclaves and county is lands) exist at the 10 major Arizona municipalities, excluding Tucson. These Areas occupy approximately 35 sq. miles, and have an assessed value of approxi mately $35 million. Initially, the Areas are exempted for reasons including (1) the property owners' desires to "stay out of town,1I and (2) the intentions of the annexing municipalities to avoid the cost of providing facilities and services under conditions of low revenue in prospect. After some years, the consequences of the Exemptions are somewhat different from the initial motiva tions. For these Arizona Exemptions, the adjacent municipalities lose no less than $250,000 in real estate taxes, and an unknown amount in sales taxes each year. Residents on some Exemptions suffer the junk there, as do adjacent neighbors in the municipalities. Poor police and fire protection raise both problems and costs in the Exemptions, and in adjacent municipal areas. Munici palities and some residents in the Exempted Area, neighbors, and businesses in the Area which are dependent on a good image, favor annexation.
11 : 30-12: 00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, LI FE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session II: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 115, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: G. Patrick O'Brien
26 2:00-2:20 OVERVIEW OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES
Howard E. Gillmore
A panel of four individuals representing interests in both land management and recreation vehicle users will be assembled to illustrate the wide variety on attitudes and administrative procedures related to off-road vehicle activities. Each panelist will be given a short period of time to state his position. Dia logue will take place between panelists and between panelists and audience. Resulting from the discussion will be a broad outline of strategies involving users, land administrators, manufacturers and advertisers, designed to cope with this problem in a realistic, equitable manner.
2:20-2:50 ARIZONAIS ORV PROBLEM A POPULAR MISCONCEPTION
Philip C. Briggs
The concern over off-road vehicles is over-rated. Arizona has no off-road vehicle PROBLEM. Instead, the problem is a popular misconception shared by many with either no, or a narrow understanding of wildlands resources. The preoccu pation with visual or esthetic aspects of ORV use, while ignorant of the actual potential for measurable damages by ORV uses is typified by the lack of popular concern over uses with far, far greater impact on wildlands (such as the total devastation of habitat by the burro in western Arizona.) Characteristics of the user, the ORV and the terrain limit the potential for damage to wildlands resour ces. Until realistic potentials for damage are forseeable in a given area, the ORV users should be allowed unrestricted use of their vehicles, with management emphasis placed on reduction of conflicts between users.
2:50-3:15 COFFEE BREAK
3:15-3:45 A DISCUSSION OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLE USE IN THE SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES
Michael L. Carpenter (Maricopa County Parks and Recreation)
Arizona and other southwestern states are being bulldozed away by land developers and miners. Mining companies do more than their share of ripping up the land. Still motorcycles, dunebuggies, A.T.V.s and four wheel drive vehicles are probably doing more damage to the landscape than all other sources combined. I do not advocate outlawing these modes of transportation (I own a four-wheel drive vehicle), however laws regulating and limiting their use to existing main tained roads only must be passed and strongly enforced. The scars made by off road vehicle use in the desert will last for all our lifetime and that of our children.
3:45-4:15 ORV USE STATEMENT
Robert O. Buffington
The Bureau of Land Management recognizes the use of off-road vehicles as a legitimate use on the national resource lands. We also recognize the uncontrol led use of ORVis can seriously affect the fragile resources on the land and, in some cases, endanger public safety.
27 For this reason, BLM will be classifying lands through our management planning system as "open,1I IIregulatedll or "closedll during the next few years. BLM management decisions are based on principles of multiple-use - tempered by our responsibility to protect resource values on the land. Many lands will remain open for ORV use. In some cases a total closure of the land will be necessary to protect the fragile resources. In other cases, we may set aside a specific area for ORV races and other functions to concen- rate this type of use. Lands designated as IIregulatedll for ORV use may be closed during a critical season of the year or perhaps restrict ORV's to existing roads and trails. The public will be fully involved in all such management decisions.
4:15-5:00 Discussion
6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session III: Saturday, April 16, 1977,8:00 A.M.
Room: 115, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: G. Patrick O'Brien
8:00-8:20 MOVEMENTS AND REPRODUCTION IN A POPULATION OF FERAL BURROS ON BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO
John R. Morgart (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Feral burros inhabiting a pinyon-juniper woodland were studied between 20 May 1975 and 21 May 1976 in order to examine home range size, seasonal move ments, timing of foal drop and recruitment rate. Mean home range size for six jennies was 344.6 ha and 207.3 ha for three jacks. Burros did not exhibit sea sonal movements. Feral burros demonstrated a definite seasonality in terms of reproduction with peak natality occurring June through October. Foals born in 1975 accounted for a 29 percent recruitment to the population.
8:20-8:40 PHOENIX: ITS URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE QUALITY OF LIVING IT OFFERS
Kirk Morgan Lundahl (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
A review of urban theories was presented in this research to assist in the analysis of the urban development of Phoenix. Since the city's rise in the late 1800's, definite patterns of residential segregation have been established re sulting from facial prejudice and the lack of purchasing power of certain non white minorities. Phoenix has most notably been characterized by dispersed and rapid urban and industrial expansion which does not make it exceptional to the urban theories presented. Municipal funds have been diverted from a deteriora ting city center to the municipal facilities required by a city whose boundaries expand. City officials have demonstrated more interest in ridding unsightly areas.
28 From locations which are within close proximity of newly erected centers of governmental, economic and civic activity rather than developing plans to revi talize the area or designing an effective housing code to cur.b blight. It is predicted that the quality of �iving for Phoenix residents is threatened if elected and appointed officials continue to deny the necessity of an effective land-use ordinance and plans with which a city must guide its future development.
8:40-9:00 CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES ON THE BIG SANDY RIVER WATERSHED OF NORTH WEST ARIZONA
Margaret Fusari, Kenneth K. Asplund, Carl S. Tomoff, Richard Hanna, Frank Reichenbacher (Prescott Center College, Prescott, Arizona; presentation TBA)
The Prescott Center College has been involved in studies within the Big Sandy River Watershed for two years. We have concentrated on ecological sur veys of Trout and Burro Creeks and have stressed the economic and sociological factors involved in environmental changes, particularly in riparian areas of the arid Southwest. Currently individual student projects, classes, and a wild life inventory project for the Bureau of Land Management are investigating the ecology and distribution of the riparian wildlife and vegetation. We have focused our interest upon the potential impact of local copper mining and ranching on the watershed especially the planned increase in withdrawals of water from the system. We present here a summary of our explorations into this isolated corner of Arizona with special reference to conservation management problems.
9:00-9:20 POPULATION SIZE, REPRODUCTION AND HABITAT USE OF THE MISSISSIPPI KITE IN ARIZONA
�. h. Glinski and R. D. Ohmart (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
The Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis), a locally common nester in the southeastern United States, was first discovered in Arizona by Seymour Levy in 1970. Levy estimated that as many as ten pairs of kites inhabited the lower San Pedro River near Winkleman and mentioned that nine kites were also observed along the San Pedro River near Mammoth in 1970. In 1975 Carrothers examined a dead female with an egg in the oviduct near Camp Verde on the upper Verde River. In the spring of 1976 a study was initiated of the population and habitat of the Mississippi Kite in Arizona. To date we have located eight active nests on the lower San Pedro River below Mammoth and one on the lower Verde River near its confluence with the Salt River. Seven of the nine nests fledged a total of eight young. A lone juvenile was seen on the upper San Pedro River near Hereford, Arizona. The habitat of the Mississippi Kite in Arizona is riparian cottonwood forest; all nests found thus far were in cottonwood (Populus fremonti) trees.
9:20-9:40 A METHOD FOR DETERMINING FIRE HAZARD POTENTIAL IN CALIFORNIA COASTAL SAGE BY REMOTE SENSING
Richard McCreight (U. S. Forest Service & University of California, Riverside) Paul A. Lundberg (Area Information Systems & University of California, Riverside)
29 Previously, fire hazard determinations in wildland areas have often been either a matter of subjective decisions or a lengthy and expensive field study. Through the analysis of remotely sensed imagery a detailed fire hazard map can be inexpensively produced at a scale of 1 :24,000. The California Coastal Sage presents a fire hazard potential in developing residential areas. The City of Laguna Beach is a classic example of this problem. It is a densely built-up coastal community backed by steeply sloping hills which are covered with coastal sage. The combination of topography, volatile vegetation, and seasonal drought creates a high probability of fire. Multi-temporal and multi-date imagery was interpreted to map and classify the vegetation according to physiognomic charac teristics. Field analysis established the accuracy of the interpretations. The vegetation classification was then combined with slope angle, slope aspect, and climatic data to develop a three-tier fire hazard classification. This method can be used by local government officials to develop objective criteria for effective resource management at a substantial savings in time and money.
9:40-10:00 CATTLE GRAZING AND THE ECOLOGY OF THE RIPARIAN VEGETATION OF TROUT CREEK, MOHAVE CO., ARIZONA
Frank Reichenbacher (Prescott Center College, Prescott, Arizona)
The riparian vegetation of six sites located along a five mile stretch of lower Trout Creek was quantitatively assessed between June and December of 1976. Three of these sites were known to be ungrazed and the other three were known to be significantly grazed. The Canyon was scoured by a 150 yearl flood in Febru ary, 1976. This data represents the vegetation succession immediately following the flood and will be used for a long-term comparative analysis of the rates of change in the density, structure, and composition of the riparian vegetation in the grazed and ungrazed sites. Here I present estimates of the density, struc ture, composition, diversity, and aggregation of the vascular plants of the six sites. Observations on the meaning of the data, with implications for the study of similar vegetation, and cattle grazing in other arid1ands watersheds will be discussed.
10:00-10:20 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:40 THE GRAY HAWK IN ARIZONA: ITS POPULATION, HABITAT, BREEDING ECOLOGY AND STATUS
Richard L. Glinski (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Approximately forty territories of the Gray Hawk (Buteo nitidus) occur in Arizona, representing most, if not all, of this tropical raptor's breeding popu lation in the United States. In late March Gray Hawks migrate into southern Arizona to nest in selected belts of riparian deciduous forests that are bor dered either by the desert scrub of the Lower Sonoran Life Zone or, most fre quently, by the transitional desert grassland ecotone. These habitats afford the variety of prey which this euryphagic species utilizes. Of the forty known territories, thirty are regularly active and productive. All of these territories are on private lands where cattle grazing� land develop ment, mining or recreation is the prinicpa1 land use; all of these activities pose direct or indirect threats to the survival of breeding Gray Hawks in Ari zona. Some of the extreme northern wintering populations of Gray Hawks in northern Mexico occur in coastal lowlands where agriculture has displaced much of the native habitat.
30 10:40-11:00 THE ENDANGERED SOUTHWEST RIPARIAN AVIFAUNA
Lois I. Haight and R. Roy Johnson (National Park Service, Grand Canyon)
In any given area of the Southwest lowlands often more than 1/2 the stream side nesting birds are obligate riparian nesting species. Commonly, an addi tional 1/4 or more show a preference for riparian habitats. Many of these ri parian species are at or near the northern limits of their range. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon is one of the few places in the Southwest where native riparian habitat has actually increased in volume. With the rapid progression of the destruction of riparian habitat in northern Mexico as well as the South west a much greater percentage of the associated avifauna is faced with diminish ing numbers, or even extinction, than the list of officially endangered species would indicate.
31 ENTOMOLOGY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 114, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Donald B. Thomas, Jr.
9:00-9:15 PATTERNS IN THE ABUNDANCE OF SOME MOJAVE DESERT TENEBRIONIDS
Donald B. Thomas (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Density and biomass was estimated for six species of Tenebrionid beetles for four consecutive years (1971-1974) at ock Valley, Nevada. Changes in vege tation and climate were measured concurrently and correlation with these para meters studied. The estimated biomass for one beetle, Cryptoglossa verrucosa, exceeded that for all vertebrates combined. C. verrucosa activity and phenology were strongly correlated with temperature; overall abundance was weakly, inversely correlated with soil moisture. Centrioptera muricata: activity was weakly cor related with temperature; abundance was strongly correlated with late summer and spring precipitation. Trog10derus costatus: activity was correlated with tem perature and weakly, inversely correlated with precipitation. Asidina semi laevis: abundance decreased sequentially over the four year study; phenology did not vary, emergence occurring the second week of August in all years. Philo1ithus pantex: abundance was static, and low, in all four years; phenology was perfectly correlated with summer precipitation. Changes in the abundance of beetles was not correlated with changes in vegetative biomass.
9:15-9:30 MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO STREAMS OF SEMI ARID REGIONS f. Evan (Environmental Protection AgencY, Las Vegas, Nevada) and James E. PollardHor{igUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Surber stream sampling techniques are of limited utility in arid and semi arid regions of the western U. S. Streams of these regions are characterized by unstable habitats and widely fluctuating populations, where flash floods resulting from sporadic but severe summer thunderstorms are the rule. In order to validate an alternative sampling method, results were compared from 365 standardized'kick' samples and 270 Surber samples collected under a wide range of conditions from the White River in Utah and Colorado. The 'kick' technique compared favorably with the Surber in providing reproducible estimates of abun dances and community indices. In addition, the 'kick' technique was effective where the bottom fauna was particularly sparse, and where a prohibitive number of Surber samples would have been required to provide acceptable estimates. Under the test conditions the 'kick' method (particularly when a long net with a 30-40 mesh-size is used) was a versatile and cost-effective alternative to the Surber technique for biological monitoring purposes.
9:30-9:45 THE PINK BOLLWORM PHEROMONE TRAP: PHEROMONE DISPENSERS AND MONITOR TRAP ANALYSIS
32 Michael Hoffman and Roger T. Huber (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Pheromone dispensers tested included the Conrel microcapi11ary, gossyp1ure treated rubber tubing utilizing either a hexane or methylene chloride solvent and aged dispensers and pheromone. Results indicate that of the dispensers tested the Conre1 is the least effective. The Kitterman Insect Monitor Trap and several modifications of it were analyzed for effectiveness as a pink bollworm monitor trap. Two pheromone dis pensers, three types of bases and two sticky capture surfaces were tested. Results indicate that the gossyp1ure treated rubber tubing dispenser and StickemR trap surface is the most effective combination.
