Disclaimer: This is an indicative syllabus only and may be subject to changes. The final and official syllabus will be distributed by the instructor during the first day of class.

The American University of Department of International Relations

Department or degree program mission statement, student learning objectives, as appropriate...

Course Title: Rome and the Papacy

Course Number: HSRE 313

Pre/Co-Requisites: either a lower level course in Religious Studies or Art History/History or permission of the instructor.

Required Readings: Macchiavelli, The Prince, ISBN: 812978056

Erasmus? Julius Exclusus, ISBN: 025399733X

Guiccardini, The Sack of Rome, ISBN: 934977321

G.L. Hersey, High Renaissance Art in St Peter's and the Vatican, Chicago, 1993 ISBN: 226327825

Credits & hours: 3

Course description:

With the return of the papacy to Rome after "the Babylonian captivity" at Avignon the city gradually began to recover its former splendour. Despite the lack of a strong indigenous craft tradition, Rome had two formidable cultural assets: her Christian heritage and her classical Roman past. Both were enormously significant for the revival and development of the papal city. This course introduces students to the main cultural, social, political and religious features of Rome in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Students will study and evaluate a wide selection of source material – artistic, literary, historical, philosophical, religious – thus gaining an informed appreciation of some of the most important aspects and interrelations of Rome in this period. Questions of culture, identity and power will be addressed. Presenting case studies of individual Popes we will examine how a political and religious agenda defined the papacy both within the city in the Italian peninsula and across Europe. The role of the Cardinals and papal bureaucracy will also be discussed. Much of the teaching will be conducted on-site where we will explore the development of cultural and religious tourism; examine monuments in the city and ask how their appearance were shaped by social, religious and political factors.

Course Learning Objectives:

Upon completing this course students will be able to:

1. outline the major events of the history of the Papacy (1420-1527). 2. discuss the cultural, religious and historical contexts in which these events took place, and critically assess the role of the Renaissance Papacy in an Italian and European context. 3. formulate arguments and produce lucid written commentaries on historical topics.

Course Learning Activities:

(EO1\3\4) Out of class reading and writing assignments: Each week students will read the scheduled primary texts in translation (see attached schedule) in preparation for seminar discussion. Students will produce different drafts of their final paper. The final paper will consist of the development of a thesis, analysis of textual reference and use of textual evidence and conclusions. (EO2\4) In class analysis: students will read and analyze primary texts; they will become familiar with analytic methodology and critical terms; they will answer orally and in writing to questions stemming from the assigned readings. Critical and interpretive essays will also be subject to critical analysis. (EO2\4) In class/on-site discussions: students will participate in discussions, sustain their views and ideas by using new and specialized lexicon. (EO1\2) Oral presentations: students will choose a topic among the ones listed on the syllabus which they will prepare and present to the class, using elements of critical terminology already learned.

Assessment tools:

Oral presentations 20% of the final grade Midterm and examination 30% of the final grade Final paper 50% of the final grade

INDICATIVE SCHEDULE

Week Topic Reading Week 1 The Return of the Papacy to Rome R. Brentano, Rome Before Avignon, (Introduction). This introductory lecture surveys the first I. Kajanto, Papal Epigraphy in works of art commissioned by the papacy Renaissance Rome, Helsinki 1982, after the return to Rome from the pp.31-42. "Babylonish captivity" at Avignon, with an P. Partner, Renaissance Rome excursus on the first attempts at 1500-1559 A Portrait of a Society, archaeology in Rome. We shall examine Berkeley, 1976, ch.1. the way in which a succession of popes Recommended Reading: used works of art to re-establish their P. Partner, The Papal State under political authority and cultural Martin V, London 1958. pre-eminence in the city, focusing in P. Partner, The Lands of St Peter. particular on the achievements of Pope The Papal State in the Middle Ages Martin V. and the Early Renaissance, London 1972

