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Report and Recommendations Concerning the Use of Restrictive Housing

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Report and Recommendations Concerning the Use of Restrictive Housing U.S. Department of Justice Report and Recommendations Concerning the Use of Restrictive Housing FINAL REPORT January 2016 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Overview of Restrictive Housing ............................................................................................................. 3 Subcategories of Restrictive Housing ...................................................................................................... 3 A Short History of Restrictive Housing .................................................................................................. 6 Data and Research on Restrictive Housing ............................................................................................ 9 PART ONE Restrictive Housing in the Federal Bureau of Prisons Overview ............................................................................................................................... 14 Special Housing Units (SHU) .............................................................................................. 17 Disciplinary Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 18 Protective Custody ................................................................................................................................... 23 Preventative Segregation ......................................................................................................................... 25 Transitional Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 28 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 28 Staffing ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Data Collection ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Special Management Units (SMU) ...................................................................................... 34 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 36 Staffing ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 USP Administrative Maximum (ADX) ................................................................................. 38 ADX Conditions of Confinement ......................................................................................................... 39 General Population and Step-Down Unit Program ........................................................................ 41 Control Unit Program ......................................................................................................................... 43 Special Security Unit (SSU) Program ................................................................................................ 43 High Security Adult Alternative Housing Program ........................................................................ 45 ADX Special Housing Unit (ADX SHU) ......................................................................................... 45 Bureau Inmates Requiring Special Consideration ............................................................... 46 Inmates with Serious Mental Illness (SMI).......................................................................... 46 Secure Mental Health Units .................................................................................................................... 48 Mental Health Services in Restrictive Housing (SHU, SMU, ADX) ................................................ 49 Baseline Mental Health Services for All Restrictive Housing Inmates ........................................ 49 Enhanced Mental Health Screening; Diverting SMI Inmates to Other Housing ...................... 50 Mental Health and the Bureau’s Disciplinary Program .................................................................. 51 Mental Health Treatment at the ADX .............................................................................................. 52 Bureau’s Mental Health Services, Generally ......................................................................................... 53 Inmates with Medical Needs ............................................................................................... 58 Young Adults (Age 18-24 at Time of Conviction) ................................................................ 59 Juveniles (Under 18 at Time of Adjudication) ...................................................................... 61 Audits of the Bureau’s Restrictive Housing Programs ........................................................ 63 CNA Audit ................................................................................................................................................ 63 GAO Report ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Bureau Internal Audits ............................................................................................................................ 66 PART TWO Restrictive Housing in Other Correctional and Detention Systems United States Marshals Service (USMS) .............................................................................. 70 Restrictive Housing in the States ......................................................................................... 72 State-Level Reforms ................................................................................................................................. 72 Colorado ................................................................................................................................................ 74 Washington State .................................................................................................................................. 75 New Mexico .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Virginia (Red Onion State Prison) ..................................................................................................... 77 Hampden County, Massachusetts ...................................................................................................... 77 Federal Support for State and Local Efforts ......................................................................... 79 National Institute of Corrections (NIC) ............................................................................................... 79 Office of Justice Programs (OJP) .......................................................................................................... 81 Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) .................................................................................................... 81 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)................................................. 82 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) ..................................................................................................... 82 Federal Civil Rights Litigation ............................................................................................. 83 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ................................................................... 88 PART THREE Guiding Principles and Policy Recommendations Guiding Principles ................................................................................................................ 94 Restrictive Housing, Generally ............................................................................................................... 94 End-of-Term Placement ......................................................................................................................... 95 Disciplinary Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 95 Pre-Adjudication (Investigative Segregation) ................................................................................... 96 Post-Adjudication (Disciplinary Segregation) .................................................................................. 96 Protective Custody ................................................................................................................................... 97 Preventative Segregation ......................................................................................................................... 98 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 99 Inmates with Serious Mental Illness ...................................................................................................... 99 Juveniles (Under 18 at Time of Adjudication) .................................................................................. 101 Young Adults (Age 18-24 at Time of Conviction) ..........................................................................
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