9:45-10:00 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES OF THE DERMESTID BEETLE GENUS LABROCERUS IN HAWAII
Richard S. Bea1, Jr. (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Fourteen species of the endemic genus Labrocerus are now recognized within the Hawaiian Islands from Necker Is. to the Is. of Hawaii. These show closest affinities to the present Pa1earctic and Tropical genus Phradonoma. There seems clearly to have been a single original introduction. This was into the Leeward chain of islands, which served as the staging area for invasions of the main islands. Probably no more than six or seven of the existing species were derived from other species within the main islands. Introductions from one island to another followed a "sweepstakes" pattern rather than migration from one island to the geographically nearest island. The evolutionary tendency has been toward a loss of color patterns, but it is not known whether through adap tive radiation or genetic drift.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:15-10:30 MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES IN LAKE MEAD, NEVADA
Susan M. S. Melancon (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water & Land Quality Branch, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Benthic organisms were collected in Las Vegas Bay from October 1975 to September 1976, at sites ranging from 3.0 to 130.0 meters in depth, and with a wide variety of substrates. In the lake, chironomid larvae (9 genera) and oligochaetes (11 species) composed most of the benthos, with chironomids found in large numbers nearest the region of sewage release into the lake (Las Vegas Wash), but largely absent in the deeper waters. P6t6m6thrix bavaricus, Tubifex tubifex and Limnodri1us hoffmeisteri were the dominant oligochaetes reported, and Chironomus (Chironomus) decorus, f. (Chironomus) riparius, and f. (Dicroten dipes) �. the most common chironomids. The wet-weight biomass macrofauna was highest in the organically enriched Las Vegas Wash area and lowest in the Las Vegas Bay marina section. Mean species diversity indices and equitabi1ity values were compiled at each station to provide an indication of biological response to pollution in the lake. Organisms collected were classified according to the saprobic system in relation to their response to organic contaminants from the Las Vegas Wash.
33 10:30-10:50 SEASONAL VARIATION IN DAILY ACTIVITY CYCLES OF TENEBRIONID BEETLES
Henry Dingemans (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Variations in daily activity cycles of tenebrionid beetles were investi gated from May, 1976, through October, 1976, in a high desert shrub habitat dominated by Chrysothamnus, Atriplex, and Ephedra. Weekly sampling was done by walki.ng a 1.1 kilometer transect every two hours throughout a 24 hour period, noting the number and kind of tenebrionid beetles active on the surface. Bait stations consisting of wet oatmeal pressed into folded pieces of hardware cloth were used to attract beetles. Soil and air temperatures, light conditions, and wind speed were measured at the time of sampling.
10:50-11:15 DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF GROUND-DWELLING ARTHROPODS FROM EXTINCTION PLOTS
Michael E. Mispagel (California State University, Long Beach, California)
Non-flying arthropods were collected by pitfall traps in twelve 100 m2 extinction plots. Utilizing the drift effect from the sheet metal fence assured a high capture success rate. Nevertheless, total extinction was never accomplished except perhaps with the larger tenebrionid beetles. In the nine month sampling period about 39,000 arthropods were collected representing a minimum density of 325,000/ha over the season. The greatest density was in September and October when about 51,000 ground-dwelling arthropods were present per hectare. Detritivores, mostly tenebrionids, comprised 31% of the arthropods collected and 834 g. dry weight biomass per hectare. Densities of the larger beetles are comparable to those derived by mark-recapture methods. Phytophages comprised 40% (63 g. dry wt/ha) of the collected specimens and were mostly of the Curculionidae. Predators made up 27% with a pholcid spider, which is attracted to the pitfalls and Solpugida the most abundant. Over 19,000 solpugids and 3,500 scorpions were estimated per hectare. It was concluded that only a small percentage of ground-dwelling opulation is active on any given night and that a well maintained, pitfall-saturated extinction plot run over a long period of time is a valid and accurate method to estimate the size of these populations.
11:15-11:35 ECOLOGY AND BIOENERGETICS OF AN ACRIDID ON LARREA
Michael E. Mispagel (California State University, Long Beach, California)
An investigation was conducted for three years into the population struc ture and bioenergetics of the host specific acridid, Bootettix punctatus, on Larrea tridentata in the northern Mojave Desert of southern Nevada. Densities ranged from 918-1440/ha in mid-summer on a shrub density of 1000/ha. Energy used for respiratory maintenance accounted for 77-84% of the energy assimilated by the populations reflecting the high ambient temperatures to which this species is subjected in the desert environment. Assimilation efficiency was 31-36% of the 179-490 cal/m2 per season ingested energy. The estimated propor� tion of annual leaf biomass consumed ranged from 0.9-2.3%. The effects of cli matic regimes and host phenology on emergency, population size, survival rates and energy utilization are discussed. Nutrient availability in Larrea as a function of available soil moisture is suggested as a possible regulatory mecha nism to the population of early instar nymphs and the population as a whole. Normal effects on the host plant are negligible but a stimulatory effect may occur. 34 11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, LIFE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
35 GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 126, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Donald O. Schreiweis
9:00-9:20 THE STUDY OF CESTODE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH CELL MACERATION
�. W. Mead and K. A. Loehr (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
We have developed an excellent reproduceable method for separating cells within the germinative region of the cestode Hymenoleeis diminuta. The tech nique employs acetic acid, glycerine and saline Solut10n, and 1S superior to classical methods of tissue maceration using trypsin or other proteases since cestodes are known to inhibit these enzymes. Specific cell types including germinative cells, bipolar neurons, bipolar muscle cells, and mYoneural cells can be identified and relative quantities of one cell type in relation to other cell types can be determined easily. Particular attention has been devoted to wards the relative frequency of the germinative or IIstem" cells since these have been reported to be directly responsible for proglottid production. Initial studies show these cells to be most numerous during periods of rapid growth, early prepatency, and less frequent in periods of slower growth, patency. It is suggested that this technique can be used as an additional method for studying cestode development.
9:20-9:40 CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF HYMENOLEPIS CITELLI
Karen �. Loehr and Robert W. Mead (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
Using a maceration technique developed in our laboratory, we have been able to determine the cellular composition of the various regions along the strobila of Hymenolepis diminuta and�. citelli, concentrating primarily on the germina tive region. The number of germinative cells undergoing mitosis, and the inci dence of specific cell types (i.e., germinative, myoneural, bipolar neurons) at various stages of development in H. citelli will be discussed, and compared with data presented earlier for H. dimTnuta. Variations would be expected due to the differences in the life cycles of the two species -- H. diminuta remains in the definitive host indefinitely, while H. citelli has a life span of about 90 days. It is believed that this information-can be used to help determine whether the senility in H. citelli is due to a point effect on the germinative region (i.e., decrease in number of germinative cells), or whether it is a result of a general debilitation of the entire strobila.
9:40-10:00 A CHROMOSOMAL INVERSION CLINE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PACHEA
Garry A. Duncan (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
36 Drosophila pachea (Patterson and Wheeler) breeds in naturally occurring rotting tissues of senita cactua, Lophocereus schottii, which is distributed throughout Sonora and Baja California, Mexico. The only chromosomal aberration known in this Drosophila species is an inversion occurring in element 7. Sam pling for these two chromosomal arrangements from Baja California were performed in the following manner. Firstly, adults were reared out of rotting cacti col lected from a number of localities on the peninsula. Following maturation, the adults were pair-mated and from their progeny samples of salivary gland polytene chromosomes were prepared. The data indicate that a latitudinal cline exists in Baja for the above mentioned chromosomal aberration. Factors that might influ ence the structure of this cline will be discussed. Preliminary results of one laboratory experiment suggest that the heterozygote may develop at a faster rate than the two homozygotes. In nature this condition would help to lengthen the width of the cline.
10:00-10:20 COFFEE BREAK
10:20-10:40 THE EFFECT OF B CHROMOSOMES ON VIRAL INFECTIONS
Scott McGirr (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Accessory (Supernumerary or B) chromosomes carry no genes normally required by organisms. Nevertheless they naturally occur in large numbers of plant and animal species. Ostergen in 1945 proposed the theory that accessory chromosomes of maize are parasitic in nature, functioning only in their own propogation. An investigation was conducted to determine if accessory chromosomes in corn may in fact be symbiotic entities inferring resistance upon the host to viral infec tions. Experiments were conducted utilizing Black Mexican Sweet Corn with and without B chromosomes and four mechanically transmissible viruses (BMV, MDMV, WSMV and BSMV).
10:40-11:00 GLYOXYSOMAL ONTOGENY IN COTTON OVULES
John S. Jr. and R. N. Trelease State Choinski, - (Arizona University, Tempe, Arizona)
Glyoxysomes and their component enzymes are essential for germination of fatty seedlings, yet little data exist on their formation and occurrence in the developing cotyledon. Activities for glyoxysomal (and mitochondrial) enzymes were measured in cotton cell extracts at various stages of development between 20 and 50 days after anthesis. Particulate catalase was found at all stages; that this enzyme was contained in glyoxysomal-type organelles was confirmed by in situ electron cytochemistry. Isocitrate lyase activity, however, was not found at any ovular stage, whereas particulate malate synthease activity devel oped just prior to dessication of the ovules. It appears therefore, that the morphological structures characteristic of glyoxysomes are present during embryo genesis, but these structures do not contain all the enzymatic components neces sary to be fully functional. This necessitates further enzyme acquisition during post germination stages. (NSF Grant GB-43636 & USDA-ARS Western Cotton Res. Lab.)
11:00-11:20 CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF ISOCITRATE LYASE ISOZYMES IN TURBATRIX ACETI (NEMATODA)
37 Lori A. Field and R. N. Trelease (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
McKinley and Trelease reported that isocitrate lyase (ICl) and other gly oxYlate cycle enzymes were localized in mitochondria rather than in glyoxYsomes, as was previously thought. Other workers purified ICl from T. aceti. Using gel electrophoresis and a phenylhydrazine stain (detectable only-at 324 nm), they determined that ICl existed as five separate isozymes. The question remained, however, whether all of the isozymes were localized within the T. aceti mito chondria. We adapted a continuous polyacrylamide gel system (Tris-Acetate, pH 7.5), and a Schiffsaldehyde stain technique which permitted direct visualization of the five bands, even in crude homogenates. The same five bands were detected with our system in purified mitochondrial fractions. This indicates that a com plex acetate metabolism occurs within these mitochondria. Experiments are cur rently in progress to determine the precise submitochondrial localization of the individual isozymes. (NSF Grant GB-43636)
11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, lIFE SCIENCE BUILDING, (WHITE HAll)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS lUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session II: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 126, life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Donald O. Schreiweiss
2:00-2:15 ETHICAL ISSUES IN MODERN GENETICS RESEARCH
Dr. leonard W. Storm (University of Nevada, las Vegas, la� Vegas, Nevada)
The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the ethical, moral, legal and social issues growing out of modern genetic and medical research. We are now interferring with the way things reproduce and with natural selection in our species. We can expect cloning of the human beings and other mammals in the near future. Questions as to the morality, ethics and social and legal conse quences of these techniques have been raised by geneticists and others. Even ethical questions relating to genetic counseling have been pointed out. All society must be made aware of these problems as we will have to make some serious decisions concerning these matters in the near future. In fact, many of these decisions are long overdue.
2:15-2:30 CONTEMPORARY GENETIC RESEARCH: CHRISTIAN ETHICISTS RESPOND
Shaun J. Sullivan, O.F.M. (Franciscan School of Theology, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California)
The purpose of this paper is to examine the current response of selected Christian ethicists to the moral issues preceived in current and future medical and genetic research. Gene therapy, gametic manipulation, and interference with the ordinary reproductive processes are leading examples of medical and
38 technological advances which raise new and perplexing questions for traditional Christian ethics. In dealing with human lives and the future of humankind, what degree of risk is acceptable? When does expected benefit outweigh possible harm? What is necessary for human parenthood? Who are to be the decision-makers? These are some of the questions which urge themselves upon us.
2:30-2:45 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENETIC RESEARCH
John J. Swetnam (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Examination of concepts of paternity and social affiliation in other socie ties indicates that social disruption due to changes in genetic technology may have been exaggerated. Examples from other societies indicate that concepts such as cloning and artificial insemination can be easily incorporated into a stable social order, though social orders far different from our own. Compari son of these cases with concepts of parenting in our own society indicate that the major points of disruption will concern allocation of property rights and not family structure.
2:45 General Discussion
2:45-3:00 General Discussion
3:00-3:30 COFFEE BREAK
3:30-3:50 RESIDUAL EFFECT OF ANTHRACYCLINES ON THE INDUCTION OF SCE'S
M. Cornforth and B. K. Vig (University of Nevada, Reno and Nevada Mental Health Institute, Reno, Nevada)
The anthracYclines, daunomYcin (DM) and adriamYcin (AD) are closely related chemically. We wished to explore if the antineoplastic superiority of AD over DM would correlate to differences in induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) distribution of such exchanges along the length of the chromosome and the residual effects on the frequency of SCE's after 1,2 or 3 cell divisions. A permanent leukemic cell line of mouse (L5178Y) was exposed to DM or AD at 0.02 mcg/ml for 1 hour. SCE's were scored employing the "Fluorescent Plus Giemsa" differential chromatid staining technique. Preliminary results show that SCE's are randomly distributed along the length of the chromosome even though the treatment with either drug caused a marked increase in their frequen cy. The AD treated cells showed a slight, but consistent, increase in the fre quency of exchanges compared to DM. Cells harvested one division after treat ment showed the highest frequency of exchanges, followed by those in 2nd and 3rd mitosis. Studies comparing the distribution of SCE's with the distribution of chromosome breaks induced by AD and DM are now in progress.
3:50-4:10 SEQUENCE OF CENTROMERE SEPARATION OF MITOTIC CHROMOSOMES IN CHINESE HAMSTER AND MAN
Baldev K. Vig (University of Nevada, Reno and Nevada Mental Health Institute, Reno, Nevada)
39 Chromosome preparation in late metaphase cells from bone marrow -of colcemid treated male Chinese hamsters were used to analyze the sequence of separation of sister centromeres. Chromatids of chromosomes 2 and 1 are the first ones to separate at centromeres, followed by members of group B, D and C. Some acro centric chromosome is always the last one to separate at the centromere. The data point to a possible correlation between the position of a centromere in the separation sequence in the genome and the amount of centromeric heterochromatin. A relation to the phenomenon of non-disjunction can be postulated from similar data obtained for human genome.