Week 2 Nicholas V and Urban Planning: a Life of Pope Nicholas V, in Pilgrim in Rome Vespasiano de'Bisticci, Renaissance Princes, Popes and Prelates, trans. It was with the election in 1447 of W. George and E. Waters, New Tommaso Parentucelli as Nicholas V, York 1963, pp.31-59. however, that a firm intention to improve D.J. Birch, Pilgrimage to Rome in and embellish Rome according to the the Middle Ages, Woodbridge 1998. dictates of rational town-planning was C. Burroughs, 'Below the Angel: An shown. In a deathbed speech attributed to Urbanistic Project in the Rome of him the power of buildings in this respect Pope Nicholas V', JWCI, xlv (1982), is clearly stated. He is reported to have pp.94-124. said: "Only the learned who have H.L. Kessler and J. Zacharias, Rome studied the origin and development of the 1300, on the path of the pilgrim, Roman Church can really understand its New Haven and London, 2000. greatness. Thus, to create solid and stable Recommended Reading: convictions in the minds of the uncultured C. Burroughs, From Signs to Design. masses, there must be something which Environmental Process and Reform appeals to the eye; a popular faith, in Early Renaissance Rome, sustained only on doctrines, will never be Cambridge, Mass., and London anything but feeble and vacillating. But if 1990. the authority of the were visibly S. Coleman and J. Elsner, displayed in majestic buildings, Pilgrimage, Past and Present in the imperishable memorials and witnesses World Religions, London 1995. seemingly planted by the hand of God N. Ohler, The Medieval Traveller, himself, belief would grow and strenghten Woodbridge 1989. from one generation to another, and all the R. Stoppani, Le vie di pellegrinaggio world would accept and revere it. Noble de Medioevo, Florence 1991 edifices combining taste and beauty with imposing proportions would immensely conduce to the exaltation of the chair of Saint Peter." (Trans. in Partner, Renaissance Rome, p.16). Medieval and Renaissance Rome relied upon the pilgrim trade for its economic prosperity. Devout travellers from all over Europe came to Rome to worship at the sacred sites. In this lecture we will examine the routes these pilgrims took by reading first-hand accounts of their journeys. The history of the Jubilee will also be studied.

Week 3 All day vatican museums

Week 4 All day vatican museums

Week 5 Sixtus IV and His Chapel L.D. Ettlinger, The before Michelangelo: Religious Sixtus IV was responsible for the building Imagery and Papal Primacy, Oxford of the famous Sistine Chapel and for the 1965. decoration of its walls with a series of R. Goffen, 'Friar Sixtus IV and the narrative frescoes. Commissions of this Sistine Chapel', Renaissance type encouraged leading artists such as Quarterly, xlix (1986), pp.218-262. Perugino, Pinturicchio, Ghirlandaio, I. Kajanto, Papal Epigraphy in Botticelli and Signorelli to seek work in Renaissance Rome, Helsinki 1982, Rome. This lecture devoted entirely to the pp.74-85. significance of the frescoes commissioned Recommended Reading: by Sixtus for his new ceremonial chapel in L. D. Ettlinger, 'Pollaiuolo's Tomb of the Vatican palace. Sixtus IV', JWCI, xvi (1953), pp.239-274. E. Lee, Sixtus IV and Men of Letters, Rome 1978. C.F. Lewine, The Sistine Chapel Walls and the Roman Liturgy, Pennsylvania, 1993

Week 6 Sixtus IV and the Jubilee (On-site: N. Clark, Melozzo da Forlì, Pictor Piazza Venezia to Saint Peter’s) Papalis, London 1990. Recommended Reading: Sixtus IV laid the foundations of the della F. Benzi, F., Sisto IV Renovator Rovere family fortunes with an ambitious Urbis, Rome 1990. programme of urban development. By the E.D. Howe, The Hospital of Santo papal bull Ineffabilis, promulgated on 19 Spirito and Pope Sixtus IV, New April 1470, Pope Paul II fixed the interval York 1978. for the celebration of the Holy Year or M. Miglio, et al., Un pontificato ed Jubilee at every twenty-five years. una città. Sisto IV (1471-1484), Strapped for cash, it was hoped that the Vatican City 1986. influx of pilgrims for the next Holy Year in 1475 would straighten Vatican finanaces. Unfortunately Paul did not live long enough to reap the rewards of the new decree and it was left to the new pope Sixtus IV to implement measures to prepare the city for the approaching Holy Year. These measures amounted to nothing less than a plan for the complete revitalization of the entire city of Rome. Central to this grand building project was the erection of a new bridge across the River Tiber which would connect all the major elements of Sixtus's new scheme and facilitate the passage of pilgrims around the city by connecting Trastevere and the Regola and districts Week 7 Patronage of the Cardinals (On-site: P. Burke, '"Donec Auferatur Luna": Around Piazza Navona). the Facade of ', JWCI, xliv (1981), pp.238-9. The cardinals were also enthusiastic D. Chambers, A Renaissance patrons of the arts. Here we will explore Cardinal and His Worldly Goods: the area in the streets in and around Piazza The Will and Inventory of Francesco Navona visiting the churches of Sta Maria Gonzaga (1444-1483), London sopra Minerva; Sta Maria della Pace and 1992. Sant'Agostino to concentrate exclusively M. Firpo, 'The Cardinal', upon the patronage of the fifteenth-century Renaissance Characters, ed. E. popes and cardinals. Garin, trans. L.G. Cochrane, Chicago and London 1991, pp.46- 97. G.L. Geiger, 's Carafa Chapel: Renaissance Art in Rome, Ann Arbor, 1986. K. Weil-Garris, and J.F. D'Amico, „The Renaissance Cardinal's Ideal Palace: A Chapter from Cortesi‟s De Cardinalatu‟, Studies in Italian Art and Architecture 15th through 18th Centuries, ed. H.A. Millon, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, xxxv (1980), pp.45-123. Recommended Reading: G. Ferraù, „Politica e cardinalato in un‟ età di transizione. Il De Cardinalatu di Paolo Cortesi‟, Gensini, pp.519-540. A. Reynolds, „The Private and Public Emblems of Oliviero Carafa‟, Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, xlv (1983), pp.273-84. A. Reyolds, „Cardinal Oliviero Carafa and the Early Cinquecento Tradition of the Feast of Pasquino‟, Humanistica Louvaniensia, xxxiv (1985), pp.178-208. F. Strazzullo, „Il Cardinale Oliviero Carafa mecenate del Rinascimento‟, Atti dell'Accademia Pontaniana, n.s., xiv (1965), pp.1-24.

