DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dominance of Seismic Signaling and Selection for Signal Complexity in Schizocosa Multimodal Courtship Displays

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dominance of Seismic Signaling and Selection for Signal Complexity in Schizocosa Multimodal Courtship Displays Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2013) 67:1483–1498 DOI 10.1007/s00265-013-1519-4 ORIGINAL PAPER The dominance of seismic signaling and selection for signal complexity in Schizocosa multimodal courtship displays Eileen A. Hebets & Cor J. Vink & Laura Sullivan-Beckers & Malcolm F. Rosenthal Received: 27 September 2012 /Revised: 7 March 2013 /Accepted: 9 March 2013 /Published online: 17 April 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Schizocosa wolf spiders show tremendous diversity signaling is correlated with seismic signal complexity and (2) in courtship complexity, with different species employing vary- the importance of visual signaling is correlated with visual ing numbers of components within and across sensory modal- signal complexity. We find a significant relationship between ities. Using a comparative approach, we investigate the visual signal importance and visual signal complexity, but no importance of each signaling modality in the courtship display relationship between seismic signal importance and seismic of five Schizocosa species (three stridulating and two drum- signal complexity. Finally, we test the hypothesis that selection ming) by assessing mating success under manipulated signaling acts on complexity per se by determining whether seismic and environments. Irrespective of the degree of male ornamentation, visual signal complexity is correlated across species. We find the three stridulating species exhibit a dependence on the seis- support for this hypothesis in a significant relationship between mic, but not visual, signaling environment for mating success. seismic and visual signal complexity. Mating was independent of signaling environment for the two drumming species. We next ask whether the degree to which Keywords Communication . Female choice . Repertoire each species depends upon a signaling modality for mating (i.e., size . Sexual selection . Signal efficacy . Diversification modality importance) is correlated with the estimated modality- specific signal complexity. We first calculate effect sizes for the influence of seismic versus visual signaling environments on the Introduction likelihood to mate for ten Schizocosa species and then use an element-counting approach to calculate seismic and visual sig- Complexity, or the intricate combination of many parts, is a nal complexity scores. We use a phylogenetic regression anal- fundamental attribute of biological systems, and arguably no- ysis to test two predictions: (1) the importance of seismic where is it more conspicuous than in the courtship displays of certain animal groups. Yet the factors that drive this complexity remain unknown, as do the answers to such questions as Communicated by J. P. Higham whether courtship complexity (the combination of multiple This manuscript is part of the special issue Multimodal Communication— display components) functions differently across different ani- Guest Editors: James P. Higham and Eileen A. Hebets mal groups or in different behavioral contexts. Observed com- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article plexity in animal courtship displays can be thought of in terms (doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1519-4) contains supplementary material, of courtship elaboration and can incorporate multiple visual which is available to authorized users. components in the form of distinct morphological structures, E. A. Hebets (*) : L. Sullivan-Beckers : M. F. Rosenthal conspicuous coloration or pigment patterns, and/or vigorous School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, multifaceted movements. Additionally, courting animals may Lincoln, NE, USA incorporate the production and dissemination of chemical com- e-mail: [email protected] pounds, multicomponent acoustic signals, and/or air move- C. J. Vink ments, among others. Many such multifaceted courtship AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand displays incorporate signals or components that are categorized by their physical properties into different sensory channels or C. J. Vink Entomology Research Museum, Lincoln University, Lincoln, modalities (see Hebets 2011). Such displays are considered to New Zealand be multimodal (Rowe 1999; Partan and Marler 1999). 