4:10-4:30 SOMATIC MOASAICISM INDUCED BY SOME CARCINOGENS IN SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)
P. Arenaz and B. K. Vig (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
It has been argued that somatic mosaicism on leaves of YllYll (light green plants) and YllY11 (yellow genotypes of soybean can be used to indicate the mechanism of actlon of mutagens (Nilan, R. A., and B. K. Vig, Chemical Mutagens IV:143-170 [A. Hollaender Ed.]). The system can be used for qualitative dis tinction between somatic crossing over, (twin dark green-yellow spots on YllYll leaves) segmental losses (yellow spots on YllYll), locus specific point muta tions (light green sectors on YllYll leaves) and numerical inequalities of chromosome distribution (YllYll/YllYll-type spots on YllYll). This claim has been substantiated by study of action of many chemicals on the induction of leaf spots. In the present study, six carcinogens, viz., MNNG, DNP, MMS, DMN, MNU, and AAT were studied for the pattern of mosaicism induced on leaves of plants obtained from the treated seed. There was no observable effect of AAT on the frequency of spots. All other chemicals induced twin spots, as also the single spots, indicating the occurrence of somatic crossing over. However MNNG, DNP and MMS induced twin spots preferentially. DMN, MMS and DNP also induced light green spots on YllYll plants far in excess of other types. This may prove their potential for induced free fragments.
4:30-4:50 THE POTENTIALITY OF ANTHRACYCLINE-INDUCED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS BY HEAT IN HU�1AN LEUKOCYTES
�. K. Yi[ and Susan Morris (University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada)
Recently, Marmor (Stanford University) has found that cancerous cells treated with adriamycin at 43°C exhibit higher rates of mortality than those similarly treated at 37°C. The mechanism is not fully understood. In continu ation of our previous studies with anthracycline-induced chromosome aberrations we decided to see if there exists a correlation between Marmor's findings and a temperature dependent occurrence of chromosome aberrations. Human peripheral leukocytes were cultured by the micro-culture method using heparinized whole blood. Between 24th to 48th hours after culture initiation, the cells were treated with 0.15 to 0.25 ug adriamycin/ml of medium for 1-2 hours, at 4°C, 37°C, 23°C and 43°C. The cells incubated at 4°C always showed a drastic reduction, whereas those treated at 43°C showed a consistent increase in the frequency of aberrations in comparison to cells treated at 37°C. That this difference is not due to differential uptake of the drug at various temperatures was confirmed by treating the cells with adriamycin at 37°C followed by post treatment for two hours or more at 4°C and 43°C. These data suggest that a possible mechanism of death of cells treated with anthracjclines resides in the production of chromosome aberrations. The details of the data and further implications shall be discussed.
40 6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session III: Saturday, April 16, 1977, 8:00 A.M.
Room: 126, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Donald O. Schreiweiss
8:00-8:20 ORIENTATION OF THE FOUR CHROMOSOMES IN A RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION HETEROZYGOTE
J. E. Endrizzi (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
It had been demonstrated earlier that two types of alternate orientation, a1ternate-1 and -2, occur in reciprocal chromosomal translocation heterozygotes, and that these two bear a special relationship to the two adjacent types of orientation. In addition to these four common types of orientation, three other types of orientation have been observed at metaphase I of Gossypium hirsutum. It is assumed that two of the three are the consequence of the ran dom behavior of segregating centromeres in ring configuration of four associated chromosomes. The third type, referred to as a "V" type of orientation, involves alternate disfunction in which the individual centromeres are aligned on inde pendent spindle axes.
8:20-8:40 ALCOHOL AND TEMPERATURE STUDIES IN DROSOPHILA PACHEA AND ITS RELA TIVES
Margaret C. Jefferson (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Two localities representing different chromosomal inversion homozygotes in Drosophila pachea were compared for alcohol and temperature tolerances. Com parisons were also made between Q. pachea and its three relatives, Q. acanthop tera, Q. nannoptera, and an undescribed species W. The experimental design con sisted of four alcohol regimes, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and iso-propanol, and three temperature regimes 15°C, 25°C and 32°C. Virgin and nonvirgin males and females of determined ages were analyzed separately. Possible environmental adaptations of these species implied from this study will also be discussed. (Supported by a National Fellowship Fund dissertation-year award).
8:40-9:00 TETRATOGENIC MALFORt�TIONS IN ORYZIAS LATIPES EMBRYOS TREATED WITH PARAQUAT
Gordon J. Murray and Donald O. Schreiweis (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Fertilized Medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs were dosed with varying concen trations of paraquat at the high blastula stage of development. No significant gross developmental effects were exhibited when exposed to concentrations up to 11.6 ppm. Significant levels of multiple malformations were induced by concen-
41 trations above 23.3 ppm and embryo toxicity reached the 100% level above 50 ppm.
9:00-9:20 PARAQUAT: MATERNAL AND FETAL EFFECTS IN MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT
T. W. Daniel and D. O. Schreiweis (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Paraquat was injected into female Wistar NAT/NRL rats on the fifth day of pregnancy. Pregnancy cannot be sustained above 0.125 mg/Kg body weight. Dosages below this level resulted in adverse effects. Extreme maternal and fetal toxicity was exhibited at all dosages used.
9:20-9:50 EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE ON AMBHIBIAN LIMB REGENERATION
�. �. Shapiro and A. A. Gubanich (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
Amphibian limb regeneration is known to be dependent upon nervous tissue. It has been suggested that the dependence is a function of trophic substances released by the nerve in response to injury which serve to stimulate regenera tion. Histamine has been found in nervous tissue and has also been reported in increased quantities in wound tissue. In addition, inhibition of histamine for mation in a regenerating limb has been shown to result in retarded morphogenesis in the latter stages of regeneration. In order to further elucidate the role of histamine in amphibian limb regeneration, an effort was made to determine (1) if histamine is capable of stimulating regeneration in the absence of nerve tissue, thus making it a candidate for the proposed trophic substance or (2) if the presence of histamine may be a factor affecting limb tissue regeneration with the nerve intact, by either inhibition or stimulation of new tissue growth. Both denervated and non-denervated limbs were exposed to histamine following amputation. Results indicate that histamines did not stimulate regeneration in denervated limbs, but did retard regeneration in non-denervated limbs.
9:50-10:10 COFFEE BREAK
10:10-10:30 THE ROLE OF 2131CNP IN BRAIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Gale Hansen Starich (University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada)
2131cyclic nucleotide-31-phosphodiesterase (E.C.3.1.4.16) occurs in extremely high concentrations (1000 uM substrate converted to product/hour/mg protein Guinea pig brain) in most myelinated nervous tissues. A function for the enzyme has yet to be elucidated. In this work, the possible role of 2131CNP in brain protein synthesis was examined. Crude brain homogenates were incubated with l4C-leucine and several drugs known to modify either 2131CNP activity or protein synthesis. Discontinuous sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was employed to examine the subcellular effects of the various drugs. The substrate of 2131CNP (213ICAMP) depressed protein synthesis while the product (2IAMP) inhi bited both protein synthesis and 2131CNP activity in the crude brain homogenate but not in the subcellular fractions isolated. Therefore, a causitive relation ship between the CNP enzyme and protein synthesis was not found in the incuba tion period examined.
42 10:30-10:50 PROTON SYMMETRY AND THE ACTUATOR SYSTEM--DNA-RNA REGULATORY FUNCTION
George P. Sakalosky and Paul S. Henshaw (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Proton symmetry is defined as the tendency of atoms, and thereby protons, to assemble as effective proton groups (EPGs)--and then as multiples of such groups--to form molecular units having special capabilities. Because so much is known about the nature and operational behavior of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA), these molecules have been used for purposes of analy sis and illustration. The study has revealed a staging process in the DNA-RNA system involving a developmental organization that elicits transconstitutive properties leading to higher levels of stability and function. Also, it has revealed what appears to be a central operative module or actuator which func tions to receive, store and direct energy for the accomplishment of particular tasks, including adaptive control and regulation. The actuator system is iden tified as a fully cofactored tetranucleotide which senses needs, triggers action and directs energy processing functions in both DNA and RNA. Actuator like systems in other organic macromolecules elicit similar but more transitory functions.
43 GEOGRAPHY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 120, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Donald R. Floyd
9:00-9:15 EL-KUFRA AGRICULTURAL PROJECT: AN EXAMPLE OF THE IMPACT OF OIL REVENUES ON AGRICULTURE IN LIBYA
Abdelkader El-Meheshi and Richard Crooker (University of California, Riverside, California)
The discovery of petroleum in 1959 brought about favorable opportunities for the development of agriculture in Libya. With investments from oil reve nues, this nation has initiated several agricultural projects in an attempt to meet its domestic food requirements. El-Kufra, an oasis in southeast Libya, is the site of the largest project. More than 10,000 hectares are presently pro ducing enough grains and forage crops to feed approximately 260,000 sheep. The oasis has potential for future expansion due to underground water supplies that, if developed, could irrigate about 100,000 hectares for 900 years. Future development and success at El-Kufra requires continued government investment programs and fundamental changes in this oasis' traditional agrarian society.
9:15-9:30 LIVING FENCEROWS IN SONORA: PHREATOPHYTES USED FOR FLOODWATER MANAGEMENT
Thomas Sheridan and Gary Nabhan (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Floodplain farming along the narrow portions of river valleys in eastern Sonora, Mexico depends upon living fencerows for its environmental stability. Propagated lines of willow and cottonwood, with brush fill woven between trees, are locally called "cercos de tejido." These fencerows maintain, extend and enhance fields by dissipating the eroding action of floodwaters, and facilita ting the deposition of nutrient-rich silt. In addition, the trees provide a renewable supply of wood for fuel and construction. The tree canopy and brush piles serve as habitats for numerous species of animals, including insectivorous birds of indirect benefit to man. Traditional Sonoran farmers do not perceive cottonwoods and willows to be phreatophytic pests as their Anglo-American neighbors do. In contrast to the severe erosion of floodplain environments elsewhere in southwestern North America, fencerow-protected farms have suffered relatively little loss of their land base.
9:30-9:45 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF AIRPORTS IN AN URBAN STRUCTURE
William James Acker (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
This study focuses on the spatial arrangement of airports in one large metropolitan area - the Phoenix, Arizona SMSA. It begins with an investiga tion of the historical sequence of developmental activities associated with the
44 growth of air transportation facilities in the metropolitan area. Changes in the spatial distribution of airports are studied with emphasis being placed upon the determination of causes and effects of these locational alterations. The present pattern of airports in the Phoenix SMSA is studied in an attempt to ascertain the viability of such an arrangement based upon the anticipated growth of the metropolitan area. The structure of the city proper and that of adjacent cities in the metropolitan area are studied to determine possible problems that may arise in connection with present airports and growth of new facilities. Ways are suggested that may alleviate future problems associated with airports and the communities in which they are located.
9:45-10:00 LAND USE AND DUST HAZARDS ALONG INTERSTATE 10
Albert D. Hyers and Melvin �. Marcus (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
The research reported herein was in response to dust-related accidents on Interstate Route 10, which have a higher than normal injury and fatality rate. Interdisciplinary investigations were focused in three areas: (1) wind tunnel and other engineering modeling, (2) the climatology of dust storms, and (3) land use and surface sediments. This paper focuses on the latter two phases of the research. Land use and surface sediment studies reveal a strong 10cationa1 association between sparsely vegetated, abandoned farmland and dust-related accidents on 1-10. The effectiveness of abandoned farmland as a dust source is enhanced by activities which disrupt the soil crust and make sediments available to the wind; off-road vehicles and livestock are major factors in this regard. Additionally, there are clear relationships between climatic events, season of the year, time of day, and dust-related accidents.
10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK
Chairperson: Marshall A. Worden
10:30-10:50 DISTINCTIVE CONTEXTS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: PERCEPTIONS OF PHOENIX AND TUCSON, ARIZONA
Theodore W. Jackovics (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
This paper examines how Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, are perceived and con ceptualized by two samples of residents who are familiar with both cities. The responses to a series of open-ended questions by a sample of thirty-eight stu dents from Phoenix who attend college in Tucson and thirty-three students from Tucson who attend college in the Phoenix area are outlined through content analy sis techniques. The results yield information in three areas: (1) differences and similarities among the respondents· perceptions; (2) a number of themes characterized by responses to both cities; (3) the ambiance of each city as it differs in context among the various themes. The respondents perceive distinc tions between Phoenix and Tucson in terms of affect and of availability, quality and variety of experience. These findings suggest several levels of analysis which planners might consider in meeting the residents· criteria for a livable environment.
10:50-11:10 USE RATIONING AND ZONING ON GRAND CANYON TRAILS
William L. Towler (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
45 After a particularly crowded Easter week several years ago on Grand Canyon National Park trails, park decision-makers established daily use quotas for all overnight hikers. A survey of Bright Angel and wilderness trail users under taken in the summer of 1976 indicates that an overwhelming majority supports such limits. Most hikers perceived the Inner Canyon as a wilderness area and felt that they should be able to enjoy solitude while hiking the Canyon's trails. Significantly different responses were registered dependent on the particular trail taken. On the most heavily used trail, the Bright Angel, hikers had lower expectations for a pristine wilderness environment than on the backcountry trails. Similarly hikers on the Hermit Trail, which receives almost half of all wilderness trail use, were less demanding than those on the less frequently visited routes. These results suggest that a zoning approach to management with varying use intensities could be adopted which would enhance the quality of the recreational experience for those on the remote trails with no loss of quality to those on the most visited trails.
11:10-11:30 THE GEOGRAPHY OF JOHN WESLEY POWELL
Mark W. Larson (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
The major geographical contributions of Major John Wesley Powell are dis cussed chronologically. Powell's early geomorphological and topological work is presented in conjunction with his western surveys and canyon explorations. The scientific and political significance of his nationally acclaimed canyon voyages are discussed as they relate to his later geographic endeavors. Powell's ability to assemble able geo-scientists such as G. K. Gilbert and Clarence E. Dutton is noted as an important geographical contribution in itself. Powell's grasp of the magnitude of potential Western land problems led to his 1878 Report on Arid Lands. His land use reform efforts are discussed with respect to their long-term impact on geographic thought. These land use reform efforts are examined for their applicability as geography in the modern context in light of their earlier classification as non-geography. It is suggested that his Report on Arid Lands and other land use prescriptions are major con tributions to geography, perhaps his most significant and enduring.
