DOCSLIB.ORG

Doctoral Dissertation Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Doctoral Dissertation Template UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE METAGENOMICS AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN PERU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ALEXANDRA J. OBREGON-TITO Norman, Oklahoma 2013 METAGENOMICS AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN PERU A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Cecil M. Lewis, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Paul Spicer, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Tassie Hirschfeld ______________________________ Dr. Morris Foster ______________________________ Dr. Charles Kenney © Copyright by ALEXANDRA J. OBREGON-TITO 2013 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements I express my appreciation to a number of people who made this dissertation possible. First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my mentor, Dr. Cecil Lewis, I am greatly thankful for his encouragement, patience and for allowing me the room to work in my own way. I could not wish for a better supervisor. I was honored to work with Raul Tito in the laboratory; I am blessed to have such as talented person in my life. I owe deepest gratitude to him and Juan Jose for being my backbone during each of my new adventures. I share the credit for this dissertation with them. I am also thankful to my mother and brothers that make me believe no distance can keep us apart. I would like to thank the Comunidad Matses Anexo San Mateo, Omar Trujillo, Luis Marin, Emilio Guija, Luzmila Troncoso, Susan Polo and Maria Elena Medina for all their help in the implementation of this project. I thank the faculty of the Anthropology department for their guidance, in particular Paul Spicer, Tassie Hirschfeld and Morris Foster, and Charles Kenney for their dedication as members of my doctoral committee. I greatly appreciate the support and encouragement of Jeffrey Weitzel, Kathleen Blazer whose constant encouragement kept me going. Finally, I would like to thank Silvia Smith, Milagros Granda, Lori Williamson, Lauren Cleeland, Lauren O’Shea and Andrew Ozga who had helped me tremendously through this process. I feel privileged to have them as my friends. iv iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… iv List of Tables……………………………………….…………………………..... viii List of Figures……………………………………………….…………………… ix Abstract…………………………………………………….…………………….. xi Chapter1 - Gut Microbiota Of A Peruvian Hunter-Gatherer Community Introduction…………………………………………………………………….... 1 Background………………………………………………………………………. 2 Materials And Methods Sample and data collection…………………………………………………...…… 9 Fecal sample……………………………………………………………………… 10 Anthropometry……………………………………………………………………. 11 Dietary information………………………………………………………………. 12 Parasite Analysis…………………………………………………………………. 12 DNA extraction…………………………………………………………………… 13 DNA amplification………………………………………………………………... 13 Data analysis……………………………………………………………………… 14 Results……………………………………………………………………………. 17 Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 37 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………. 45 Chapter 2 - Implementing Biomedical Research With Indigenous Peoples: Facing Issues Of Trust v Introduction ………………………………………………..…………………… 46 Materials And Methods Sample and data collection…………………………………………..…………… 54 Results…………………………………………………………………………..... 55 Discussion ………………………………………………………………….….… 67 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………….… 82 Chapter 3 - Research In Wonderland: Including Indigenous Populations In International Biomedical Research Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 84 Diversifying human populations in biomedical research………………………… 86 Overcoming issues of trust……………………………………….…..…………… 88 Working with vulnerable populations from the developing world: ethics of protection………………………………………………………………………… 94 International research collaborations………………………………………..… 101 Fair Share of Benefits and property rights……………………………………… 103 Ensuring relevance of research and avoiding exploitation………………………… 105 Property rights …………………………………………………………………………... 107 Implementing metagenomics research with indigenous populations in Peru Building a team…………………………………………………………..…….… 109 Obtaining ethical approval………………………………………………..……… 111 Engaging regional authorities……………………………………………..……... 114 Engaging communities……………………………………………………..……... 117 vi Incorporating communities’ interests………………………………………..…… 118 Providing benefits for the community…………………………………….…..…... 119 An intermediate research organization………………………………………… 121 Building an intermediate research organization…………………………………. 123 Researcher initiated projects……………………………………………..…..…... 125 Improving accountability through an intermediate research organization……….. 126 Community initiated research…………………………………………………….. 128 Managing biological materials……………………………………….…………... 130 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………... 133 Epilogue ………………………………………………………………………….. 135 References………………………………………………………………………... 138 vii List of Tables Table 1. Barcode and primer sequences……………………………………………. 15 Table 2: Ages and body mass index (BMI) of the participants. …………………… 18 Table 3: Summary of the Matses diet……………………………………………… 20 Table 4. Results of parasite screening. ……………………………………..