Week 8 Midterm Examination J. Jungic, „Joachimist Prophecies in Sebastiano del Piombo's Borgherini On-site: San Pietro in Montorio. Chapel and Raphael's Transfiguration‟, in M. Reeves, ed, Sixtus IV's confessor Amadeo de Sylva Prophetic Rome in the High persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Renaissance, Oxford 1992, pp.32- to construct a new church on the reputed 43. site of St Peter's crucifixion on the Recommended Reading: Janiculum hill. Combined with his own M. Reeves, ed, Prophetic Rome in apocalyptic prophecies for the end of the the High Renaissance, Oxford 1992. world as the year 1500 approached this sacred site produced its own particular type of art.

Week 9 Alexander VI Borgia Macchiavelli, The Prince. P. G. Gwynne, Poets and Princes, Notorious in their own time and to the chs 3 and 4. present day the Borgia family occupies a Recommended Reading: seminal place in the history of the M. Mallett, The Borgias. The Rise Renaissance Papacy. We will examine and Fall of a Renaissance , Borgia politics and policies and place the Cambridge, 1969. family intrigues within the context of N.R. Parks, „On the Meaning of European dynastic wars. In addition, Pinturicchio's Sala dei Santi‟, Art students will examine the iconography of History, ii (1979), pp.291-317. the Borgia apartments which occupy the whole of the first floor of the Apostlic Palace. With the completion of the adjoining Borgia tower in 1492, Pope Alexander VI employed Pinturicchio and his workshop to decorate the Gothic vaults in the latest Renaissance style. Week 10 Julius II Della Rovere M. Hall (ed.), Raphael's School of Athens, Cambridge 1997. In 1508 the young Raphael was summoned J. Shearman, „The Vatican Stanze: to Rome by Pope Julius II to decorate a Functions and Decoration‟, suite of rooms on the second floor of the Proceedings of the British Academy, Apostolic Palace. The decoration of these lxvii (1971), pp.369-424. stanze was carried out by Raphael and his Recommended Reading: assistants between 1508 and 1524. The L. Partridge, and R. Starn, A work marks the beginning of the brilliant Renaissance Likeness. Art and Roman career of Raphael. The first two Culture in Raphael's Julius II, stanze painted for Pope Julius II will be Berkeley and Los Angeles 1980. discussed in detail. M.J. Zucker, „Raphael and the Beard of Pope Julius II‟, Art Bulletin, lix (1977), pp.524-33.