1484 Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2013) 67:1483–1498 Perhaps more striking than the diversity and ubiquitous monophyletic North American Schizocosa clade, there exist nature of multimodal courtship displays is the frequency of extremes in terms of both courtship signal complexity and observable disparity in the degree of complexity among close- sexual dimorphism. Some species employ relatively simple, ly related animal species (Darwin 1871). In some instances, seismic-only courtship displays, while others incorporate not such as within the North American wolf spider genus only more complex multicomponent seismic signals, but also Schizocosa, this disparity is manifested as seemingly different visual displays that involve vigorous waving of ornamented investment in signaling modalities between closely related forelegs (reviewed in Stratton 2005; Framenau and Hebets species, even sister taxa (see Fig. 1). Such divergence in traits 2007; Vaccaro et al. 2010). Foreleg ornamentation, a sexually associated with courtship displays among close relatives has dimorphic trait, consists of some combination of pigmentation led scientists to hypothesize that sexual communication, and and/or brushes of setae (or hairs) on various segments of the likely sexual selection, plays a prominent role in morpholog- first pair of walking legs in mature males (reviewed in Stratton ical diversification and, ultimately, in speciation (Grant and 2005; Framenau and Hebets 2007). The first, and sometimes Grant 1997; Shaw and Parsons 2002;GerhardtandHuber second, pair of walking legs is also the pair frequently waved 2002). The evidence for this hypothesis, however, is during courtship dances. Among the 31 taxa included in a underwhelming (see Servedio 2012), and determining the recent morphological phylogenetic analysis (23 described extent to which sexual selection, versus natural selection, is species plus additional populations of select species), foreleg involved in diversification and speciation remains a central ornamentation was hypothesized to have evolved indepen- goal of evolutionary biology (Ritchie 2007; Kraaijeveld et al. dently five or six times, and to have been subsequently lost 2011). Species groups characterized by distinct and wide- two or three times (Stratton 2005). While all described spread variation in courtship displays and associated morpho- Schizocosa species incorporate a seismic signal in their court- logical traits provide ideal systems to tackle this goal. Here, ship displays, only some possess additional courtship compo- we use just such a group, Schizocosa wolf spiders, to explore nents in the form of foreleg ornaments and leg waves— the evolution and function of complex, multimodal courtship making the displays of these species multimodal in nature signaling across numerous species. (seismic plus visual). The genus Schizocosa consists of at least 63 species world- Numerous studies have demonstrated female choice asso- wide, 23 of which occur in North America (for discussion of ciated with male courtship displays across Schizocosa species relevance of non-Nearctic species which are likely to belong (Stratton and Uetz 1981, 1983; McClintock and Uetz 1996; in other genera, see Stratton 2005). Across the reciprocally Scheffer et al. 1996; Hebets and Uetz 1999; Hebets and Uetz Fig. 1 Bayesian consensus tree based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequence data. Thickened bars represent species with tibial bristles present (from Stratton 2005). Waveforms are placed next to the species of focus and lines beneath each waveform depict one second of courtship. Although depicted as separate species here for clarity, COI has not revealed reciprocal monophyly for S. ocreata and S. rovneri. For a tree with posterior probabilities and branch lengths proportional to the expected number of substitutions per site see Supplementary Fig. 1 Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2013) 67:1483–1498 1485 2000; Uetz and Roberts 2002; Hebets 2003;Hebets2005; seismic signal and the visual signal for all ten species. Using Persons and Uetz 2005;UetzandNorton2007; Hebets 2007, our calculated effect sizes and our complexity scores, we test 2008; Hebets et al. 2008a;GibsonandUetz2008;Hebetsetal. the hypothesis that modality-specific signal complexity is 2011;Rundusetal.2011; among others). Several of these driven by modality-specific receiver responses. Specifically, studies have involved artificial manipulations of display com- we test the following predictions using phylogenetic compar- ponents and subsequent assessment of female responses. A ative methods: (1) the importance of seismic signaling for series of studies