11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, LIFE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session II: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 120, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Lay James Gibson
2:00-2:20 DYNAMISM OF THE URBAN ETHNIC COMMUNITY: AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL
Leo E. Zonn (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
46 The purpose of this paper is to outline the processes by which urban ethnic communities alter their spatial extent. A simple accounting model, ideal for instructional purposes, is presented. In the model inputs and out puts of individuals are examined in terms of the differential impacts of the residuals upon community forms. Two neighborhood types are examined in the con text of the model: the black ghetto, which represents the expanding neighbor hood, and the East European community, which represents the contracting neigh borhood. The model is also presented as a foundation for further research into the processes of community change, including the relations between urban ethnic communities.
2:20-2:40 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL SHIFTS IN KEY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VARIABLES: A MAP ANALYSIS
Clair A. Shenk, Jr. (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Over the general time period 1960 to 1973, economic growth rates varfed widely throughout the United States, as did relative changes in social condi tions. In a study of these changing conditions, six economic variables and eight social indicators were used. These variables were measured on both the state and SMSA levels, and the changes over time subsequently mapped. Regional patterns are quite evident on many of the maps on both areal levels, though, as might be expected, variation is much greater among the SMSA's. Regression analysis confirms that many of the social indicators and economic growth vari ables have significant correlations, notably at the state level. Slow-growth areas show the highest correlations between the two groups of variables. The southwestern portion of the nation has experienced rapid economic growth during this period. Many changes in social conditions are found to have accompanied this growth, although they are observed to be relatively lIworsell when the states are considered as opposed to the SMSA's.
2:40-3:00 A NEW GRADUATE PROGRAM FOCUSING ON APPLIED RESEARCH IN GEOGRAPHY
John F. Lounsbury (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
A new graduate program is being designed to bear on one of the nation's more pressing problems. The major objective is to train personnel in applied geography focusing on spatial analysis of land use. Students will be trained in: (1) techniques concerned with the acquisition of land use and related data; (2) methods of data processing, and analysis and communication of information; (3) institutional frameworks for land use policy decision making; and (4) formu lation of research design. The program, supported by the National Science Foundation and Fellowships provided by the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, is being developed by the cooperative efforts of three universities: Arizona State University, Florida State University, and r�ichigan State University. The pro gram is based in the Departments of Geography in each of the three institutions but draws on other academic units. The program is a major new option in the existing Master of Arts degree programs. Concepts, skills and subject matter included have been developed by three to five Faculty Developers at each of the cooperative universities, along with a nationally known Advisory Committee, most of whom are presently associated with private or governmental agencies.
47 3:00-3:15 THE INFLUENCE OF FREEWAYS UPON URBAN ACTIVITIES IN THE MOJAVE DESERT
James D. Blick (San Diego State University, San Diego, California)
Freeways have had a major effect upon the urban structure of desert communi ties. Ease of travel afforded by freeways has encouraged increasing numbers of people to move to relatively sparsely-populated, uncongested deserts away from urban Southern California. Effects of freeways upon communities may be mani fested in several ways. Small, relatively remote, service centers may be nearly or completely bandoned. Entirely new centers may be built to replace old ones if the freeway is significantly removed from the old route. Large communities, e.g., Palmdale and Barstow, have not only survived changes fostered by the free way but have gained from it. Availability of money, services, and utilities attract the larger, more complex commercial enterprises to existing towns, con centrating services in certain distinct areas. Large, new shopping centers, department stores, motels, restaurants, service stations, and other facilities are attracted to sites near the freeway where they are convenient to those living in the community and region as well as to those passing through on the new highway. Functional changes occur along the by-passed routes.
3:15-3:45 COFFEE BREAK
Chairperson: Stanley F. Norsworthy
3:45-4:00 THE ARID WOODLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA
Paul H. Leskinen (University of Denver, Denver, Colorado)
The complexity of the vegetation pattern in the Southern Sierra Nevada is due to a number of factors, mainly reflecting the varied climatic conditions which occur in close proximity to each other as a result of the large degree of topographic diversity. The arid assemblages to the east of the western crest are presently due to the rain shadow effect of the massif, accentuated by the dessicating Mojave Desert air which contributes to a diminishing moisture gra dient. Unstable clopes, frequently of scree, characterize the east side of the Sierra. This makes plant establishment difficult and promotes a more open plant formation. Pinyon woodland is the most widespread assemblage above the lower elevation desert shrub complex, and at highest elevations a sub-alpine assemblage is present, characterized by white fir, Jeffrey pine, and limber pine.
4:00-4:20 COSMIC IMPACTS AND THE OCEANS
Victor Gyozo Dojcsak (University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada)
Over the past 25 years it has been conclusively indicated that interaction between the Earth and other bodies of the solar system has been more numerous and occasionally on a larger scale than had been previously considered. While the geographic importance of the consequences of these impacts is apparent, geo graphers on the whole have not shown much interest in the idea. To date inves tigations have been directed to impacts on land areas, and the much larger water surfaces have been neglected. Investigation of the impact mechanism of solid bodies into water has concluded that: 1) the solid body impacting in water pro-
48 duces an ephemeral crater with a concentric wave moving outward, 2) the inward rushing water fills the crater and shoots upward, 3) it then falls back again, creating another crater and another wave, 4) the process continues until the energy is used up. These "micro" phenomena have been photographed and the results of some much larger ones have been studied on Lake Leon of Norway and Lituya Bay in Alaska. It is time to take a serious look at the impact effects of asteroid size cosmic bodies into the-oceans.
4:20-4:40 RECENT "CLH�TIC CHANGE" AND "INCREASED WEATHER VARIABILITY"
Jim Norwine (Tax A & I University, Kingsville, Texas)
This paper attempts a balanced assessment of widely pu licized viewpoints that climatic change and/or increased weather variability have or have not occurred over large parts of the earth's surface in recent years. Such ques tions as the following are discussed: (1) are we now experiencing a major cli matic "deterioration" and, if so, what are its implications for crop production and other aspects of human ecology? (2) did dominant weather patterns shift to a more variable or erratic mode during the 1970's as compared with the supposedly "benign" conditions of 1955-1970 and, if so, have we as a species thereby been adversely affected? (3) is this a case of a strictly perceived or imagined rather than a real physical change, contributed to by a combination of incredibly shortsighted and poor planning, general misunderstanding of what is climatically "normal", and indifference to mankind's continued vulnerability to ongoing at mospheric vagaries? The particular importance of these questions for human residents in climate-margin regions is emphasized. A forthcoming study of pos sible future climate scenarios, such as drought, and of strategies for coping with them is briefly outlined.
6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session III: Saturday, April 16, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 120, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: Harold J. McPherson
9:00-9:20 URBAN APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL INFRARED SCANNING
David �. Mouat and John Stelling (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Thermal infrared imagery (TIR) of Tucson, Arizona was obtained with a Texas Instruments, Inc., RS-25 airborne infrared scanning system. Line scan imagery, similar in appearance to strip photography, is produced from the natural radia tion of an object as an energy source through the scanner's optical system. The energy is focused on a tri-metal detector (HgCdTe), with a spatial resolution of 1.5 milliradians (will resolve a 1 1/2-foot square from an altitude of 1000
49 feet). The infrared data are filtered for the 8-14 micrometer region where the HgCdTe detector has its maximum sensitivity. The focused imagery is electroni cally converted to a video signal and amplified. The amplified signal is con verted to light which is exposed on a continuous strip of 70 mm film as line scan imagery. Relative radiometric temperature difference is represented by tones of grey on the imagery. This paper gives an overview of TIR operations and its urban applications. Flight planning, ground truth collection, image enhancement, thermogram processing and interpretation and applications for energy conservation are presented.
9:20-9:40 A SIMULATION-SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS APPROACH AS A RESEARCH AND TEACHING TOOL IN CLIMATOLOGY
Anthony J. Brazel (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
Over the years diurnal and seasonal surface climate simulators have been developed based upon analytical solutions to differential equation sets. In the last 10 years or so, several analog solutions for the diurnal and seasonal surface thermal and energy balance regimes have been set forth (e.g., Myrup, 1969; Outcalt, 1972). These solutions have undergone many field tests (Brazel and Outcalt, 1973; Outcalt, 1972, 1973, 1975). The documented verification of these models under diverse environmental conditions appears to allow for a simulator-sensitivity analysis approach in the research and teaching of energy balance climatology. This paper demonstrates the use and limitations of one simulation model (the surface temperature equilibrium model) in research appli cations in Arizona by this author. A discussion is given of: (1) field testing of microclimate in a karst depression with highly variable vegetation, slope, and exposure, and (2) an analysis of the impact of land use on surface micro climate in the Salt River Valley. It is shown that the surface temperature simulation model is adaptable to remote sensing analysis in terms of interpreting spatial patterns of radiant surface temps.
9:40-10:00 A SINGLE BOX MODEL FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Glenda E. Brown and Neil S. Berman (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona)
A single box model was used to simulate the production of photochemical oxidants in Phoenix, Arizona on August 5, 1975. Inputs were the hourly emis sions, solar flux and dilution rate. Then a 14 step reaction mechanism was used to calculate the NOx, hydrocarbons and 03 in the box using a computer pro gram based on Gear's algorithm for the solution of differential equations. The method essentially is a smog chamber with varying dilution rate and reactant concentrations. Changes in wind speed, emissions and height of atmospheric mixing are taken into account. The photochemical oxidant concentrations as a function of time during the day were in general agreement with measured results. If hydrocarbons are reduced in half without any change in oxides of nitrogen, this model predicts an increase in oxidants. Strategies to control pollution, therefore, must consider all reacting species and not hydrocarbons alone.
10:00-10:20 THE EFFECT OF CIRQUE MORPHOLOGY ON INCIDENCE OF SOLAR RADIATION: KUNA CREST,.YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK
50 B. Scott Holmes (California State University, Northridge, California)
Variations in insolation within cirque basins on the northeast side of the Kuna Crest, Yosemite National Park, California, have been analyzed hourly and seasonally. Changes in the position of the sun determine the area within the cirque basins exposed to insolation, and thus the number of calories received by the cirques. With the aid of a computer mapping program, hourly variations in exposed cirque surface area have been determined for the winter and summer solstices as well as the equinox. Soda Springs meteorological station, one degree north of the Kuna Crest, provided data on seasonal variations of insola tion in the Sierra Nevada. Computations show that for the period 1946-1974, an average of 19 percent of total yearly solar radiation at the top of the atmos phere entered the Kuna Crest cirque basins. Thirty-five percent was absorbed by atmospheric factors and 46 percent was lost due to shading by cirque head walls.
51 GEOLOGY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 108, Life Science Building (l�hite Han)
Chairperson: Frederick W. Bachhuber
9:00-9:15 PAST PLANT COMMUNITIES OF A NEVADA MOUNTAIN RANGE
W. Geoffrey Spaulding (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
The Sheep Range of Clark and Lincoln Counties, Nevada supports a diverse vegetation ranging from desert communities to high elevation montane communi ties. Extensive collection of fossil packrat middens has revealed the dynamic response of these communities to late Quaternary environmental change. While analysis is incomplete the data thus far indicates that: 1) Limber pine was common in late Pleistocene montane communities and is now extinct in the Sheep Range. 2) Until at least 10,000 BP areas presently supporting extensive stands of ponderosa pine and white fir were occupied by bristlecone and limber pine. It is possible that ponderosa did not become estab1i hed in the Sheep Range until the Holocene. 3) Bristlecone pine, presently restricted to elevations above 2400 m, has been found as low as 1600 m, implying a depression of ca. 800 m. 4) Macrofossils of sing1e1eaf pinyon have been found no lower than 400 m. below its present lower limit. Macrofossils of white fir and limber pine have been found as low as 1585 m. elevation.
9:15-9:30 WISCONSINAN 0 OGRAPHIC SNOWLINE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA
Robert Brakenridge and Robert of Arizona, Tucson, �. . Scarborough (University Arizona)
Seven small «1 km2) Wisconsinan glaciers have been reported from Nevada, Arizona, and Utah between 32 and 44° Lat. Their cirque floor elevations rose southward at a gradient of 100 m per degree of latitude, the same gradient as modern Rocky Mountain glaciers, but depressed about 1000 m at any locality. Out ex trapo1ation of the Wisconsinan gradient to the south indicates that Wis consinan glaciers would be expected above 3500 m in Southern Arizona at 32° Lat., or slightly above even the highest ranges. We have recently located two sites in Southern Arizona where small glaciers or perennial snow was present. Scar borough has identified three small cirques and probable recessional moraines in the Mt. Lemmon ski area in the Santa Catalina Mountains near Tucson (32.5° Lat.). The glacier covered about 0.7 km2 and extended between 2740 and 2440 m eleva tion. Brakenridge is studying a niche glacier or perennial snow-produced hollow between 2620 and 2530 m elevation on Mt. Hopkins in the Santa Rita Mountains, 65 km south of Tucson (31.5° Lat.). These elevations are 8-900 m below the values predicted above. Both valleys are oriented northeast and are in favor able snow accumulation sites. It is believed that even the small cirques repor ted to the north do not accurately reflect the lowest limit of the Wisconsin snowline.
9:30-9:45 THE NESTOR TERRACE IN NORTH SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
52 Mario V. Caputo (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
The Nestor Terrace is a marine, wave-cut, geomorphic platform, topographi cally lower than the wider Linda Vista Terrace; it was cut by a marine still stand during late Pleistocene time, approximately 120,000 years ago. In this report, linear segments of the Nestor Terrace and the overlying upper Pleis tocene deposits begin at an isolated patch on the bluffs at Torrey Pines State Park and extend north from Del Mar to La Costa Avenue, Leucadia. The trace of the toe of this wave-cut platform is continuous along the seacliffs. The shore line angle and the terrace back edge are visible in Big Basin in Torrey Pines State Park and in a small canyon in south Del Mar. At these locations, the ele vation of the shoreline angle is between 66 and 71 feet above present mean sea level. Since sea level at the time the Nestor Terrace was cut was 25 ± 7 feet higher than present sea level, the present elevation of the shoreline angle in dicates approximately 34 to 53 feet of tectonic uplift of this part of the coast.
