U.S. Department of Justice Report and Recommendations Concerning the Use of Restrictive Housing FINAL REPORT January 2016 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Overview of Restrictive Housing ............................................................................................................. 3 Subcategories of Restrictive Housing ...................................................................................................... 3 A Short History of Restrictive Housing .................................................................................................. 6 Data and Research on Restrictive Housing ............................................................................................ 9 PART ONE Restrictive Housing in the Federal Bureau of Prisons Overview ............................................................................................................................... 14 Special Housing Units (SHU) .............................................................................................. 17 Disciplinary Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 18 Protective Custody ................................................................................................................................... 23 Preventative Segregation ......................................................................................................................... 25 Transitional Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 28 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 28 Staffing ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Data Collection ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Special Management Units (SMU) ...................................................................................... 34 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 36 Staffing ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 USP Administrative Maximum (ADX) ................................................................................. 38 ADX Conditions of Confinement ......................................................................................................... 39 General Population and Step-Down Unit Program ........................................................................ 41 Control Unit Program ......................................................................................................................... 43 Special Security Unit (SSU) Program ................................................................................................ 43 High Security Adult Alternative Housing Program ........................................................................ 45 ADX Special Housing Unit (ADX SHU) ......................................................................................... 45 Bureau Inmates Requiring Special Consideration ............................................................... 46 Inmates with Serious Mental Illness (SMI).......................................................................... 46 Secure Mental Health Units .................................................................................................................... 48 Mental Health Services in Restrictive Housing (SHU, SMU, ADX) ................................................ 49 Baseline Mental Health Services for All Restrictive Housing Inmates ........................................ 49 Enhanced Mental Health Screening; Diverting SMI Inmates to Other Housing ...................... 50 Mental Health and the Bureau’s Disciplinary Program .................................................................. 51 Mental Health Treatment at the ADX .............................................................................................. 52 Bureau’s Mental Health Services, Generally ......................................................................................... 53 Inmates with Medical Needs ............................................................................................... 58 Young Adults (Age 18-24 at Time of Conviction) ................................................................ 59 Juveniles (Under 18 at Time of Adjudication) ...................................................................... 61 Audits of the Bureau’s Restrictive Housing Programs ........................................................ 63 CNA Audit ................................................................................................................................................ 63 GAO Report ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Bureau Internal Audits ............................................................................................................................ 66 PART TWO Restrictive Housing in Other Correctional and Detention Systems United States Marshals Service (USMS) .............................................................................. 70 Restrictive Housing in the States ......................................................................................... 72 State-Level Reforms ................................................................................................................................. 72 Colorado ................................................................................................................................................ 74 Washington State .................................................................................................................................. 75 New Mexico .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Virginia (Red Onion State Prison) ..................................................................................................... 77 Hampden County, Massachusetts ...................................................................................................... 77 Federal Support for State and Local Efforts ......................................................................... 79 National Institute of Corrections (NIC) ............................................................................................... 79 Office of Justice Programs (OJP) .......................................................................................................... 81 Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) .................................................................................................... 81 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)................................................. 82 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) ..................................................................................................... 82 Federal Civil Rights Litigation ............................................................................................. 83 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ................................................................... 88 PART THREE Guiding Principles and Policy Recommendations Guiding Principles ................................................................................................................ 94 Restrictive Housing, Generally ............................................................................................................... 94 End-of-Term Placement ......................................................................................................................... 95 Disciplinary Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 95 Pre-Adjudication (Investigative Segregation) ................................................................................... 96 Post-Adjudication (Disciplinary Segregation) .................................................................................. 96 Protective Custody ................................................................................................................................... 97 Preventative Segregation ......................................................................................................................... 98 Conditions of Confinement .................................................................................................................... 99 Inmates with Serious Mental Illness ...................................................................................................... 99 Juveniles (Under 18 at Time of Adjudication) .................................................................................. 101 Young Adults (Age 18-24 at Time of Conviction) ..........................................................................