……… 24 Table 5. Independent sample t-test to compare microbial profile of individuals found positive or negative during the parasite screening…………………………… 25 Table 6. Sequencing yield……………………………………………………..…… 26 Table 7 Table of genus frequencies……………………………………….…..….… 29 Table 8. One way ANOVA to compare means across populations………………… 32 Table 9. One way ANOVA, pair-wise comparisons…………………….………… 33 Table 10. Demographics of survey participants. ………………………………..… 56 Table 11. A fair share of benefits between researchers and host communities…….. 106 Table 12. Comparing distinct models of research with respect to level of community participation ……………………………………………….….............. 110 viii List of Figures Figure 1. Geographical location of the Matses community anexo San Mateo…….. 9 Figure 2. Public meeting with the community……..……..……..……..………….. 10 Figure 3. Anaerobic sampling……..……..……..……..……..……..…….....…….. 11 Figure 4. Anthropometry……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..…….. 12 Figure 5. Parasite screening……..……..……..……..……..……..……...…..…….. 13 Figure 6: Age distribution of samples obtained from the Matses community anexo San Mateo.…..……..……..……..……..……..……….……..……..……..……..… 17 Figure 7. Matses cooking..…………………………..……...……..………………. 23 Figure 8. Firmicutes is the dominant phylum in the gut microbiome of our Matses sample ……………………………………………………………………………... 28 Figure 9: Rarefaction curve of the Matses Samples……………………………….. 29 Figure 10: Distribution of most representative phyla across populations..………... 31 Figure 11. Primary Component Analysis...………………………………………... 36 Figure 12. Identification with authorities .……………………………………...…. 56 Figure 13. Monitoring of research activities in the community..…..……………… 57 Figure 14. Attitudes towards visitors………………………………………....……. 58 Figure 15. Attitudes towards national and international visitors and authorities….. 59 Figure 16. Interest to participate in research.…….……….……….………………. 60 Figure 17. Sample ownership..…………………………………………….....……. 62 Figure 18. Ownership of microorganisms…………………………………………. 63 Figure 19. Willingness to donate biological samples………………………...……. 65 Figure 20. Attitudes towards publication of research results..……………………. 66 ix Figure 21. Visitors in the community..……………………………………….……. 73 Figure 22. Attempts to divide the community..……………………………………. 75 Figure 23. Suspicious activities in the Matses community becoming public ……... 76 Figure 24. The trust process ..……………………………………………………... 81 Figure 25 Snapshot of research in the world ..…………………………………….. 104 Figure 26 Authorities with jurisdiction over research projects with indigenous peoples in Peru…………………………………………………………………….. 112 Figure 27. Ethics review process…………………………………………………... 115 Figure 28. Interactions among stakeholders in the research enterprise under the Intermediate Research Organization model..……………………………………… 122 Figure 29. Goals of the Intermediate Research Organization. ……………………. 124 Figure 30. Structuring an Intermediate Research Organization. ………………….. 129 Figure 31. Researcher initiated research..………………………………………….. 132 x Abstract Metagenomics is the study of all the genetic material found in an ecosystem. Each part of the human body is an ecosystem with a distinct bacterial profile or microbiota whose metagenomic signature is called a human microbiome. The study of human microbiomes is a promising new area of biomedical research. Certain bacterial species are directly associated to specific diseases, suggesting their potential as biomarkers or even as therapeutic alternatives. As it has happened with genetics and genomics applications, most microbiome research is focused on urban human populations, thus providing a very biased set of study populations, both human and bacterial. The developing world harbors biological phenomena absent in the developed world. The study of traditional communities from developing countries provides unique opportunities for scientific advancement. At the same time, the knowledge obtained might impact public health programs and help to build research capacity in these countries. However, including traditional communities from developing countries in research has proved to be a sensitive matter. Research with indigenous populations carries the stigma of being exploitative, neocolonialist, and imperialist. Engaging communities in research can reduce the risk of exploitation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Age Tourism and Evangelicalism in the 'Last