9:45-10:00 DESERT PAVEMENT AND EXPANDING LATTICE CLAYS
Robert B. Howard, Barry N. Cowan, and David A. Inouye (California State Univer sity, Northridge)
Desert pavement has been previously ascribed to deflation by wind or removal of fines by sheet runoff. Analyses of the upper portion of soils pos sessing pavement reveal anotherpossible explanation for this desert surface phenomenon. Soil samples were taken from sites on alluvial fans of California's Panamint Valley, Milpitas Wash, Lucerne Valley and in the Calico Mountains of the Mojave Desert. The upper 10 to 15 centimeters of soils having well devel oped pavement contains a large proportion of clay-sized particles, possesses a vesecular structure when dry, and is generally stone-free especially within 5 to 10 centimeters of the surface. X-ray diffraction analyses of the clay fraction from this upper soil zone reveal a variety of expanding lattice clays. The process of desert pavement formation as envisioned by the authors involves the heaving of larger clasts (granules and pebbles) toward the surface due to volume changes brought about by wetting and drying of the soil. This mechanism ex plains the vesicular structure and stone-free layer in the near surface portion of soils overlain by desert pavement.
10:00-10:30 COFFEE BREAK
10:30-10:45 CHRISTMAS TREE CAVE - AN EFFECT OF SALT WEATHERING IN GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA
William J. Breed (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Salt weathering as a process has generally been neglected in Grand Canyon and other parts of the southwest. Yet relatively hard rocks can be broken down by salt in solution. This process has produced caves and overhands in many parts of Grand Canyon where there are salt seeps. Two good examples of this are the Hopi Salt Mines downstream from the junction of the Colorado and Little Colorado River and Christmas Tree Cave at (Mile 135.5).
53 Christmas Tree Cave, a large cave approximately 75 x 100 meters, has been almost entirely formed by salt weathering. Salt in solution has caused the meta morphic rocks of the Vishnu Group to disintegrate, but the roof of Bass Limestone has been unaffacted. Salt stalagtites and stalagmites have formed in the cave. Many of the stalagtites grow horizontally toward the mouth of the cove due to differential evaporation during the summer when the walls of the Canyon radiate quantities of heat into the cave.
10:45-11:00 PRELIMINARY POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE LAS VEGAS WASH
David Ferraro and F. W. Bachhuber (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Rapid downcutting during the July 3, 1975 flood exposed a 7 m section of Holocene sediments in Las Vegas Wash. The sediments are predominately of flu vial origin but numerous peat laminae are interbedded with the silt and sand. The peat laminae represent accumulation in a quasi-permanent marshy environment. These organic-rich sediments were processed for their pollen content. Absolute pollen densities and pollen frequencies were determined and plotted in diagrams. The pollen diagrams exhibit sharp fluctuations in both frequencies and densi ties. It is believed that the pronounced stratigraphic variations in especially Chenopodiaciae are not in response to climatic change. More likely the pollen spectrum is a function of fluctuations of the water table which in turn are related to stream dynamics. During periods of stream aggradation ground-water surfacing in the lower portion of Las Vegas Wash created a marshy habitat on the floodplain. At this time the Chenopodiaceae-dominated communities were restric ted to the margins of the wash and to upland surfaces. Following abnormally heavy rainfall, rapid stream entrenchment resulted in a lowering of the water table. Aquatic vegetation disappeared from the floodplain and was replaced by Chenopodiaceae-dominated communities. It is envisioned that this sequence of events has been repeated throughout the Holocene.
11:00-11:15 LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE TECTONIC DEFORMATION OF THE WARNER VALLEY, OREGON
David L. Weide (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
Well developed pluvial shorelines in the Warner Valley, Oregon provide abundant evidence for significant Late Pleistocene and Holocene tectonic defor mation in the northwestern Great Basin. Detailed measurements of absolute ele vation on the highest shoreline cut by pluvial Lake Warner indicate that defor mation has proceeded at a mean rate of 0.7 mm per year during the past 17,000� years that have elapsed since Lake Warner occupied its maximum stand (Early Sehoo time of Lake Lahontan chronology). The total amount of displacement, 12.5 m, is comparable to the deformation measured in Dixie Valley, Nevada and Death Valley, California. The consistency of this rate is demonstrated by com parable deformation of six consecutive recessional shorelines that correspond to pauses in the desiccation history of the lake. In addition, the north-south geographic distribution of regional deformation is not uniform; the north end of the valley having been elevated 11.5 m more than a point 112 km to the south. Extrapolating this rate of regional tilting over the latter part of the Pleis tocene suggests that closure of the Warner Valley could have begun after 145,000 years ago. Prior to that time the valley would have formed part of the head waters of a through drainage system linked northward with the Snake River of Idaho.
54 11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, LIFE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PAST PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session II: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 108, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: David L. Weide
2:00-2:15 PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CAMBRIAN SECTION AT HORSETHIEF CANYON, CALIFORNIA
John C. Kepper (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
The Cambrian section at Horsethief Canyon contains rock types typical of the deeper water Emigrant Formation stratigraphically overlying shallower water Bonanza King lithologies. About 300 meters of the middle portion of the section is characterized by very thick beds of megabreccia interbedded with intervals of fining-upward conglomerate through lime mudstone sequences. Clasts derived from shallower water deposits reach lengths of 6 meters and are coarser than those from more proximal sources. The megabreccia interval seems to represent lower slope to inner-fan depositional environments typical of a platform-margin. The stratigraphic succession shows outer platform carbonate and terrigenous rocks of the middle Bonanza King directly beneath the megabreccia. This may be explained by either faulting or very rapid carbonate build-up along the plat form margin. In eastern California and western Nevada the west-trending Cambri an facies are little disturbed by Mesozoic thrusting. Using the Horsethief sec tion as a platform-margin marker and the regional distribution of shallow and deep water facies in adjacent ranges, a limit of about 32 km. right-lateral dis placement can be placed on the Death Valley - Furnace Creek fault.
2:15-2:30 THE STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF SHEEP BASIN MOUNTAIN, GILA COUNTY, ARIZONA
Edward J. Kovas, Jr. (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Sheep Basin Mountain is located in the Northern Sierra Ancha Mountains, approximately 12 miles SSE of payson, Arizona. Structurally, it is the parti ally eroded North limb of a NE-SW trending anticline within the Mazatzal oro genic belt. The topography of the area is dominated by moderately deformed older Precambrian "islands" of the Alder Group against which undeformed younger Precambrian rocks of the Apache Group have been unconformably deposited. The Alder Group (metasediments) exhibit profound fracture cleavage as well as joint patterns formed in response to the anticlinal deformation. Fracture cleavage is replaced by bedding plane movement in the uppermost quartzite unit, leading to the misinterpretation of a thrust fault within the Alder Group by previous workers. The Apache Group (sandstones and conglomerates) is relatively flat lying and shows none of the deformational effects expressed in the older Precam brian sequence.
55 2:30-2:45 ANALYSIS OF GEOMAGNETIC SURVEYS, LAKE MARY AREA, COCONINO COUNTY, ARIZONA
Edward W. Peacock and Errol L. Montgomery (Northern Arizona University, Flag staff, Arizona)
Results of geomagnetic surveys in the Lake Mary area indicate that total magnetic field strength ranges from 51,500 to 52,500 gammas when measured over Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks. Where surface and near surface Terti ary basalt flows overlie the sedimentary rocks, total field strength ranges from 50,000 to 53,000 gammas. The maximum total field gradients over the sedi mentary rocks are approximately 150 gammas/mile. Although total field gradients over the basaltic terrain may locally exceed 5,000 gammas/mile, it is possible to separate long wavelength anomolies with gradients of 300 gammas/mile or less. Basement structure can be modeled by the analysis of these long wavelength ano molies, with boundary conditions for the models established by known surface geology, gravimetry, and well data.
2:45-3:00 ACCESSORY ZIRCON OF GRANITIC ROCKS ALONG THE LAS VEGAS SHEAR ZONE, CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA
James T. Whitesell and John R. Wilbanks (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada}
The Tertiary Las Vegas shear zone intersects north-trending structures of the late Mesozoic Sevier orogeny. Estimates of the right-lateral displacement along the shear zone range from 43km to 67km. Two independent lines of evidence to support the higher estimate exist. First, palinspastic methods can be applied to thrust fault traces of the Sevier deformation to obtain right-lateral dis placement of 67km. Second, a granitic breccia, which crops out in the Tertiary Thumb Formation in the vicinity of Frenchman Mountain, is megascopica11y similar to the Gold Butte granite of the South Virgin Mountains near the Nevada-Arizona border. It has been proposed that the granitic breccia was transported about 65km from the Gold Butte area along the Las Vegas shear. A test of this esti mate of displacement is possible through measurement of growth parameters of accessory zircon that developed during the early crystallization of granitic rock.
3:00-3:15 MID-UPPER DEVONIAN UNCONFORMITY IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA
Donald P. Witter, Jr. (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
The Upper Devonian is divided into two stages. The lower Upper Devonian (Frasnian stage) is represented in southeastern Arizona by the Martin Formation and the upper Upper Devonian (Famennian stage) by the Percha Formation. Recent studies of the Frasnian-Famennian boundary have emphasized the mass extinctions which occurred at this time and the unconformity which separates the two stages in many places. The Frasnian-Famennian boundary was studied in detail at six teen localities in southeastern Arizona. Both microfossils (conodonts) and megafossils (brachiopods and corals) were used to locate the boundary. Cono donts were used to precisely date the boundary beds. Conodonts from beds beneath the boundary belong to· the Upper Palmatolepis gigas Zone (Late Frasnian). Conodonts from just above the boundary belong to the upper part of the Scaphig nathus ve1ifer Zone (Mid-Late Famennian). The basal Famennian beds at seven
56 localities are a lag deposit consisting of well rounded quartz clasts, fish bones and teeth, conodonts, and other phosphatic material. Therefore, in south eastern Arizona the Frasnian-Famennian boundary is an unconformity with a hia tus which spans up to twelve of the thirty standard Upper Devonian conodont zones.
3:15-3:45 COFFEE BREAK
3:45-4:00 LATE DEVONIAN INVERTEBRATES FROM THE MARTIN FORMATION, VERDE VALLEY, ARIZONA
Susan �. Celestian and Stanley S. Beus (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona)
Late Devonian strata of the Jerome Member of the Martin Formation cropout extensively in the Verde Valley of Northern Arizona. Most of the member is un fossiliferous dolomite, but the upper part contains locally abundant silicified brachiopods, corals, molluscs, and stromatoporoids. New species of the brachi opod genus Atribonium and of the gastropod genus Murchisonia are recognized. Seven of the nine common brachiopod species also occur in the Cerro Gordo Member of the Lime Creek Formation of Iowa indicating a Late Frasnian age for the Upper Jerome Member in northern Arizona. Paleoecological analysis permits the recog nition of three recurring assemblages--interpreted as representing three bentho nic communities: 1) an on-shore community dominated by gastropods, 2) a near shore community dominated by brachiopods, and 3) an off-shore community domina ted by corals and stromatoporoids.
4:00-4:15 THE BEARING OF OSWALD WEST TO TRACE FOSSILS OF THE DSDP CORES
C. Kent Chamberlain (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada)
Trace fossils in the DSDP cores are commonly difficult to identify because so little is present in the small cores, because complex horizontal patterns are difficult to conceptualize from two-dimensional data, and because reworking is so extensive. Oswald West consists of interbedded Oligocene sandstone, silt stone, and mudstone along the Oregon coast south of Astoria. Trace fossils are profuse throughout the formation and are significantly like those in the DSDP cores. Traces common to both are Zoophycos, Teichichnus, Chondrites, and Toma culum. Some rind burrows in the DSDP cores are the same as Terebellina in Oswald West and somecomposite burrows in the DSDP cores are probably the same as Alcyonidiopsis and partly reworked Spirophycus or Helminthoida in Oswald West. Other traces of Oswald West are Radionereites, Lophoctenium, Laminites, "Medusina", and Taenidium. They occur in a deep-water Nereites facies.
, 4:15-4:30 ARIZONA'S OLDEST FOSSILS (1.2 b.y.+)
William A. Martin (Peoria High School, Peoria, Arizona)
Teaching, hiking and fossil-collecting in Arizona since 1956, Mr. Martin has found numerous animal-like fossils in some of Southern Arizona's 1.2+ billion-year-old rocks, at specific locations near both Cave Creek and Four Peaks. Slides and specimens will be available, parti�ularly to show details of Eoseptazoa arizonica. The nature of these septate life-forms will be considered,
57 condi as well as possible ecological and adaptive relationships. Environmental tions delimiting the ranges of animals living in the Pre-Cambrian will be dis cussed. These recent fossil-finds are significant in refuting contentions that macroscopic animals evolved only in late Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian. They also add to the material record of the evolutionary continuum. Speculations from the audience will be solicited.
6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
58 HYDROLOGY
Session I: Friday, April 15, 1977, 9:00 A.M.
Room: 105, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: William H. Allen, Jr.
9:00-9:15 A WATER SUPPLY DATA BASE
J. F. Nunamaker, Jr. and David �. Pingry (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
This paper describes a water supply data base being developed for the Colo rado River Basin States by the University of Arizona under contract with the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. This data base is a directory of existing natural, technical, economic, and legal data and data agencies in the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
9:15-9:30 ARIZONA WATER POLICY: CHANGING DECISION AGENDAS AND POLITICAL STYLES
Hanna �. Cortner and Mary P. Berry (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
Research that focuses upon the politics of water policy-making in Arizona is described. This research reveals a style of politics in which federal and private interests dominate, while the state's fragmented administrative organi zations playa subordinate and reactive role. New political pressures and demands that currently challenge the established equilibrium are then identified. If the state is to respond effectively to these new political conditions and build a leadership role in water planning and management, it is concluded, the conventional political style will no longer suffice. A new governmental decision-making agenda will be required.