manipulated components of the visual signal mating (seismic signal effect size) is correlated with seismic using video playback and examined female receptivity dis- signal complexity and (2) the importance of visual signaling plays (for review see Uetz and Roberts 2002;Hebets2005; for mating (visual signal effect size) is correlated with visual Uetz and Norton 2007; Hebets 2008), while others have signal complexity. Finally, we ask whether there is a relation- studied female receptivity responses to isolated display com- ship between the degree of signal complexity across signaling ponents of live courting males (e.g., Scheffer et al. 1996; modalities and test the following prediction:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arachnids (Excluding Acarina and Pseudoscorpionida) of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma
    OCCASIONAL PAPERS THE MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY NUMBER 67 5 SEPTEMBER 1980 ARACHNIDS (EXCLUDING ACARINA AND PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA) OF THE WICHITA MOUNTAINS WILDLIFE REFUGE, OKLAHOMA JAMES C. COKENDOLPHER AND FRANK D. BRYCE The Wichita Mountains are located in eastern Greer, southern Kiowa, and northwestern Comanche counties in Oklahoma. Since their formation more than 300 million years ago, these rugged mountains have been fragmented and weathered, until today the highest peak (Mount Pinchot) stands only 756 meters above sea level (Tyler, 1977). The mountains are composed predominantly of granite and gabbro. Forests of oak, elm, and walnut border most waterways, while at elevations from 153 to 427 meters prair­ ies are the predominant vegetation type. A more detailed sum­ mary of the climatic and biotic features of the Wichitas has been presented by Blair and Hubbell (1938). A large tract of land in the eastern range of the Wichita Moun­ tains (now northeastern Comanche County) was set aside as the Wichita National Forest by President McKinley during 1901. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt created a game preserve on those lands managed by the Forest Service. Since 1935, this pre­ serve has been known as the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Numerous papers on Oklahoma spiders have been published (Bailey and Chada, 1968; Bailey et al., 1968; Banks et al, 1932; Branson, 1958, 1959, 1966, 1968; Branson and Drew, 1972; Gro- thaus, 1968; Harrel, 1962, 1965; Horner, 1975; Rogers and Horner, 1977), but only a single, comprehensive work (Banks et al., 1932) exists covering all arachnid orders in the state. Further additions and annotations to the arachnid fauna of Oklahoma can be found 2 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY in recent revisionary studies.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 AAS Abstracts
    2017 AAS Abstracts The American Arachnological Society 41st Annual Meeting July 24-28, 2017 Quéretaro, Juriquilla Fernando Álvarez Padilla Meeting Abstracts ( * denotes participation in student competition) Abstracts of keynote speakers are listed first in order of presentation, followed by other abstracts in alphabetical order by first author. Underlined indicates presenting author, *indicates presentation in student competition. Only students with an * are in the competition. MAPPING THE VARIATION IN SPIDER BODY COLOURATION FROM AN INSECT PERSPECTIVE Ajuria-Ibarra, H. 1 Tapia-McClung, H. 2 & D. Rao 1 1. INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. 2. Laboratorio Nacional de Informática Avanzada, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Colour variation is frequently observed in orb web spiders. Such variation can impact fitness by affecting the way spiders are perceived by relevant observers such as prey (i.e. by resembling flower signals as visual lures) and predators (i.e. by disrupting search image formation). Verrucosa arenata is an orb-weaving spider that presents colour variation in a conspicuous triangular pattern on the dorsal part of the abdomen. This pattern has predominantly white or yellow colouration, but also reflects light in the UV part of the spectrum. We quantified colour variation in V. arenata from images obtained using a full spectrum digital camera. We obtained cone catch quanta and calculated chromatic and achromatic contrasts for the visual systems of Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. Cluster analyses of the colours of the triangular patch resulted in the formation of six and three statistically different groups in the colour space of D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, respectively. Thus, no continuous colour variation was found.
