Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Facultad De Biología

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Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Facultad De Biología UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE HIDALGO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA PROGRAMA INSTITUCIONAL DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Estimación de la distribución de los árboles y arbustos de la familia Solanaceae en México para su inclusión en la Lista Roja de la UICN TESIS PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ECOLOGÍA Y CONSERVACIÓN) Que presenta: BIOL. DAGOBERTO VALENTÍN MARTÍNEZ Asesor: Dr. Juan Carlos Montero Castro Co-Asesora: Dra. Marie-Stéphanie Samain Morelia, Michoacán Agosto, 2020 ÍNDICE RESUMEN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..1 ABSTARCT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Familia Solanaceae .............................................................................................................. 4 1.2. La Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) ...... 5 1.2.1. Los criterios de La Lista Roja de la UICN ...................................................................... 5 1.2.2. Las categorías de La Lista Roja de la UICN .................................................................. 6 1.2.3. Especies evaluadas por La Lista Roja ........................................................................... 8 1.3. Modelos de distribución de especies .................................................................................. 8 2. ANTECEDENTES ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Antecedentes de evaluaciones ......................................................................................... 10 2.2. Antecedentes de modelos de distribución de especies .................................................... 10 3. HIPÓTESIS .................................................................................................................................. 12 4. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………13 4.1. Objetivo general ................................................................................................................ 13 4.2. Objetivos específicos ......................................................................................................... 13 5. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ......................................................................................................... 14 5.1. Selección de especies ........................................................................................................ 14 5.2. Evaluaciones de la Lista Roja ............................................................................................. 14 5.3. Modelos de distribución de especies ................................................................................ 16 5.3.1. Localidades de presencia .......................................................................................... 16 5.3.2. Selección de variables ambientales .......................................................................... 16 5.3.3. Modelado de distribución de especies ..................................................................... 17 5.3.4. Proyección de los modelos hacia un escenario climático futuro .............................. 18 5.3.5. Pérdida o aumento de área ....................................................................................... 19 5.3.6. Elaboración de mapas ............................................................................................... 19 6. RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................. 20 6.1. Evaluaciones de la Lista Roja de la UICN ........................................................................... 20 6.2. Modelos de distribución de especies ................................................................................ 21 6.3. Proyecciones hacia el futuro ............................................................................................. 22 7. DISCUSIÓN ................................................................................................................................ 25 7.1. Evaluaciones a nivel global ................................................................................................ 25 7.2. Modelos de distribución de especies ................................................................................ 30 8. LITERATURA CITADA ................................................................................................................. 34 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Estructura de las categorías de riesgo. ..................... ........................................7 Figura 2. Comparación de pérdida de área entre los diferentes géneros de Solanaceae. ................................................................................................. .......................................24 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Lista resumida de las especies amenazadas de Solanaceae según la Lista Roja.. ................................................................................................. ........................................8 Tabla 2. Número de especies evaluadas por género. ............. .......................................14 Tabla 3. Nombre de la especie evaluada y la categoría propuesta para la Lista Roja de la IUCN. ........................................................................................ .......................................20 Tabla 4. Número de registros utilizados para cada modelo. ... .......................................21 Tabla 5. Características de clase y valor de ROC parcial para los modelos seleccionados. ................................................................................................. ........................................22 Tabla 6. Porcentaje de cambio de área de las diferentes especies de Solanaceae.. ..........23 ÍNDICE DE APÉNDICES Apéndice 1. Resumen de los cinco criterios propuestos por la Lista Roja de la UICN…….…43 Apéndice 2. Reporte en extenso de las especies evaluadas…………………………….………………44 Apéndice 3. Distribución potencial para las especies de Cestrum, Lycianthes, Solanum y Witheringia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….338 RESUMEN Las plantas vasculares se encuentran ante el riesgo de extinción debido a diversas amenazas. Una de cada cinco está en peligro de extinción. El 19 % de los árboles se encuentran amenazados. Ante esto, la evaluación del riesgo y la asignación de una categoría de amenaza son premisas importantes para su conservación. El presente estudio evalúa el nivel de riesgo que presentan las especies de árboles y arbustos de Solanaceae en México, además se estiman áreas de distribución geográfica potencial actual y futura. Las evaluaciones de conservación se realizaron siguiendo los criterios de la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la UICN y utilizando el Servicio de Información de Especies. Para la ejecución de los modelos de distribución se utilizó el método de máxima entropía con el programa MaxEnt implementando la plataforma Wallace. Se recabó información de localidades de presencia de las especies. Se utilizaron variables ambientales de 2.5 minutos de resolución. Los modelos obtenidos fueron proyectados al año 2050 utilizando un escenario de cambio climático moderadamente pesimista. Como resultado se evaluaron 42 especies de Solanaceae: Cestrum (15 especies), Lycianthes (12), Solanum (8), Witheringia (3) y Brachistus, Schraderanthus, Schultesianthus y Solandra con una cada uno. La categoría “En Peligro Crítico” se asignó a dos especies, “En Peligro” a 10, “Vulnerable” a 12 y “Preocupación Menor” a 18. Se generaron modelos de distribución potencial para 29 especies que presentaban más de 20 datos de colecta: Lycianthes (11 modelos), Cestrum (10), Solanum (5) y Witheringia (3). Las proyecciones a futuro indican que la mayoría de las especies de este estudio perderán área de distribución potencial. Solanum chiapasense aumentara su área de distribución potencial 13.1 % con respecto a la actual. Especies que se desarrollan en lugares templados estarán más afectadas en comparación con las especies que se encuentran en lugares secos. Palabras clave: Evaluación, Categoría, MaxEnt, Cambio climático, Distribución Potencial. 1 ABSTRACT Vascular plants are at risk of extinction due to various threats. One in five is in danger of extinction. 19% of the trees are threatened. Given this, risk assessment and the assignment of a threat category are important premises for its conservation. The present study evaluates the level of risk presented by the species of trees and shrubs of Solanaceae in Mexico, in addition, current and future potential geographic distribution areas are estimated. Conservation assessments were carried out following the criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and using the Species Information Service. For the execution of the distribution models, the maximum entropy method was used with the MaxEnt program implementing the Wallace platform. Information was collected on localities of presence of the species. Environmental variables with a resolution of 2.5 minutes were used. The models obtained were projected to the year 2050 using a moderately pessimistic climate change scenario. As a result, 42 species of Solanaceae were evaluated: Cestrum (15 species), Lycianthes (12), Solanum (8), Witheringia (3) and Brachistus, Schraderanthus, Schultesianthus
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