    NEGOTIATING EVANGELICALISM AND NEW AGE TOURISM THROUGH QUECHUA ONTOLOGIES IN CUZCO, PERU by Guillermo Salas Carreño A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Bruce Mannheim, Chair Professor Judith T. Irvine Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Professor Marisol de la Cadena, University of California Davis © Guillermo Salas Carreño All rights reserved 2012 To Stéphanie ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was able to arrive to its final shape thanks to the support of many throughout its development. First of all I would like to thank the people of the community of Hapu (Paucartambo, Cuzco) who allowed me to stay at their community, participate in their daily life and in their festivities. Many thanks also to those who showed notable patience as well as engagement with a visitor who asked strange and absurd questions in a far from perfect Quechua. Because of the University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board’s regulations I find myself unable to fully disclose their names. Given their public position of authority that allows me to mention them directly, I deeply thank the directive board of the community through its then president Francisco Apasa and the vice president José Machacca. Beyond the authorities, I particularly want to thank my compadres don Luis and doña Martina, Fabian and Viviana, José and María, Tomas and Florencia, and Francisco and Epifania for the many hours spent in their homes and their fields, sharing their food and daily tasks, and for their kindness in guiding me in Hapu, allowing me to participate in their daily life and answering my many questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Jorge Basadre's “Peruvian History of Peru,”
    Jorge Basadre’s “Peruvian History of Peru,” or the Poetic Aporia of Historicism Mark Thurner We need a Peruvian history of Peru. By Peruvian history of Peru I mean a history that studies the past of this land from the point of view of the formation of Peru itself. We must insist upon an authentic history ‘of ’ Peru, that is, of Peru as an idea and entity that is born, grows, and develops. The most important personage in Peruvian history is Peru. Jorge Basadre, Meditaciones sobre el destino histórico del Perú Although many gifted historians graced the stage of twentieth-century Peru- vian letters, Jorge Basadre Grohmann (1903 – 1980) was clearly the dominant figure. Today Basadre is universally celebrated as the country’s most sagacious and representative historian, and he is commonly referred to as “our historian of the Republic.” Libraries, avenues, and colleges are named after him. The year 2003 was “The Year of Basadre” in Peru, with nearly every major cultural institution in Lima organizing an event in his honor.1 The National University HAHR editors and the anonymous readers of earlier versions of this article deserve my thanks. Support from the Social Science Research Council, the Fulbright-Hays Program, and the University of Florida is gratefully acknowledged. All translations are mine. 1. There is no systematic work on Basadre, but several Peruvian scholars have reflected upon aspects of his work, and the centennial celebration has prompted the publication of conference proceedings. See Pablo Macera, Conversaciones con Basadre (Lima: Mosca Azul, 1979); Alberto Flores Galindo, “Jorge Basadre o la voluntad de persistir,” Allpanchis 14, no.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of the Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Well Being Among Indigenous Groups in the Andes Region
    AN EXPLORATION OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH AND WELL BEING AMONG INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN THE ANDES REGION By HALIMA TAHIRKHELI Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. Leslie Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta June, 2010 2 Table of Content Abstract p.3 Introduction p.4 Andean Native Traditional Way of Life p.9 Environmental Change in the Andean Region p.12 Environmental Stress of Alpine Plants p.23 Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resources p.29 Microfinance p.40 Conclusion p.50 References p.52 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Map of Peru p.12 Figure 2 Surface Air Temperature at p.19 tropical Andes between 1939 and 2006 Figure 3 Change in length of ten tropical Andean p.23 glaciers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1930-2005 Figure 4 Picture of the Queen of the Andes p.25 Table 1 The Diet of Nunoa Quechua Natives p.30 Table 2 Nutritional Value of the Major Peruvian p.32-33 Andean Crops Table 3 Uses of Medicinal Plants from the Callejon p.38 de Huaylas 3 Abstract The Andean areas of Peru, South America are declared to be extremely vulnerable to global warming and these regions are facing major challenges in coping with climate change. One native group from this area, in particular, the Quechua, is the focus of this paper. The Quechua communities include Huanca, Chanka, Q’ero, Taquile, and Amantani, but, for the purposes of my analysis, all of these groups will be dealt with together as they share similar use of natural resources for food and medicine (Wilson, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Matses Indian Rainforest Habitat Classification and Mammalian Diversity in Amazonian Peru
