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Digitalizace Televizního Vysílání Ve Spojených Státech

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Digitalizace Televizního Vysílání Ve Spojených Státech Univerzita Karlova v Praze FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky Katedra mediálních studií Digitalizace televizního vysílání ve Spojených státech Diplomová práce Mgr. Bc. Vítězslav Boch Praha, 2017 Autor práce: Mgr. Bc. Vítězslav Boch Vedoucí práce: doc. MgA. Martin Štoll, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2017 Bibliografický záznam BOCH, Vítězslav. Digitalizace televizního vysílání ve Spojených státech. Praha, 2017. 115 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky. Katedra mediálních studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce doc. MgA. Martin Štoll, Ph.D. Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce se zabývá přechodem na zemské digitální televizní vysílání ve Spojených státech. Jejím cílem je představit způsob, jakým ve Spojených státech došlo k zavedení digitálního vysílání a vypnutí analogového vysílání a jak se tato změna projevila na televizním trhu a využití rádiového spektra. V úvodní části je vysvětlen kontext, v jakém americký televizní trh vznikal a vyvíjel se až do počátku 90. let, kdy byla zahájena jednání o digitální televizní vysílání. Důvodem pro vývoj nové televizní normy byla touha vysílat ve vysokém rozlišení obrazu. Způsob, jakým byla ustanovena vysílací norma ATSC, je vysvětlen ve 4. kapitole. Následná kapitola popisuje, jak se postupně rozšiřovalo pokrytí digitální televize a jaké náklady to přineslo divákům. Práce dále popisuje aukce rádiového spektra a změny vysílacího trhu, které digitalizace televizního vysílání ve Spojených státech přinesla. Po dokončení digitalizace vyvstala potřeba znovu otevřít debatu o standardu pozemního vysílání, protože stávající norma již zastarávala a neumožňovala vysílání v ultra vysokém rozlišení obrazu, což vyústilo ve vývoj normy ATSC 3.0, která umožňuje umístit do pozemního vysílání větší počet programů a zároveň rozšířit televizní vysílání i na další zařízení. Abstract This thesis describes digital television transition in the United States. Its goal is to introduce the way how digital television broadcasting in the United States was formed and analog broadcasting was switched off, and how these changes affected American television market and usage of broadcasting spectrum. In the first part I explain a context in which American television market has been formed and has developed until the beginning of 1990s, when the debate about digital television broadcasting commenced. Reason for a development of the new television norm was a desire to broadcast in high definition. Establishment of ATSC norm is explained in 4th chapter. Following chapter describes how digital television coverage grew and what the expenses were for viewers. The thesis then describes spectrum auctions and changes in the television market which digital television transition brought. When the transition ended need for a new debate about television emerged because current norm is becoming obsolete and did not allow broadcasting in ultra high definition. This lead to the development of ATSC 3.0 norm which allows broadcasting more programs in terrestrial television broadcasting and allows expanding terrestrial broadcasting to other mobile devices. Klíčová slova Televizní vysílání, pozemní televizní vysílání, přechod na digitální vysílání, digitální televizní vysílání, Spojené státy, FCC, ATSC, ATSC 3.0, aukce rádiového spektra Keywords Terrestrial broadcasting, broadcast television, digital television transition, digital television, United States, FCC, ATSC, ATSC 3.0, broadcast spectrum auctions Rozsah práce: 229 985 znaků Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval/a samostatně a použil/a jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Prohlašuji, že práce nebyla využita k získání jiného titulu. 3. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 19. 5. 2017 Vítězslav Boch Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval PhDr. Milanu Šmídovi za prvotní konzultaci tématu a doc. MgA. Martinu Štollovi, Ph.D. za zpětnou vazbu a cenné rady potřebné k vypracování této práce. Zároveň také své rodině, blízkým a kolegům v práci za podporu. Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky FSV UK Teze MAGISTERSKÉ diplomové práce TUTO ČÁST VYPLŇUJE STUDENT/KA: Příjmení a jméno diplomantky/diplomanta: Razítko podatelny: Boch Vítězslav Imatrikulační ročník diplomantky/diplomanta: 2013-14 E-mail diplomantky/diplomanta: [email protected] Studijní obor/forma studia: Mediální studia (kombinovaná forma) Předpokládaný název práce v češtině: Digitalizace televizního vysílání ve Spojených státech Předpokládaný název práce v angličtině: Digital television transition in the United States Předpokládaný termín dokončení (semestr, akademický rok – vzor: ZS 2012/2013) (diplomovou práci je možné odevzdat nejdříve po dvou semestrech od schválení tezí) LS 2014/2015 Charakteristika tématu a jeho dosavadní zpracování (max. 1800 znaků): Práce se bude zabývat problematikou digitalizace televizního vysílání ve Spojených státech. Doposud byla rozpracována pouze jako část jedné knihy, která se zabývá problematikou v USA a ve Velké Británii a byla napsaná už v roce 2004, přičemž k vypnutí analogového televizního vysílání v USA došlo až 12. června 2009, tedy nezpracovává samotný přechod a jeho následky, ale spíše problematiku spojenou s plánováním zavedení digitálního vysílání. Další důležitý vývoj není doposud popsán. Zejména pokud jde o následky, které digitalizace televizního vysílání vyvolala, tedy přeměnu televizního trhu (vznik nových kanálů v pozemním digitálním vysílání, změna poměru v příjmu televizního signálu přes terestrické vysílání x satelit a kabel, aukce části uvolněného spektra). Vedle toho je velmi užitečné v úvodu práce čtenáře seznámit s počátky televizního vysílání v USA, aby pochopil specifikum amerického televizního trhu a jeho odlišnost od českého. Předpokládaný cíl práce, případně formulace problému, výzkumné otázky nebo hypotézy (max. 1800 znaků): Cílem práce je nejprve seznámit čtenáře s americkým televizním trhem a způsobem, jakým se vyvíjel a pak důkladně popsat proces přechodu od analogového na digitální televizní vysílání (přístup dosavadních hráčů na trhu, postoj vlády, náklady, technické provedení). Jak se proměnil televizní trh po dokončení digitalizace? (Vznik nových kanálů, změny v ratingu) Jak se změnila pozice pozemního televizního vysílání coby způsobu příjmu televizního signálu v amerických domácnostech? Vedla digitalizace ke změně využití rozhlasového spektra? Předpokládaná struktura práce (rozdělení do jednotlivých kapitol a podkapitol se stručnou charakteristikou jejich obsahu): I. Zrod a vývoj televizního vysílání v USA – představení televizního trhu v USA čtenáři, aby poznal historický kontext, v němž se televizní vysílání v USA vyvíjelo (počátky, vznik NTSC, triopol NBC, CBS a ABC, nástup Foxu) II. Vznik ATSC jako normy pro pozemní digitální televizní vysílání v USA – debata o televizní normě pro digitální vysílání a o časovém rámci přechodu na digitální vysílání III. Přechod na digitální vysílání (Digital switchover) – samotné provedení přechodu na digitální vysílání (testovací trhy, odklady Kongresem, dotované set-top-boxy) IV. Změna televizního trhu po přechodu na digitální vysílání – noví vysílatelé a nové programy, změny ve sledovanosti kanálů, změna pozice pozemního vysílání jako metody příjmu signálu V. Změny ve využití spektra – aukce vysílacího spektra, opuštění části kanálů původně určených pro televizní vysílání ve prospěch jiných služeb Vymezení podkladového materiálu (např. titul periodika a analyzované období): Primární analyzované období mezi počátkem 90. let, kdy se začal přechod na digitální vysílání poprvé zvažovat a končí rokem 2014, kdy by měly proběhnout aukce vysílacího spektra. Nicméně je rozebíráno i předchozí období, zejména od konce 2. světové války, aby byl představen americký televizní trh. Metody (techniky) zpracování materiálu: Kvalitativní Základní literatura (nejméně 5 nejdůležitějších titulů k tématu a metodě jeho zpracování; u všech titulů je nutné uvést stručnou anotaci na 2-5 řádků): Galperin, Hernan (2007): New Television, Old Politics: The Transition to Digital TV in the United States and Britain (Communication, Society and Politics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hlavní práce, která o přechodu na digitální televizní vysílání v USA vznikla. Věnuje se tomu přibližně čtvrtina knihy, rozebírá politické tlaky, které digitalizaci předcházely Cave, Martin – Nakamura, Kiyoshi (2006): Digital Broadcasting, Policy and Practice in the Americas, Europe and Japan, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Práce se zabývá přechodem na digitální vysílání ve vybraných evropských státech, latinskoamerických státech, USA a Japonsku. Pro práci je relevantní první kapitola o přechodu v USA Edgerton, Gary (2007): The Columbia History of American Television. New York: Columbia University Press Kniha o historii amerického televizního vysílání, jeho počátcích a rozvoji Barnow, Erik (1999): Tube of plenty: the evolution of American television. New York: Oxford University Press Kniha o historii amerického televizního vysílání, jeho počátcích a rozvoji Curtin, Michael – Shattuc, Jane (2009): The American Television Industry, London: British Film Institute Kniha popisující americký televizní průmysl: klíčové hráče, publikum, zadavatele reklamy, programy, vliv kabelové televize a ekonomiku vysílání. Diplomové a disertační práce k tématu (seznam bakalářských, magisterských a doktorských prací, které byly k tématu obhájeny na UK, případně dalších oborově blízkých fakultách
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