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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 Processed by Received: 16 March 2018 Accepted: 12 July 2018 High-Pressure Torsion at 77 K and Published: xx xx xxxx 300 K Jongun Moon1,2, Yuanshen Qi3, Elena Tabachnikova4, Yuri Estrin5,6, Won-Mi Choi1, Soo-Hyun Joo7, Byeong-Joo Lee 1, Aleksey Podolskiy4, Mikhail Tikhonovsky8 & Hyoung Seop Kim 1,2 In this work, the mechanical characteristics of high-entropy alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 with low- stacking fault energy processed by cryogenic and room temperature high-pressure torsion (HPT) were studied. X-ray difraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed to identify the phase and microstructure variation and the mechanical properties characterized by Vickers hardness measurements and tensile testing. Cryogenic HPT was found to result in a lower mechanical strength of alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 than room temperature HPT. Microstructure analysis by SEM and TEM was conducted to shed light on the microstructural changes in the alloy Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 caused by HPT processing. Electron microscopy data provided evidence of a deformation-induced phase transformation in the alloy processed by cryogenic HPT. Unusual softening phenomena induced by cryogenic HPT were characterized by analyzing the dislocation density as determined from X-Ray difraction peak broadening. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) composed of fve or more principal elements with an elemental concentration of 5 to 35 at% each are novel materials with a simple single phase face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), or hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure1–3. Specifcally, FCC alloy CoCrFeMnNi, also known as the Cantor alloy, has outstanding mechanical properties at low temperatures4,5 and the extensive research of the alloy was undergone so far6–13. Te observed enhancement of strength and tensile ductility at cryogenic temperatures is largely attributed to high activity of twinning owing to a low stacking fault energy (SFE) of the alloy14, which is a common feature of HEAs5,15. Since the inception of the concept of HEAs, numerous studies have been conducted to characterize their mechanical properties and microstructure evolution, chiefy of coarse-grained HEAs16–18. Recently, eforts to study ultrafne-grained (UFG) HEAs produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) have been undertaken19–22. HEAs with nano or sub micron-grained structure have been shown to result in excellent mechanical proper- ties13,14. In addition, since more conventional, coarse-grained HEAs exhibit a good combination of high strength and high fracture toughness at low temperatures4,23, an even better property profle can be expected of HEAs processed by SPD at cryogenic temperatures. High-pressure torsion (HPT) is one of the most popular SPD 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea. 2Center for High Entropy Alloys, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea. 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel. 4B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Nauky Ave., Kharkov, 61103, Ukraine. 5Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. 6Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA6009, Australia. 7Institute of Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan. 8National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Academicheskaya street, Kharkov, 61108, Ukraine. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.S.K. (email: [email protected]) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:11074 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-29446-y 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 1. Mechanical properties of Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy afer the HPT processing at 77 K and 300 K. Variation of Vickers hardness with the distance from the center of the HPT sample (a) one day, one month afer HPT processing of Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy at 300 K and (b–d) 10 minutes, one day, two weeks, one month and two months afer HPT process at 77 K. Room temperature stress-strain curves for Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy: (e) in the initial annealed state; (f) two weeks afer the HPT processing at 77 K and 300 K. techniques as it is very efcient in reducing the grain size through a combination of high pressure and giant shear strain24–26. Previously, nanocrystalline states were produced in a single phase CoCrFeMnNi HEA using HPT at ambient temperature22. It was shown by tensile testing22 that a transition to a nanocrystalline structure gives rise to a signifcant increase of the room temperature strength accompanied with moderate ductility. Additional improvement of mechanical characteristics was achieved by decreasing the temperature of HPT to the cryogenic region27. It is therefore of great interest to produce a nanocrystalline or UFG structure in