Week 11 The Golden Age of Leo X (On-site: P.G. Gwynne, Francesco Sperulo, theVilla Farnesina) chs 4 and 5. Upon his acclamation as Pope Leo X D. Coffin, The Villa in the Life of Giovanni de‟Medici is reputed to have Renaissance Rome, Princeton 1979, exclaimed: „God has given us the Papacy, pp.63-110. let us enjoy it!‟ This class explores the Recommended Reading: flourishing court culture of Pope Leo X J.S. Ackerman, 'The Ancient Roman and his patronage of the Arts as well Villa', The Villa. Form and Ideology dynastic ambitions for the Medici family. of Country Houses, London 1990, We will recreate some of the splendour of pp.35-61. Leo‟s court with a visit to the suburban On the Villa Farnesina in particular villa designed by Raphael for the Sienese see: banker Agostino Chigi. The whole of the K. Lippincott, „Two Astrological Raphael workshop, it seems, was involved Ceilings Reconsidered: The Sala di in the project, which remains one of the Galatea in the Villa Farnesina and most splendid sites in Rome. the Sala del Mappamondo at Caprarola‟, JWCI, liii (1990), pp.185-207. M. Quinlan-McGrath, „Aegidius Gallus, De Viridario Augustini Chigii, Vera Libellus‟, Humanistica Louvaniensia, xxxviii (1989), pp.1- 99. M. Quinlan-McGrath, „Blosius Palladius, Suburbanum Augustini Chigii‟, Humanistica Louvaniensia, xxxix (1990), pp.93-156.

Week 12 Clement VII and the Sack of Rome (On- Guicciardini, The Sack of Rome. site: Castel Sant’Angelo)

“The Sack of Rome in 1527 was an event of tragic and decisive importance. It brought the Renaissance, the greatest period in Italian history, to its sudden and catastrophic end.” J.H. McGregor, The Sack of Rome, Introduction, p.xv). On 5 May 1527 Spanish, German, and Italian troops under the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor swarmed into Rome. The atrocities committed by these troops until their dispersal the following December has excited passionate responses from both contemporary and modern writers, including Art Historians, who view the Sack of Rome as one of the defining moments in the history of the Papacy and in the reign of Clement VII in particular.

Week 13 On-site: Sta Maria del Popolo. Schulz, „Pinturicchio and the Revival of Antiquity‟, JWCI, xxv The great Augustinian monastery at the (1962), pp.35-55. northen gate of Rome was rebuilt by Pope J. Shearman, „The Chigi Chapel in Sixtus IV and refurbished by both the S. Maria del Popolo‟, JWCI, xxiv Borgia, Chigi, Cibo and Della Rovere (1961), pp.129-85. families. We will examine the decorative Recommended Reading: schemes of the side chapels and the new E. Bentivoglio, E., and S. Valtieri, choir Santa Maria del Popolo a Roma, Rome 1976.

Week 14 Final Exam

Grade tabulation:

AUR grade values 94 – 100 points = A “Excellent” 90 – 93.99 pts = A- 87 – 89.99 = B+ 83 – 86.99 = B “Good” 80 – 82.99 = B- 77 – 79.99 = C+ 73 – 76.99 = C “Satisfactory” 70 – 72.99 = C- “Less than Satisfactory” 60 – 69.99 = D “Poor” 59.99 – 0 = F “Failing”

AUR attendance policy:

Attendance Policy

In keeping with AUR‟s mission to prepare students to live and work across cultures, the University places a high value on classroom experience. As a result attendance is expected in all classes and attendance records are maintained. The University‟s attendance policy is as follows:

Minimum Attendance Requirement Students must attend a minimum of 70% of a course in order to be eligible to be considered for a passing grade.

Absences Students will not be penalized for one absence from classes meeting once a week; Students will not be penalized for three absences from classes meeting twice a week; Students will not be penalized for four absences from classes meeting more than twice a week, as in the case of some intensive courses.

If further absences are recorded, grade penalties will be applied according to the instructor‟s specific attendance policy, as stated in the syllabus. If the instructor does not specify an attendance policy, there will be no grade penalty other than that attached to the minimum attendance requirement.

Cases of prolonged absences caused by an emergency or a medical condition may require students to withdraw from some or all of their courses. Under such circumstances students should first consult their academic advisors.

N.B. The Professor may include a specific policy for this class.

AUR Academic Integrity Code & Policy against Plagiarism:

“Integrity is fundamental to the academic enterprise. It is violated by such acts as borrowing or purchasing assignments, including but not limited to term papers, essays, and reports; lending to or producing assignments for others (either for or without payment); using concealed notes or crib sheets during examinations, copying the work of others and submitting it as one‟s own; and otherwise misappropriating the knowledge of others. Such acts are both dishonest and deceptive: the work submitted to instructors is not the work of the person whose name it bears. In consequence, the sources from which one derives one‟s ideas, statements, terms, and facts, including internet sources, must be fully and specifically acknowledged in the appropriate form. Failure to do so, intentionally or unintentionally, constitutes plagiarism.”