9:30-9:45 THE ARIZONA WATER COMMISSION'S CAP WATER ALLOCATION MODEL SYSTEM
Philip Briggs (Arizona Water Commission, Phoenix, Arizona)
The model is a comprehensive system designed to allocate CAP water among competing agricultural interests within a large geographic area. Sources of water include ground, surface, reuse and CAP; demands for water include muni cipal/industrial as well as agricultural. The model is composed of two principle components: an optimization routine (LP) which operates the demand/supply sys tems to minimize water supply costs; a digital groundwater model which simulates impacts of withdrawals/recharge on the basin, and updates the costs of ground water. Operating iteratively, the two components can select a CAP allocation scheme which meets preselected water management criteria from an infinite num ber of possible schemes.
9:45-10:00 AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT
James h. Barr and David E. Pingry (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
59 This paper analyzes the alternative cost and water allocations of the Central Arizona Project. It principally deals with the sensitivity of user cost to water availability and allocation. Simulation techniques will be used to evaluate project outcomes.
10:00-10:15 COFFEE BREAK
10:15-10:30 AN APPLICATION OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE SAN CARLOS APACHE INDIAN RESERVATION: GILA RIVER CASE
M. E. Norvelle, D. J. Percious, N. G. Wright (Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arlzona, Tucson, Arizona)
The tribal goal of maximum utilization of the Gila River Basin land and water resources is complicated by the nature and occurrence of the water resources, the character of the land, and the agricultural management require ments. A multidisciplinary approach was used to complete feasibility analyses, to investigate the availability and suitability of resources, and to establish a conceptual framework for analysts and tribal decision makers alike that encourages ex post evaluation for design and management flexibility and promotes technology transfer. Remote sensing and field verification assisted the speci fication of water availability and agricultural potential and the quality of these resources. Flood plain delineations for various flood frequencies relates land use to flood risk.
10:30-10:45 DECISION MAKING IN A MULTIPLE-USE APPROACH TO THE RECLAMATION OF STRIP-MINED LANDS
Ambrose Goicoechea, Lucien Duckstein and Martin Fogel (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
There is much concern about reclaiming the mine spoils to bring about posi tive land uses in large scale surface mining. To model the problem, a decision making algorithm labeled PROTRADE has been developed and is applied to the case study of the Black Mesa region in Northern Arizona. This algorithm, which con siders a set of objective functions and physical constraints, articulates the preferences of the decision maker, and generates a set of alternative solutions, among which a good compromise solution may be chosen. Objectives in the case study include 1) livestock production, 2) farming of selected crops, 3) water runoff, 4) sediment control, and 5) fish pond harvesting; these objectives are expressed in either their natural units for multiobjective analysis or in mone tary units for economic analysis.
10:45-11 :00 A UTILITY CRITERION FOR REAL-TIME RESERVOIR OPERATION
Lucien Duckstein and Roman Krzysztofowicz (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)
A dual purpose reservoir control problem can logically be modelled as a game against nature. The first purpose of the reservoir is flood control under uncertain inflow, which corresponds to short-range operation (SRO); the second purpose, which the pres�nt model imbeds into the first one, is water supply after the flood has receded, and corresponds to long-range operation (LRO).
60 The reservoir manager makes release decisions based on his SRO risk. The trade offs involved in his decision are described by a utiltty functton, which is con structed within the framework of Keeney's multiattribute utility theory. The underlying assumptions appear to be quite natural for the reservoir control problem. To test the model, an experiment assessing the utility criterion of individuals has been performed; the results tend to confirm the plausibility of the approach. In particular, most individuals appear to have a risk-taking attitude for small floods and a risk-averse attitude for large ones.
11:00-11:30 BUSINESS MEETING AWRA AND AAS HYDROLOGY SECTION
11:30-12:00 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, ROOM 150, LIFE SCIENCE BUILDING (WHITE HALL)
12:00-1:45 AWARDS LUNCHEON AND PASr PRESIDENT1S ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING
Session II: Friday, April 15, 1977, 2:00 P.M.
Room: 105, Life Science Building (White Hall)
Chairperson: William H. Allen, Jr.
2:00-2:15 MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES FOR WATER HARVESTING
Dwayne H. Fink lU. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona)
Microcrystalline waxes may be useful products for treating soils for water harvesting purposes. They are cheaper than the presently used refined paraffins and most other processed water repellents, and because most are by-products of the petroleum distillation process their preferred usage could constitute a real energy savings. Unfortunately, the physical-chemical properties among micro crystalline waxes are extremely variable so that each material-site combination must be individually tested for water-harvesting suitability. We have developed several laboratory quick-tests for performing such evaluation, and hope ulti mately to be able to predict treatment performance from specific universal pro perties of the waxes and the soils.
2:15-2:30 A LAND IMPRINTER FOR REVEGETATION OF BARREN LAND AREAS THROUGH INFIL TRATION CONTROL
R. M. Dixon and �. �. Simanton (USDA, ARS, Tucson, Arizona)
A unique, and perhaps revolutionary, new tillage implement has been devel oped for imprinting soil surfaces with geometric patterns designed to control water infiltration, runoff, and erosion in accordance with soil physical prin ciples. Worldwide over-grazing of pasture and rangelands and excessive tillage of croplands decrease infiltration and increase runoff and erosion, thereby triggering irreversible deterioration of the vital natural resources--soi1, water, and vegetation. The surface imprint controls the movement of rainwater at the soil surface, routing much more water to plant roots. Consequently, less water is lost to surface runoff and evaporation, and the rainwater resource is
61 used more efficiently in vegetal production. The land imprinter will be parti cularly useful in revegetation of barren land areas which result from short term droughts and excessive exploitation of land resources.
2:30-2:45 EFFECTS OF BRUSH TO GRASS CONVERSION ON THE HYDROLOGY AND EROSION OF A SEMI-ARID SOUTHWESTERN RANGELAND WATERSHED
. �. Simanton, H. B. Osborn and K. G. Renard (USDA, ARS, Tucson, Arizona)
The vegetative cover of a 109-acre semi-arid watershed in Southeastern Arizona was converted from brush to grass by root-plowing and seeding. Runoff and sediment accumulation were reduced 50 and 75 percent, respectively, after the conversion. These percentages, based on 5 years of pre-treatment and 6 years of post-treatment record, are related to factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
2:45-3:00 THE VARIABILITY OF SOIL MOISTURE UNDER DESERT VEGETATION
Theodore Sammis (New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico)
Soil water content Wffi measured every two weeks during 1975-1976 using a neutron probe at selected locations around the desert plant species creosote (Larrea divaricata), bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea), and in an open space. The purpose of the measurements was to estimate the evapotranspiration rate of the desert plants by measuring changes in soil moisture. The sampling problem asso ciated with measuring soil mOisture using neutron access tubes is the number, location, and installation depth of the tubes. Analysis of variance of the total soil moisture beneath the creosote plant showed a greater variability between tubes of different plants the same distance from the crown of the plant than between tubes located around the same plant. Because of the size of the bursage plant, the variability in total soil moisture beneath the plant was greater among tubes around the same plant than between tubes at the same location at different plants.
3:00-3:15 ROOT SYSTEM OF SHRUB LIVE OAK IN RELATION TO WATER YIELD BY CHAPARRAL
Edwin A. Davis (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, Tempe, Arizona)
The root system of shrub live oak (Quercus turbine11a) was studied in an initial effort to classify the major Arizona chaparral shrubs as potential users of soil water based on root system characteristics. The root system was of the generalized type with a taproot, many deeply penetrating roots, and a strong lateral root system. Roots penetrated 21 feet to bedrock through cracks and fractures in the rocky regolith. A dense network of small surface laterals radiated from the root crown and permeated the upper foot of soil. Because of deeply penetrating roots and a highly developed surface root system, shrub live oak is well adapted to utilize both ephemeral surface soil moisture as well as deeply stored moisture. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a knowledge of the root systems of chaparral shrubs and depth of the regolith in planning vege tation conversions to increase water yteld.
3:15-3:30 COFFEE BREAK
62 3:30-3:45 MEASUREMENT OF WATER STATUS IN SALTCEDAR
Mary Ellen Williams and Jay E. Anderson (Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho�
Relative water content (RWC) and total water potential (�) were measured on saltcedar at the Bernardo, New Mexico, lysimeter site. The two measures were closely correlated (r=0.92, P 3:45-4:00 TRANSPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SALTCEDAR Jay E. Anderson (Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho) Factors controlling transpiration and photosynthesis of saltcedar were in vestigated in the field near Bernardo, New Mexico. Photosynthesis was light saturated at an intensity equal to about one-half full sunlight, while maximum stomatal aperture occurred at intensities equal to one-third full sunlight. Transpiration and photosynthesis were depressed 15-25% during the afternoon in branches held at constant temperature and relative humidity. These depressions did not appear to be correlated with increased water stress. Estimates of sto matal resistance (Rs) ranged from 2 to 6 sec/cm. Rs increased linearly with increases in leaf temperature between 14° and 50°C, with relative humidity held constant (Rs = 0.098 x °C + 1.59). Stomata appeared to react independently to changes in relative humidity. Optimum leaf temperature for photosynthesis was 23-28°C, considerably lower than typical daytime ambient temperatures. Photo synthesis was reduced 20% at 35°C. 4:00-4:15 REDUCING PHREATOPHYTE TRANSPIRATION David C. Davenport and Robert M. Hagan {University of California, Davis, raTiTornia} Transpiration rates (T) of riparian phreatophytes can be high. Antitrans pirant (AT) sprays can curtail T without the ecological imbalance made by era dication. Saltcedar (Tamarix sp.) and cottonwood (Populus sp.) in l5-gal. drums enabled replicated trials on isolated plants or on canopies. T of isolated saltcedar plants could be 2x that of plants in a fairly dense canopy. T for a unit ground area of saltcedar varied from 2.2 (sparse-) to 15.8 (dense-stand) mm/day in July at Davis. Extrapolation of experimental T data to field sites must, therefore, be made carefully. Wax-based ATs increased foliar diffusive resistance (R), and reduced T of saltcedar and cottonwood 32-38% initially and 10% after 3 weeks. R increased naturally in the afternoon when evaporative demand was high and if soil water was low. Nocturnal T of saltcedar was 10% of 63 day T. AT effectiveness increased with a higher ratio of day:night hours, and with lower soil water stress. Therefore, AT will be most effective on long summer days in riparian areas where ground water is available. 4:15-4:30 ESTIMATING PHREATOPHYTE TRANSPIRATION Ll oyd �. � and Theodore H. Sarrmi s (Uni vers ity of Ari zona, Tucson, Ari zona and New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico) Phreatophyte transpiration on the Colorado River floodplain in western Arizona was evaluated under hot, dry, midsummer weather conditions. The simple model used relates transpiration to the vapor pressure deficit of the air and to the area and the diffusion resistance of the transpiring foliage. There were no independent transpiration estimates for verification of the results. On a relative basis, however, mesquite species (Proso is sp.) were transpiring more rapidly per unit of leaf area than was saltcedar Tamarix pentandra). 4:30-4:45 ACUTE TOXICITY ON FISH AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PROPERTIES OF ANTI TRANSPIRANT SPRAYS Robert li. Garrett and Boyd E. Kynard (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Acute toxicity tests were run using standard bioassay techniques. Resul tant LC50's (lethal concentration for 50 percent of the individuals) and con fidence intervals from 96-hour, static bioassays for several types of antitrans pirants were obtained. The bioassays were run at 20 and 25 degrees Celsius using mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. During each toxicity test mortalities, temperature and dissolved oxygen levels were monitored. A substantial deoxygenation in tanks containing the antitranspirant was noted. Therefore, manometric methods for determining chemical oxygen demand of an antitranspirant were employed in the laboratory using a Warburg respirometer. 4:45-5:00 STABLE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN IN PLANTS: A POSSIBLE PALEOHYGROMETER A. M. Ferhi, J. C. Lerman and �. Long (University "Pierre & Marie Curie", Paris, France and University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in cellulose of dated rings from trees grown in nature and from plants grown in controlled environments have signifi cance for retrieving information about the environment where they grew. These oxygen isotope ratios are determined in part by the isotope composition of the original irrigation water and in part by the relative humidity or by the evapo transpiration during growth periods. The analysis of stable isotopes in tree rings may soon complement established dendroc1imato1ogic techniques in the reconstruction of past climates. 6:00-7:15 NO HOST COCKTAIL HOUR, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING 7:15-8:00 ANNUAL BANQUET, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING 8:00 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL ACADEMY INVITED ADDRESS, ROOM 201, STUDENT UNION BUILDING 64 Session III: Saturday, April 16, 1977, 8:00 A.M. Room: 105, Life Science Building (White Hall) Chairperson: William H. Allen, Jr. 8:00-8:15 PREDICTION OF SUMMER RAINFALL OCCURRENCE IN ARIZONA AND NEW t1EXICO Herbert B. Osborn and Donald Ross Davis (USDA, ARS, Tucson, Arizona and University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) In much of the Southwestern United States, the occurrence, or lack of occurrence, and the distribution and type of summer rainfall determines whether there will be water for range forages, stock ponds, ground water recharge, ero sion and sedimentation, and in the extreme, drought or damaging floods. Records from Nattonal Weather Service raingages and 2 dense networks of raingages oper ated by the USDA, Agricultural Research Service in Arizona and New Mexico are used to develop a rainfall occurrence model. This model could be an integral part of more complex range management models developed to increase long term productivity through more efficient water use and erosion control. 