the CoCrFeMnNi HEA by cryogenic HPT (‘cryo-HPT’) and to study the efect of the processing temperature on its microstructure and the mechanical properties. In our previous study28, the deformation-induced FCC-to-HCP phase transformation of 2 15 the Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy with low-SFE (3.5 mJ/m ) processed by cryo-HPT was investigated. Te pres- ent follow-up work investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy processed by HPT at both liquid nitrogen temperature and room temperature have been investigated. Te results of this in-depth investigation are reported below. Results Vickers hardness and tensile properties. Figure 1(a–d) display the variation of the Vickers hardness at the surface of the disc, from the center to the edge afer various holding time afer HPT. Te applied shear strain is calculated as 2πNr , where N is the number of anvil turns, r is the distance from the axis of the HPT sample, and h h is its thickness. Tus, the applied shear strain increases with the distance from the center of the disc. As seen from these diagrams, there is a general trend for the hardness to increase with shear strain and to saturate at large strains. Figure 1(a) indicates the measured Vickers hardness values one day and one month afer HPT at room temperature. As the holding time after HPT at room temperature increased from one day to one month, a decrease in Vickers hardness was not observed. Tis ensures the stability of microstructure and mechanical prop- erties afer HPT processing at room temperature. Te evolution of hardness with ‘natural aging’ time afer cryo-HPT was also monitored. It were presented in Fig. 1(b–d), showing the Vickers hardness measured from the center to the edge afer 10 minutes, one day, two weeks, one month, and two months following HPT by 1, 3, and 5 anvil turns at 77 K. An appreciable drop in hard- ness with the natural aging time is seen. It is evident from Fig. 1(b–d) that the Vickers hardness 10 minutes afer the cryo-HPT (at 77 K) was originally higher than that for the room temperature HPT (at 300 K) and eventually kept decreasing with natural aging time. Notably, the drop afer two weeks following cryo-HPT was precipitous, followed by a less drastic decrement afer one month of natural aging. Vickers hardness stabilized then, and SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:11074 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-29446-y 2 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Figure 2. Microstructural evolution of Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy with natural aging time afer 5 turns of HPT at 77 K. (a) IPF map of the annealed Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy. (b) IPF, (c) grain boundary map, and (d,e) KAM maps two hours afer HPT processing at 77 K, (f,g) KAM maps for the material naturally aged for two weeks afer HPT processing at 77 K. Note: (e,g) show the grains with a size smaller than 1 µm. continued natural aging beyond this time did not lead to its further decrease. As a matter of fact, the saturation hardness afer cryo-HPT was higher than that of the as-annealed alloy. Te results of tensile testing for the annealed and the HPT-processed Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy conducted two weeks afer HPT processing are presented in Fig. 1(e,f) and Supplementary Table S1. Te lower tensile strength of cryo-HPT processed material compared to that pre-deformed by room temperature HPT supports the Vickers hardness data. A slightly higher tensile elongation of the cryo-HPT processed specimen is also noted. A further observation to be mentioned is that the specimens that experienced the largest shear strains under cryo-HPT, i.e. those deformed by fve turns of the anvil, exhibited the least drops of hardness afer two weeks of natural aging. Microstructure evolution of the alloy after HPT at 300 K and 77 K. Figure 2(a) shows the inverse pole fgure (IPF) map of the annealed Co20Cr26Fe20Mn20Ni14 alloy obtained by Electron backscattered difraction (EBSD) analysis. Te average grain size in this condition was calculated to be 31.8 ± 15.9 µm. Te microstructures observed two hours and two weeks afer cryo-HPT processing were analysed to reveal the microstructure evolution with natural aging. Figure 2(b–g) shows an IPF image, a grain boundary map, and kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps. Figure 2(b–e) were obtained two hours afer cryo-HPT. Coarse grains with a large amount of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) were observed in Fig. 2(b,c). In Fig. 2(d,e), the KAM was calculated up to the third-nearest neighbour shell with a maximum misorientation angle of 5°11. Most of the grains, including the grains below 1 μm in size, exhibit large KAM values, indicating a high density of geometrically necessary dislocations due to dislocation rearrangement. However, the KAM maps for the material studied afer two hours and two weeks of natural aging following cryo-HPT processing were entirely diferent.
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