    [Show full text]
  • Koexistence a Rozdělení Niky U Pavouků Rodu Philodromus
    Masarykova univerzita Přírodovědecká fakulta Ústav botaniky a zoologie Koexistence a rozdělení niky u pavouků rodu Philodromus Diplomová práce Autor: Radek Michalko Brno 2012 Vedoucí DP: doc. Mgr. Stano Pekár Ph.D. 1 Souhlasím s uloţením této diplomové práce v knihovně Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU v Brně, případně v jiné knihovně MU, s jejím veřejným půjčováním a vyuţitím pro vědecké, vzdělávací nebo jiné veřejně prospěšné účely, a to za předpokladu, ţe převzaté informace budou řádně citovány a nebudou vyuţívány komerčně. V Brně 8.1.2012 ………………………………… Podpis 2 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Zejména bych chtěl poděkovat vedoucímu mé diplomové práce panu docentu Stanu Pekárovi, ţe mi umoţnil pracovat na tomto tématu, za trpělivé vedení a uţitečné rady. Dále bych chtěl velice poděkovat mým rodičům, bez jejichţ osobní a finanční podpory by tato práce nevznikla. Rovněţ bych chtěl poděkovat Lence Sentenské, Evě Líznarové, Pavlovi Šebkovi a Stanovi Korenkovi za podporu a cenné rady všeho druhu. 3 ABSTRAKT Koexistence a rozdělení niky pavouků rodu Philodromus V této diplomové práci byl zkoumán mechanismus umoţňující koexistenci mezi Philodromus albidus, P. aureolus a P. cespitum. Studie probíhala na území významného krajinného prvku U Kříţe v Brně Starém Lískovci. Studované území se skládá ze třech typů biotopů: listnatý les, křoviny a monokultura švestek. Pavouci byli získáváni pomocí sklepávání. U zkoumaných druhů byly porovnávány různé dimenze niky. Prostorová nika byla zkoumána na základě mikro- aţ makrobiotopových preferencí. Trofická nika byla zkoumána na základě velikosti a typu přirozené kořisti a pomocí laboratorních experimentů potravních preferencí. Časová nika byla zkoumána na základě fenologie jednotlivých druhů. Studované druhy se lišily v prostorové a trofické nice.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Spiders in Coastal Grey Dunes
    kaft_def 7/8/04 11:22 AM Pagina 1 SPATIAL PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY D ISTRIBUTION OF SPIDERS IN COASTAL GREY DUNES Distribution of spiders in coastal grey dunes SPATIAL PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY- ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DISPERSAL - ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DISPERSAL Dries Bonte Dispersal is crucial in structuring species distribution, population structure and species ranges at large geographical scales or within local patchily distributed populations. The knowledge of dispersal evolution, motivation, its effect on metapopulation dynamics and species distribution at multiple scales is poorly understood and many questions remain unsolved or require empirical verification. In this thesis we contribute to the knowledge of dispersal, by studying both ecological and evolutionary aspects of spider dispersal in fragmented grey dunes. Studies were performed at the individual, population and assemblage level and indicate that behavioural traits narrowly linked to dispersal, con- siderably show [adaptive] variation in function of habitat quality and geometry. Dispersal also determines spider distribution patterns and metapopulation dynamics. Consequently, our results stress the need to integrate knowledge on behavioural ecology within the study of ecological landscapes. / Promotor: Prof. Dr. Eckhart Kuijken [Ghent University & Institute of Nature Dries Bonte Conservation] Co-promotor: Prf. Dr. Jean-Pierre Maelfait [Ghent University & Institute of Nature Conservation] and Prof. Dr. Luc lens [Ghent University] Date of public defence: 6 February 2004 [Ghent University] Universiteit Gent Faculteit Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2003-2004 Distribution of spiders in coastal grey dunes: spatial patterns and evolutionary-ecological importance of dispersal Verspreiding van spinnen in grijze kustduinen: ruimtelijke patronen en evolutionair-ecologisch belang van dispersie door Dries Bonte Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor [Ph.D.] in Sciences Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen Promotor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Arachnida, Araneae)
    Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31, 4, 857-867 (2008) Copyright © 2008, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Research Article Cytogenetic studies of three Lycosidae species from Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae) María A. Chemisquy1, Sergio G. Rodríguez Gil2, Cristina L. Scioscia3 and Liliana M. Mola2,4 1Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3División Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Abstract Cytogenetic studies of the family Lycosidae (Arachnida: Araneae) are scarce. Less than 4% of the described species have been analyzed and the male haploid chromosome numbers ranged from 8+X1X2 to 13+X1X2. Species formerly classified as Lycosa were the most studied ones. Our aim in this work was to perform a comparative analysis of the meiosis in “Lycosa” erythrognatha Lucas, “Lycosa” pampeana Holmberg and Schizocosa malitiosa (Tullgren). We also compared male and female karyotypes and characterized the heterochromatin of “L.” erythrognatha. The males of the three species had 2n = 22, n = 10+X1X2, all the chromosomes were telocentric and there was generally a single chiasma per bivalent. In “Lycosa” pampeana, which is described cytogenetically for the first time herein, the bivalents and sex chromosomes showed a clustered arrangement at prometaphase I. The comparison of the male/female karyotypes (2n = 22/24) of “Lycosa” erythrognatha revealed that the sex chromosomes were the largest of the com- plement and that the autosomes decreased gradually in size.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cincinnati
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Seismic Communication in a Wolf Spider A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies Of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER’S OF SCIENCE (M.S.) In the department of Biological Sciences of the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences 2005 By Jeremy S. Gibson B.S. Northern Kentucky University, 2000 Committee: Dr. George W. Uetz, Chair Dr. Elke Buschbeck Dr. Kenneth Petren ii Abstract I investigated the importance of the seismic component, substratum-borne vibrations, of the multimodal courtship display in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae). It is currently known that the visual signaling component of male multimodal courtship displays conveys condition-dependent information, and that females can use this signal alone in mate choice decisions. I found that isolated seismic signals are also used in mate choice, as females preferred males that were louder, higher pitched and with shorter signaling pulses. Results also showed that male seismic signals are dependent on current condition and may convey information about male size and body condition. Seismic signals and visual signals are likely redundant, although some aspects of seismic signals may convey different information, supporting both the redundant and multiple messages hypotheses. i ii Acknowledgements I would foremost like to thank Dr. George Uetz, my graduate advisor for all of his support throughout this adventure.
    [Show full text]
  • Biologie Studijní Obor: Ekologická a Evoluční Biologie
    Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Pavel Just Ekologie a epigamní chování slíďáků rodu Alopecosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) Ecology and courtship behaviour of the wolf spider genus Alopecosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) Bakalářská práce Školitel: Mgr. Petr Dolejš Konzultant: prof. RNDr. Jan Buchar, DrSc. Praha, 2012 Poděkování Rád bych touto cestou poděkoval svému školiteli, Mgr. Petru Dolejšovi, za odborné vedení, podnětné rady a poskytnutí obtížně dostupné literatury. Bez jeho pomoci by pro mě psaní bakalářské práce nebylo realizovatelné. Díky patří také mému konzultantovi, prof. RNDr. Janu Bucharovi, DrSc., který svými radami a bohatými zkušenostmi přispěl k lepší kvalitě této bakalářské práce. Nemohu opomenout ani svou rodinu a přítelkyni Kláru, kteří pro mě byli během práce s literaturou a psaní rešerše velkou oporou a projevovali nemalou dávku tolerance. Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze, 25.08.2012 Podpis 2 Obsah: Abstrakt 4 1. Úvod 5 1.1. Taxonomie rodu Alopecosa 6 2. Ekologie 8 2.1. Způsob života 8 2.2. Fenologie 10 2.3. Endemismus 11 3. Epigamní chování 12 3.1. Evoluce a role námluv 13 3.2. Mechanismy rozeznání opačného pohlaví 15 3.2.1. Morfologie samčích končetin 16 3.2.2. Akustické projevy 19 3.2.3. Olfaktorické signály 21 3.3. Epigamní projevy samců a samic 22 3.4. Pohlavní výběr 26 4. Reprodukční chování 29 4.1. Kopulace 29 4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Pókok Szünbiológiai Kutatása Az Ember Által Befolyásolt Tájban
    AKADÉMIAI DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Pókok szünbiológiai kutatása az ember által befolyásolt tájban Samu Ferenc, Ph.D. MTA Növényvédelmi Kutatóintézet Budapest 2007 TARTALOM 1 Előszó................................................................................................................... 4 2 Bevezetés ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Melyek a pókok ökológiai szerepét meghatározó fő biológiai tulajdonságok? .. 6 2.1.1 Táplálkozás........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 A pókfonál használata .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Egyéb fiziológiai tulajdonságok......................................................................... 10 2.1.4 A pókok klasszikus ’sit-and-wait’ ragadozók .................................................... 11 2.2 Pókok a mezőgazdaságban................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Pókok felhasználása a biológiai védekezésben .................................................. 12 2.2.2 Hazai előzmények a pókok kutatásában............................................................. 16 2.3 Kérdésfelvetés – a kutatások vázlata.................................................................. 18 3 A kutatás módszerei – metodológiai eredmények ......................................... 21 3.1 A kutatás módszerei ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Courtship in <I>Agelenopsis</I> Funnel-Web Spiders
