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Information Infrastructure Growth: Installers As Frontier Objects

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Information Infrastructure Growth: Installers As Frontier Objects UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Institutt for informatikk Information Infrastructure Growth: Installers as Frontier Objects Masteroppgave Øystein Skadsem 30. juni 2008 Abstract This thesis aims at improving our understanding and management of Information Infrastructure Growth. An open source Health Information System and its constituting participants, users and projects is proposed as a specific example for researching methods and tools for stimulating this growth. The main focus will be on the aspects of installation and upgrade routines/procedures, bearing in mind the open source nature of the project and how this both limits and improves upon the available choices for said tools. Research has been done as an action research project in two parts. The first was a local effort in a state capital in India including development and implementation of installation and upgrade routines for the HIS in question. The second part was further research and refinement of this work for the global HIS project, i.e. the local solution scaled up to a generic solution for the project. The thesis will also discuss how technical solutions interplay with social issues and local capacity, most importantly how simplicity and usability can play an important role in empowering less technically skilled users, incidentally having the potential to reduce the level of capacity building or training needed for each user. Examples here include how simple tools can move the boundaries of the implementation of an Information System, as less knowledgeable users gain the ability to push the system to new locations, effectively growing the installed base of the II. The expansion to new user groups is similarly affected, as such tools can lower the bar of acceptance for new users previously unfamiliar with the IS. An easy and error-free installation is essential for the important first impression, and in this type of system, the ability to easily roll out in a large scale is a crucial selling point in demonstrations for health officials and large interest organizations alike. Additionally, geographical distance between the potential users and the people with the knowledge needed to set up the IS, becomes much less relevant when the difference between the groups is marginalized. Acknowledgements Thanks to Knut Staring for guidance and bringing me into HISP, it has truly been a great experience. To Gianluca Miscione for guidance and sticking up with me. To friends and familiy for input, proof-reading and moral support. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................8 1.1 The Research Project........................................................................................................8 1.2 Motivation......................................................................................................................10 1.3 Research Questions........................................................................................................11 1.4 Thesis Structure..............................................................................................................12 Chapter 2 Literature review......................................................................................................14 2.1 Health Information Systems, and Open Source Software..............................................14 2.1.1 Open Source Principles...........................................................................................14 2.1.2 Health Information Systems...................................................................................15 2.1.3 Adoption of Open Source Software........................................................................16 2.2 Boundary Objects...........................................................................................................17 2.2.1 Boundary Objects as Translators............................................................................17 2.2.2 Methods Standardization........................................................................................18 2.2.3 Boundary Negotiating Artefacts.............................................................................19 2.2.4 Intermediary and Frontier Objects..........................................................................21 2.3 Communities of Practice................................................................................................22 2.4 Installed Base.................................................................................................................23 Chapter 3 Methods....................................................................................................................26 3.1 Research Methods..........................................................................................................26 3.1.1 Action Research......................................................................................................26 3.1.2 Action Research and Information Systems.............................................................28 3.1.3 Case Study..............................................................................................................29 3.2 Research Approach.........................................................................................................30 3.2.1 The Research Project..............................................................................................30 3.2.2 The Action Research Cycle in Practice..................................................................32 3.2.3 Data Collection Methods........................................................................................34 Chapter 4 Empirical Study........................................................................................................38 4.1 The DHIS2 Software Package........................................................................................40 4.1.1 Licensing.................................................................................................................40 4.1.2 Software Alternatives.............................................................................................41 4.2 Bootable DHIS2 CDs.....................................................................................................44 4.2.1 Live CD Technology..............................................................................................44 4.2.2 A Plethora of Options.............................................................................................45 4.2.3 Remastering............................................................................................................47 4.2.4 Wolvix....................................................................................................................47 4.2.5 Wolvix DHIS2 Edition...........................................................................................48 4.3 The Kerala Case.............................................................................................................54 4.3.1 Kerala Background.................................................................................................55 4.3.2 Basic MS Windows Installation Routine................................................................56 4.3.3 Modifications of Wolvix DHIS2 Edition for Kerala..............................................66 4.3.4 Common Installation CDs......................................................................................73 4.3.5 Testing and Implementation...................................................................................74 4.3.6 Basic Upgrade Routines for DHIS2.......................................................................75 4.3.7 Upgrading DHIS2 Releases in Kerala....................................................................80 4.4 Next Generation Installers..............................................................................................82 4.4.1 Action Research cycles...........................................................................................83 4.4.2 BitRock...................................................................................................................83 4.4.3 Open Source Health Systems Collaboration...........................................................87 4.4.4 Upgrading Made Easy............................................................................................88 4.5 Geneva Conference........................................................................................................89 4.5.1 National Health Toolkit..........................................................................................89 4.5.2 Technical setup.......................................................................................................90 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion......................................................................................92 5.1 Information Infrastructure Growth.................................................................................92 5.2 Answering the Research Questions................................................................................93 5.2.1 First Research Question..........................................................................................93 5.2.2 Second Research Question.....................................................................................97 5.3 Frontier Objects............................................................................................................100
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