8:15-8:30 DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION ON RUGGED TERRAIN Alden R. Hibbert (Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experimental Station, Tempe, Arizona) The distribution of rainfall on the rugged northeast slopes of the Mazatzal Mountains above Lake Roosevelt in central Arizona was studied over a 3-year period by use of 49 rain gages. Although rugged and steep, the local topography had only minor, localized effects on rainfall distribution. The major influence appeared to be the high mountain crest to the windward. The precipitation gra dient proved to be relatively constant at 5 inches per 1,000 feet elevation in the direction of prevailing wind across the 600-acre study site. Mean annual precipitation on the study area ranged from 30 inches at 5,000 feet elevation to 22 inches at 3,400 feet. When the precipitation gradient was extrapolated 4.2 miles downslope to Lake Roosevelt, the estimate of 16 inches agreed well with published data. However, when extrapolated upslope 1.3 miles to the Mazat zal crest at 6,200 feet elevation, the estimate of 36 inches was about 6 inches greater than published data for the site. 8:30-8:45 STATISTICAL MODELS AND METHODS FOR RIVERS IN THE SOUTHWEST Sidney Yakowitz (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Daily records of rivers in the Southwest appear inconsistent with the wave forms characteristic of popular autoregressive models studied by Fiering and others. Over the years, the author has been seeking satisfactory alternative models. In this paper an is which that the river approach presented postulates ' is described by an arbitrary Markov model of known memory length. We cite progress made on the difficult statistical problems attendant to this approach and show that the technique has some forecasting merit. 65 8:45-9:00 INFLUENCE OF FOREST DENSITY ON BED LOAD MOVEMENT IN SMALL MOUNTAIN STREA�S Burchard H. Heede (Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experimental Station, Tempe, Arizona) Tony Bear Creek is a small perennial stream in the White Mountains of Arizona. In contrast to three ephemeral streams located in the vicinity, strong relationships were found to exist between parameters of hydraulic geo metry. Distances between gravel bars and log steps showed an inverse relation ship with gradient (r2 = 0.95). Shape factor and width-depth ratio increase upstream (r2 = 0.98 and 0.90, respectively), indicating depth decrease toward headwater. The shape of the longitudinal profile was concave and sediment movement small as shown by infrequent crossover and point bars. Thus contrasted to the ephemeral streams, Tony Bear Creek was judged to be in dynamic equili brium. When this stream was compared with two Colorado Rocky Mountain streams that were also in dynamic equilibrium, proportion of log steps to total steps (gravel bars and logs) was much smaller in Tony Bear Creek (about 50% and 17%, respectively). While the Colorado streams ran through dense forests, only 60% of Tony Bear Creek was in forest of which 13% had been selectively cut. Thus, forest density determined the proportion of logs incorporated into the stream hydraulics and with this bed load movement. 9:00-9:15 BOTTOM SEDIMENT ANALYSES OF THE RECREATIONAL WATERS OF UPPER SABINO CREEK K. Brickler and Patrick L. McKee of Stanley - (University Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Bottom sediment quality of the upper four miles of Sabino Creek in the Santa Catalina mountains near Tucson, Arizona was examined from September, 1975 through August, 1976. Two primary bottom sediment parameters were examined: 1) sediment fecal bacterial concentrations, and 2) sediment particle size distribution. Analyses of bottom sediment parameters and selected sur face water parameters were conducted to ascertain inter-relationships between bottom sediment quality and surface water quality. Results indicate the impor tance of bottom sediments in the overall quality of the Creek. Bottom sediment fecal bacterial concentrations have a significant influence on surface water fecal bacterial concentrations through suspension of sediment stored bacteria into the overlying water. Significantly higher bacterial concentrations were observed during highest recreational use periods. 9:15-9:30 NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTANTS TO DETERMINE RUNOFF SOURCE AREAS L. J. Lane, H. L. Morton, D. E. Wallace, R. Martin and R. E. Wilson (USDA, ARS, Tucson, Arizona) To locate diffuse pollutant source areas, it is necessary to determine runoff and sediment source areas. Water soluble herbicides were applied at the rate of 1 kg/ha to four zones on two small semiarid watersheds. The correspond ing rates principle was used to decompose observed runoff hydrographs at a watershed outlet into subhydrographs from interior zones of the watershed. The hydrographs were decomposed using herbicide concentration data from each of several watershed zones and the observed runoff hydrograph from the entire drainage area. Thus, nonpoint-source pollutants were used as surface runoff tracers. 66 9:30-9:45 RECLAMATION OF ORPHANED MINE SITES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF THE LYNX CREEK HATER SHED Tika R. Verma and Ernesto N. Felix (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and USDA,-Forest Service, Prescott National Forest) Lynx Creek Hatershed is located ei ght mil es southeast of Prescott, Ari zona, on the Prescott National Forest. The water shed consists of 13,600 acres, which are National Forest Lands. Approximately 600 acres in the watershed are paten ted mining claims. Gold was discovered in Lynx Creek in 1863 and the watershed was extensively mined for gold, silver and copper. The aftermath of the mining has resulted in numerous mine shafts, waste dumps and mill tailing ponds that were abandoned after the ore was played out. Drainage from the orphaned mine sites contribute a certain extent of toxic mineral and sediment pollution into Lynx Creek and eventually into Lynx Lake. Lynx Creek carries runoff which is slightly acidic in nature and has high concentrations of copper, manganese, iron, zinc and sulfates. The mineral pollutants have reduced the recreational and fisheries potential of the Lake. The Sheldon Mine complex consisting of a waste dump and the mill tailing dump were considered the major sources of pol lutants into the Lake. The Sheldon Tailings pond was rehabilated during the summer of 1975 and the waste dump during the summer of 1976 as part of a recla mation study. 9:45-10:15 COFFEE BREAK 10: 15-1 0: 30 REHABILITATION OF COPPER MINE TAILING SLOPES USING t�UNICIPAL SEHAGE EFFLUENT Tika R. Verma and Kenneth L. Ludeke (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Cyprus Pima Mining Company, Tucson, Arizona) The use of treated municipal sewage effluent for rehabilitating the copper mine tailings has been studied at the Cyprus Pima Mining Company. The treated sewage effluent was compared with the regular irrigation water (well water). Sprinkler and tree-well irrigation methods were used to apply the treated sew age effluent and regular rates of trees, eucalyptus (Eucal tus rostrata), native verde and desert mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), palo (Cercidium floridum , tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), were evaluated to assist in successful introduction and establishment of deep-rooting plant material on steep tailing slopes. Effects on survival and growth rates of various grasses and legumes were also evaluated. The grasses and legumes evaluated were barley (Hordeum vulgare), perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne), alfalfa (Medicaqo sativa), and blue lupin (Lupinus augustifoluis). The treated municipal sewage effluent is found to be effective source of plant nutrients, particularly of nitrogen and phosphorous. 10:30-10:45 SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL ON THE RECLAIMED COAL MINE LANDS OF SEMI-ARID SOUTHWEST Tika R. John L. Thames and John E. Mills of Verma, --- (University Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Extensive disturbances are expected during the remainder of this century due to strip mining in the semi-arid and arid West. Reclamation and revegeta tion of these distrubed areas is a slow process, primarily due to dry and harsh 67 climatic conditions. Erosion and sediment losses are high. Monitoring of the soil erosion process is a crucial step in planning for a long lasting and stable rehabilitation of these disturbed areas. Erosion plots have been laid out to collect data for the Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate the soil loss from the recontoured coal mine spoils on the Black Mesa of Arizona. Effective ness of different cultural and mechanical treatments for erosion control is also being evaluated. Since the large scale coal mining operation has just begun on the Black Mesa of Arizona, preliminary data could be very effective and useful for Watershed management planning. 10:45-11:00 STOCHASTIC PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM STRIP MINE SPOILS OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST Mark E. Auernhamer, Tika R. Verma, Martin M. Fogel and John L. Thames (Univer sity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) Mathematical simulation of the erosion process is accomplished by using a time series of hydrologic parameters as inputs into a deterministic sediment model. The simulation includes the routing of sediment-transporting runoff resulting from a stochastic sequence of precipitation events through an experi mental watershed. This sediment model is a component in a larger, more complex hydrologic simulation model which can be used to determine optimum reclamation practices for the strip mined areas of the arid Southwest. Data from regraded strip mine spoils at the Black Mesa of Arizona are used in calibrating the model. 11:00-11:15 BAROMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF THE COCONINO AQUIFER, FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA I. h· r,10ntgomery and R. H. De�Jitt (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona and City of Flagstaff, Arizona) The water table in the Coconino aquifer at the Flagstaff Woody Mountain and Lake Mary municipal well fields lies at depths which range from 300 to 1200 feet below land surface. The occurrence of the water table below the top of the aquifer and results of aquifer performance tests are interpreted to indi cate that the Coconino aquifer system in the Flagstaff area is nonartesian. Analysis of measurements of water level and of barometric pressure indicates that the barometric efficiency of the Coconino aquifer at the Flagstaff municipal wells ranges from 92 to 103 percent. These barometric efficiencies are in the range which Jacob interpreted to indicate artesian conditions. The "artesian like" response of this nonartesian aquifer may be due to the influence of the strata which lie between the land surface and the water table in the vicinity of the Flagstaff wells. 11:15-11:30 A MEASUREMENT OF THE HUMIDITY OF SNOW AIR James D. Bergen (U. S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado) The water vapor content of the void air in a dry mountain snow cover was measured by withdrawing air samples through tubes embedded in the pack at three levels. The estimated vapor densities are within 5 percent of the saturation vapor density over .ice at the local snow temperatures in the lowest half of the 68 snow cover. Air withdrawn from the snow-soil interface area shows an excess of water vapor by about 20 percent which may be due to solar heating at the soil surface. 11:30-11:45 SNOWPACK DENSITY ON AN ARIZONA MIXED CONIFER FOREST WATERSHED Peter F. Ffo11iott and �. R. Thompson (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado) Snowpack density is a useful index of the stage of "ripening" in a snow pack. In general, fresh snow often has a density of 0.10 gm cm-3, while a den sity of 0.35 to 0.50 gm cm-3 is attained as a snowpack undergoes metamorphosis and ripening. Comparable snowpack densities were observed in a three-year study designed to obtain baseline data on the spatial and temporal variations in snowpack density on an experimental watershed in the mixed conifer forests of east-central Arizona. Furthermore, snowpack densities based on sample point measurements appeared to be normally distributed. The coefficient of variation remained constant throughout a major portion of the runoff periods. Ripening of the snowpacks was relatively rapid once the snowpack metamorphosis process was initiated. Empirical relationships between snowpack density and water equiva lent, and between snowpack density and associated inventory-prediction variables were statisti'cal1y weak; however, they reflect some qualitative characteristics of Arizona snowpacks as affected by these variables. 11:45-12:00 EFFECT OF ILLUVIATED DEPOSITS ON INFILTRATION RATES AND DENITRIFI CATION DURING SEWAGE EFFLUENT RECHARGE Richard A. Herbert (Bureau of Land Management, Denver, Colorado) A column study was conducted to determine the interrelationships among nitrogen transformations, infiltration rates, and development of a black layer during sewage effluent recharge. Columns were packed with river sand and con tinuously flooded with sewage effluent for 28 days during the first trial, desig nated run 1. Run 2 lasted for 64 days and gravel was used in place of sand. For both runs infiltration rates and manometer readings were recorded daily and samples of the inflow and outflow were collected and analyzed for the vari ous nitrogen compounds. Infiltration rates decreased rapidly upon application of the sewage, mainly due to clogging of the surface by suspended solids. A black layer devel oped within a few days, the thickness of which was inversely related to the in filtration rate. There was an average reduction in total nitrogen of 62.9% during run 1 and 15.9% during run 2. Black layer development was not a cause of reduced infiltration rates, but lower infiltration rates appeared to be an indirect cause of a thicker black layer within a given soil type. Total nitrogen reduction was apparently not related to black layer development. However, the percent of total nitrogen removal was greater for lower infiltration rates. 