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms Audra Blair Galasso [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons Recommended Citation Galasso, Audra Blair, "Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1377 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Audra Blair Galasso entitled "Comparative analysis of courtship in Agelenopsis funnel-web spiders (Araneae, Agelenidae) with an emphasis on potential isolating mechanisms." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Susan E. Riechert, Major
    [Show full text]
  • Epigeic Spider (Araneae) Diversity and Habitat Distributions in Kings
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2011 Epigeic Spider (Araneae) Diversity and Habitat Distributions in Kings Mountain National Military Park, South Carolina Sarah Stellwagen Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Stellwagen, Sarah, "Epigeic Spider (Araneae) Diversity and Habitat Distributions in Kings Mountain National Military Park, South Carolina" (2011). All Theses. 1091. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1091 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EPIGEIC SPIDER (ARANEAE) DIVERSITY AND HABITAT DISTRIBUTIONS IN KINGS MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MILITARY PARK, SOUTH CAROLINA ______________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University _______________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Science Entomology _______________________________ by Sarah D. Stellwagen May 2011 _______________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Joseph D. Culin, Committee Chair Dr. Eric Benson Dr. William Bridges ABSTRACT This study examined the epigeic spider fauna in Kings Mountain National Military Park. The aim of this study is to make this information available to park management for use in the preservation of natural resources. Pitfall trapping was conducted monthly for one year in three distinct habitats: riparian, forest, and ridge-top. The study was conducted from August 2009 to July 2010. One hundred twenty samples were collected in each site. Overall, 289 adult spiders comprising 66 species were collected in the riparian habitat, 345 adult comprising 57 species were found in the forest habitat, and 240 adults comprising 47 species were found in the ridge-top habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetska, Histološka, Semiohemijska I Etološka Istraživanja Vrste Pachyiulus Hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae)
    UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Zvezdana S. Jovanović ONTOGENETSKA, HISTOLOŠKA, SEMIOHEMIJSKA I ETOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA VRSTE PACHYIULUS HUNGARICUS (KARSCH, 1881) (DIPLOPODA, JULIDA, JULIDAE) doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2019 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Zvezdana S. Jovanović ONTOGENETIC, HISTOLOGICAL, SEMIOCHEMICAL AND ETHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF PACHYIULUS HUNGARICUS (KARSCH, 1881) (DIPLOPODA, JULIDA, JULIDAE) Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2019 Mentori: ____________________________________ Prof. dr Slobodan Makarov, redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet ____________________________________ Prof. dr Luka Lučić, redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Članovi komisije: ____________________________________ Prof. dr Aleksandra Korać, redovni profesor Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet ____________________________________ Prof. dr Sofija Pavković-Lučić, redovni profesor Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet ____________________________________ Dr Ljubodrag Vujisić, docent Univerzitet u Beogradu - Hemijski fakultet Datum odbrane: ______________ ZAHVALNICA Ova doktorska disertacija je urađena na Katedri za dinamiku razvića životinja Univerziteta u Beogradu - Biološkog fakulteta, i predstavlja rezultat saradnje sa Katedrom za biologiju ćelija i tkiva i Centrom za elektronsku mikroskopiju, Katedrom za mikrobiologiju Univerziteta u Beogradu - Biološkog fakulteta i Katedrom za organsku hemiju Univerziteta u Beogradu - Hemijskog fakulteta. Finansijska podrška obezbeđena
    [Show full text]