69 ACADEMY BUSINESS And ANNUAL REPORTS Officers 1976-1977 ELECTED · President David T. Smith ... . President-elect R. James Becker . . · Past President Gordon L. Bender .. Albert T. Ellis. . Corresponding Secretary · . . . . E. James Landers .. .Membership Secretary . · ...... Treasurer Ray Henkel. . . · Arizona . . Counsellor-Northern David Ochsner . · ..... Counse110r-Centra1 Arizona Eleanor Davey .. · Counsellor-Southern J. E. Endrizzi. . Arizona APPOINTED .. Robert M. Harris ... Editor, Journal Rose Mary Schwent ...... Editor, Newsletter J. Smith Decker. · ..... Historian · J. Smith Decker ... Executive Secretary Edna Miller and Jim Fosman ... . Directors of the Junior Academy SECTION CHAIRPERSONS · ... Anthropo logy. . Gary D. Palmer · .. Biology . W. Glen Bradley · .. Conservation...... G. Patrick O'Brien · Entomo logy...... Donald B. Thomas, Jr. Genetics and Developmental Biology. . Dona1d Schreiweiss Geology ...... Frederich Bachhuber and David L. Weide ... Geography ...... � Marshall Worden Hydrology ...... · William H. Allen, Jr. .... Nevada Division .. · . .. Len Storm Psychology .... .Louise M. Arthur Science Education .. · Sonnie Stevens 70 1976 - 1977 FELLOWS COMMITTEE STATE SCIENCE TALENT SEARCH Wi 11 i am J. Breed Thomas H. Nash, III Carleton B. Moore Raymond M. Turner NECROLOGY COMMITTEE SCHOLARSHIP COMMITTEE E. James Landers Robert S. Mellor Robert r�. Harris John Robson Robert W. Hoshaw Willard Van Asda11 NOMINATING COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE Gordon L. Bender David Ochsner William J. Breed Alan Bartlett �1. R. Bottacc i n i Don Cherry PROGRAM COMMITTEE AUDIT COMrlITTEE R. James Becker Francis Nakayama Len Storm Ray Henkel Frederich Bachhuber E. James Landers A. T. Ellis J. Smith Decker RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE John Alcock Lay J. Gibson Harry Whitehurst E. James Landers OUTSTANDING SCIENCE TEACHER AWARD FINANCE COMMITTEE J. Smith Decker R. James Becker Shirley Johnson Charles Rassmussen Chester Brown John Fahrendorf COMMITTEE ON NATURAL AREAS PUBLICITY COMMITTEE Steve Carothers Donald Schreiweiss Len Storm Rose Mary Schwent Paul Martin REPRESENTATIVES TO AAAS R. Roy Johnson - 1976 R. James Becker - 1977 71 PRESIDENT'S REPORT Writing a president's report three months before the end of term must be like buying a football for a child yet to be born. You don't know the final product but it's obvious that something is happening! Your Academy is healthy. It is a factor in this state and region. It is making a contribution to science, education and technology in the Southwest. Your Academy needs money. Its current dues structure and support are minimum which just maintains an excellent Journal, provides an annual meeting, is con tributing minimally to the scholarship support of some fine students in Arizona schools, supports some research work, identifies areas of concern and when called talent for out their mails out a News- upon, provides working solutions, ---- letter that helps tie the scientific community together. He, the Academy, represent a diverse community. We are agricultural researchers and wildlife friends. We are educators mostly though we are associated with the major industries of this state. We are polluters and ecologists. We are both foes and friends of every legislative and regulative act passed in this state. But with this diversity we all recognize that we live in an interdepen dent world. He, as a sc i ent i fi c commun ity es pec i a 11 y concerned with the un i que ness that is the desert Southwest, are in a position to help bring about a har monious interdependence: IF: we learn to respect the positions taken by our fellow scientists ... IF: we expand our membership to more truly represent all aspects of the scientific and technological community ... IF: we join the Academy and contribute to its goals of stimulating research and education in science, of providing a means of dis seminating scientific knowledge, of promoting fraternal rela tionships among scientists and assisting in the development of this state ... IF: we take a deep breath and plunge into the work of the Academy. Make it representative of the Southwest -- the Arizona-Nevada region. Use it as an instrument to further our understanding of the interdependence of this biome and not as a tool to fur ther out self-interest ... IF: we make the Academy our institution of primary loyalty and sup port its regional goals and its global principles. Will you join me in working for a healthy adulthood for this maturing organization! Davi d T. Smith President 72 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Academy of Science held at the Marriott Hotel, Tucson, Arizona, April 28-May 1, 1976. 1. The meeting was convened by Gordon L. Bender, President of the Academy for 1975-1976. 2. President Bender called for the minutes of the previous Annual Meeting. The minutes were presented by the Corresponding Secretary. Smith moved (second Becker) that the minutes be accepted as printed in the Proceedings. �1otion passed. 3. The reports of the officers of the Academy were presented as printed in the Proceedings Issue of the Journal. Becker moved (second Smith) the reports be accepted as printed. Motion passed. 4. President Bender called for the report of the Nominating Committee. As no member of the committee was present, Bender read the report as printed in the Proceedings. Decker moved (second Smith) that the slate of nominees presented by the Nominating Com�ittee be elected unanimously. Motion passed. The following members were duly elected officers of the Academy for 1976- 1977 . President-elect R. James Becker Corresponding Secretary Albert T. Ellis Treasurer Ray Henkel Membership Secretary E. James Landers 5. President Bender referred the members to the reports of the Membership, Research, Scholarship, Science Talent Search and Outstanding Science Teachers Committees printed in the Proceedings. Acceptance of the reports was moved, seconded and approved unanimously. 6. The members were referred to the report of the Fellows Committee printed in the Proceedings. Acceptance of the report was moved (Bender), seconded (Smith) and unanimously passed. The following members were raised to the grade of Fellow of the Ari zona Academy of Sc i ence: Gale t·1onson and S. Clark Martin. 7. Bartlett moved (second Landers) the President of the Academy appoint a com mittee to study the feasibility of an Environmental Early Warning System. Motion passed. 8. Bender informed the members of the deicsion of the Board to accept the invi tation from the University of �evada at Las Vegas to hold the twenty-first Annual Meeting on that campus. At this meeting the Board will accept a petition from the members in Nevada for the formation of a joint Arizona Nevada Academy of Science. In the discussion that followed some members expressed reservations about a merger. 9. Meeting adjourned at 12:05 P.M. A. T. Ellis Corresponding Secretary 73 TREASURER'S REPORT INCOME AND EXPENDITURES Income Expenditures Memberships Academic Awards Regular $ 5,330.00 Scholarships $ 700.00 New 340.00 Science Fairs 200.00 Fami ly 277.00 Awards 25.00 Patron 250.00 Life 175.00 Journal Sustaining 90.00 Printing 5,885.67 Reinstated 30.00 Proceedings 1,548.02 Reprints 330.72 Journal Storage 120.00 Subscriptions 751.00 Reprints 928.00 Administration Back Issues 228.00 Secretarial 703.60 Proceedings 21.00 Postage & Supplies 477.31 Page Charges 75.00 Telephone 200.66 Page Alterations 6.00 Travel 64.60 Photo Copy 60.67 Other Other Printing 192.47 Scholarship 206.60 Contributions Other Contribu'ions by 910.65 Endowment Fund 126.00 MAS Membership Dues & Fees 57. 15 Consulting Fees 797.50 Change Annual Meeting 289.00 Refund Change Annual 289.00 Meeting Total Expenditures $10,980.87 Sale of Supplies 15.39 Total Income $10,720.14 Excess of Expenditures over Income $260.73 CHANGES IN GENERAL AND ENDOWMENT FUNDS General Fund - First National Bank Endowment Fund - Western Savings and Loan Balance 1 Jan. 1976 $ 4,418.77 Balance 1 Jan. 1976 $6,654.19 Deposits 10,720.00 Deposits 126.00 Withdrawals 10,980.87 Interest 521.27 Balance 31 Dec. 1976 4,158.04 Balance 31 Dec. 1976 7,301.46 Net Decline 260.73 Net Increase 647.27 Ray Henkel Treasurer 74 REPORT OF THE MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Total Membership as of January 1, 1976 . 549 Members dropped during the year (includes removals for nonpayment of dues, resignations and deceased) . 24 New members received during 1976 .... 32 Total members as of December 31, 1976 . 557 Includes the following categories: Life 29 Patron 4� Honorary 4 Fellows 51 Emeritus 18 E. James Landers REPORT OF THE RESEARCH COMMITTEE The Research Committee received and considered four grant proposals. Two awards were made. The recipients were Dr. Elizabeth W. Davidson, Arizona State University, and Michael D. Davis, University of Arizona. John Alcock Harry Whitehurst REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE After due deliberation the Nominating Committee selected the following slate of nominees for officers in the Arizona Academy of Science for the year 1977-1978. We are pleased to announce the following have agreed to serve, if elected. President-elect Charles Avery Northern Arizona University Corresponding Secretary Hesley E. Niles University of Nevada, Las Vegas Membership Secretary Richard Wilson Western Regional Research Laboratory Treasurer Ray Henkel Arizona State University Councillor, Central Arizona Dorothy Bender Phoenix, Arizona Gordon L. Bender, William J. Breed, r�. R. Bottaccini 7r::: REPORT OF THE FELLOWS COMMITTEE The Fellows Committee has found the following members of the Arizona Academy of Science worthy of nomination and election to the grade of Fellow. George G. Simpson Anne Roe Roy t4. Johnson Albert T. Ellis t�esley E. Niles Eleanor Davy Robert F. Lundin Each person has been a member for many years, bringing honor to the Academy and serving the organization and the scientific community faithfully in various capaciti es. William J. Breed Carleton B. Moore Raymond M. Turner FELLOWS 7th Annual Meeting -- 1963 13th Annual Meeting -- 1969 leslie N. Gooding Chester R. Leathers Emi 1 H. Haury Russell A. Nidey Claude E. McLean Hatson Smith Robert L. Nugent -- Ea r 1 C • S 1 i ph e r 14th Annual Meeting 1970 Herbert L. Stahnke 8th Annual Meeting -- 1964 Manfred R. Bottaccini Edwin F. Carpenter Paul E. Damon (Post Humosly) Nicholas U. Mayall Gerald A. Cole Ernst Antevs 15th Annual Meeting -- 1971 Harold S. Colton Lawrence M. Gould Arthur A. Hoag Lyndon Lane Hargrave V. M. Slipher \�a 11 ace E. Pratt Leon L. Titche A. B. t�eaver 16th Annual Meeting -- 1972 Charles C. Dipeso 9th Annual Meeting -- 1965 Henry F. Dobyns Louis J. Battan LeRoy Eyring E. Lendwll Cockrum Robert Harri s John S. Ha 11 Carl N. Hodges A. Richard Kassander, Jr. William G. McGinnies Paul S. Martin Carlton B. Moore Albert R. Mead Troy L. Pewe Raymond H. Thompson lOth Annual Meeting 1966 Newell A. Youngreen Arthur Adel Edward B. Danson 76 FELLOWS (continued) lOth Annual Meeting -- 1966 17th Annual Meeting -- 1973 (continued) J. Smith Decker John W. Harshbarger David T. Smith James E. McDonald w. Hubert Earle A. Keith Pierce Lorenzo K. Lisonbee Terah L. Smi 1 ey 18th Annual Meeting -- 1974 11th Annual Meeting -- 1967 Gordon L. Bender Robert C. Euler \�esley H. Pierce Clement J. Kevane Raymond M. Turner Edwin B. Kurtz, Jr. Eugene M. Schoemaker John F. Lance James R. Wick Charles H. Lowe, Jr. Harry B. Whitehurst 19th Annual Meeting -- 1975 Dr. Kenneth E. Bean 12th Annual Meeting -- 1968 William J. Breed Agnes M. All en Julian D. Hayden George M. Bateman Alexander J. Lindsay Harvey H. Nininger Paul T. Mi 11 er William H. Woolin John I. Yellott 20th Annual Meeting -- 1976 Gale Monson S. Clark Martin REPORT OF THE SCHOLARSHIP COMMITTEE The Scholarship Committee screened 27 applications from 14 High Schools around the state of Arizona. With a great deal of difficulty the committee chose Miss Maureen Patrice Wooten of Arcadia High School, Scottsdale, Arizona as the reci pient of the 1977 Academy Scholarship. Robert S. Mellor Robert W. Hoshaw John Robson Willard Van Asdal1 REPORT OF THE OUTSTANDING SCIENCE TEACHER AWARD Nineteen applications for the Outstanding Science Teacher were received and all were considered by the Committee on December 29, 1976. Nine were held over for further consideration for two reasons. 1. They were worthy nominees but did not rate as high as the proposed recipients. 2. They were outstanding nominees but needed more supplementary reCOM mendations to support the nomination. 77 Two awards are to be given this year: one to an elementary teacher, and one to a high school teacher. The Committee recommends that Mrs. Billie Kurth Alhambra School District, Phoenix, Arizona be given an award as the Outstanding Science Teacher in Elementary Schools, and that Dr. Richard Brown Sahuaro High School, Tucson, Arizona be given an award as the Outstanding Science Teacher in High School. J. Smith Decker Shirley Johnson Chester Brown REPORT OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD The Journal of the Academy, during 1976, published 28 pages requiring 133 printed pages. Forty papers were reviewed during the year; 32 were accepted for publication. The institution of page charges to members, which began in January 1976, has not affected the number of papers submitted for publication; however, because of the limitation on the number of pages published in each volume of the Journal, the time between receipt of a manuscript and its publication has increased to about a year. Again, the Editorial Board is grateful to those members of the scientific commu nity who have proffered their time to reviewing manuscripts. R. M. Harris Editor REPORT OF THE NECROLOGY COMMITTEE It is with regret we report the death of a fellow member of the Arizona Academy of Science since the 1976 Annual Meeting. The deceased member is Francis B. Ricket of Tucson. E. James Landers Robert M. Harris REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE The Resolutions Committee offers the following resolutions for consideration by the membership. 78 A RESOLUTION CONCERNING THE RAMPART CAVE FIRE IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK WHEREAS: Paleontological sloth dung and pack rat middens of Rampart Cave in Grand Canyon National Park were set afire by a careless visitor, and WHEREAS: This natural resource is considered an outstanding example of great value to the scientific community, and WHEREAS: Park managers, researchers and other cooperating agencies under the leadership of Superintendent Merle Stitt, expended great effort in monies, logistics and manpower to extinguish the blaze. NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: That the Arizona Academy of Science extends a sincere expression of gratitude to the National Park Service for its efforts in the Rampart Cave Fire; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That special note be made of a resource management agency placing the same value on a cave of dung as in the past has been too often reserved only for mines, forests or other resources of potential economic value. A RESOLUTION CONCERNING THE RESTORATION OF NATURAL FIRE IN THE ECOSYSTEMS IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK WHEREAS: More than a half-century of fire exclusion has severely affected the ecological processes in the Grand Canyon National Park biota, and WHEREAS: Most natural fires are lightning caused and are recognized as natural phenomena which should be permitted to influence the ecosystem if truly natural areas are to be perpetuated, and WHEREAS: Grand Canyon National Park contains superlative canyon ecosystems. NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: That the Arizona Academy of Science supports and encourages the restoration of natural fires under prescribed conditions to the ecosystems in Grand Canyon National Park. A RESOLUTION CONCERNING WILDERNESS PRESERVATION IN BRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK WHEREAS: It is the policy of the National Park Service to preserve an enduring resource of wilderness in the National Park System as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, to be managed for the use and enjoyment of wilderness values without impairment of the wilderness resource, and WHEREAS: Grand Canyon National Park is one of the most superlative canyon wilderness areas in the world, and . _ 7q WHEREAS: The National Park Service has recommended more than one million acres for immediate wilderness designation and more than 100,000 acres as potential wilderness addition to become designated wilderness when they qualify. NOH THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: That the Arizona Academy of Science endorses the National Park Service wilderness designation recommendations for Grand Canyon National Park. A RESOLUTION CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF FERAL BURROS IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK WHEREAS: Feral burros occur in Grand Canyon National Park, and l�HEREAS: It has been accurately established through a series of comprehensive ecological studies that these animals are destroying vegetative cover, causing a decrease in native wildlife populations, degrading archaeological resources and fouling beaches and water sources used by campers, and WHEREAS: The need for effective management of feral burros in Grand Canyon National Park has been well documented. NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED: That the Arizona Academy of Science commends the National Park Service for the gathering and utilization of factual information in preparing an Environmental Assessment on Feral Burro Management for Grand Canyon National Park; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That the Arizona Academy of Science supports a burro management program of live trapping and removal and direct reduction by shooting where necessary. 80 � ARABIAN PALO loll NO HASTINGS BLVD PARADl5 VALLE' - • ... _. Clork :r ,--- I I I EMERALD GRE1EN GOLF I COU�SE � :TROPICANA.: I w I I /, I I � '" ._lCO�:RY: '" I I I u I Z AVE , I I I I - r , HU(I.ndo I I Ho'.' • '0,31 I L..._, -':;011 Cou.... � L J DIABLO