    Journal of Ethnobiology 20(1): 1-36 Summer 2000 MATSES INDIAN RAINFOREST HABITAT CLASSIFICATION AND MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY IN AMAZONIAN PERU DAVID W. FLECK! Department ofEveilltioll, Ecology, alld Organismal Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 JOHN D. HARDER Oepartmeut ofEvolution, Ecology, and Organismnl Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 ABSTRACT.- The Matses Indians of northeastern Peru recognize 47 named rainforest habitat types within the G61vez River drainage basin. By combining named vegetative and geomorphological habitat designations, the Matses can distinguish 178 rainforest habitat types. The biological basis of their habitat classification system was evaluated by documenting vegetative ch<lracteristics and mammalian species composition by plot sampling, trapping, and hunting in habitats near the Matses village of Nuevo San Juan. Highly significant (p<:O.OOI) differences in measured vegetation structure parameters were found among 16 sampled Matses-recognized habitat types. Homogeneity of the distribution of palm species (n=20) over the 16 sampled habitat types was rejected. Captures of small mammals in 10 Matses-rc<:ognized habitats revealed a non-random distribution in species of marsupials (n=6) and small rodents (n=13). Mammal sighlings and signs recorded while hunting with the Matses suggest that some species of mammals have a sufficiently strong preference for certain habitat types so as to make hunting more efficient by concentrating search effort for these species in specific habitat types. Differences in vegetation structure, palm species composition, and occurrence of small mammals demonstrate the ecological relevance of Matses-rccognized habitat types. Key words: Amazonia, habitat classification, mammals, Matses, rainforest. RESUMEN.- Los nalivos Matslis del nordeste del Peru reconacen 47 tipos de habitats de bosque lluvioso dentro de la cuenca del rio Galvez.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Unraveling of the Incan Empire: the Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past
    University of Wisconsin–Superior McNair Scholars Journal, volume 2, 2001 The Spanish Unraveling Of the Incan Empire: The Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past Rhonda R. Dass, Art History William Morgan, M.F.A. Department of Visual Arts ABSTRACT Steeped in ancient traditions, modern day Peru can boast the continuation of cultural heritage dating back before 1000 BC. The coastal desert climate is perfect for the preservation of textiles long buried in the sacred graves of past peoples. From these artifacts we can see how important the textiles of the Incan culture were to its people. Some argue that internal strife was the main factor for the ease with which the Spaniards were able to conquer the advanced civilization of the Incas. Others argue that the empire was already in decline. Perhaps the textile– based economy of the Incan empire was the prime factor. History of the Incan Empire: Geographical and Political The area of South America, which once sustained the mighty Incan empire during the early half of the 10th millennium, is a diverse, breathtaking and often inhospitable land. As the Incans, led by Manco Capac, spread their empire across the South American continent they conquered numerous small tribes scattered throughout an awesome array of nature's wonders. They started their reign in the area surrounding Lake Titicaca, still considered a sacred place by their modern day ancestors, taking control of the local Tiwanaku peoples. From this region nestled in the Andes Mountains they battled their way across mountain ridges that draw a line down the coastal areas of South America.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru
    TEXAS PAPER ON LATIN AMERICA Pre-publication working papers of the Institute of Latin American Studies University of Texas at Austin ISSN 0392-3507 Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp Department of Geography Paper No. 87-13 http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/tpla/8713.pdf Gregory Knapp Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru Linguistic and Cultural Geograpby of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp In view of the recent upsurge of interest in Peruvian regions and regional development (CDI- CEDESA 1984; González de Olarte 1985), it is surprising that none of these discussions of regional- ization adequately takes into account language or culture. In many countries, regional divisions have been primarily based on cultural or linguistic pattems, and the greatest challenge has been 10 achieve balanced development for all ethnic groups. The available etbnic maps for Peru are based on language. They show spheres of influence for various languages (pesce 1969) but lack a quantitative basis and do not indicate the numerically pre- ponderant languages and cultures. They also do not distinguish between cultural groups that are not indigenous language speakers. This report, by using quantitative data of language and ethnicity as found in various censuses, will attempt to map the cultural regions of Peru. Language as a Cultural Indicator There are three advantages to using language as a point of departure in mapping and defining culture regions: (1) language is strongly implicated in the transmission of culture and is thus linked to many nonlinguistic cultural traits, such as folklore, religion, and music; (2) language frontiers between groups impede cultural transmission and many times coincide with other cultural boundaries, including agricultural and housing traits; (3) language is a cultural trait that is relatively stable and easy 10 determine through census information.
    [Show full text]
  • Peruvians in the New York Metro Area
    Peruvians in the New York Metro Area QUICK FACTS: ALL PEOPLES INITIATI VE LAST UPDATED: 10/2008 Place of Origin: Peru (primarily Lima) “Have you ever eaten Peruvian food?” a Peruvian man living in Paterson, New Jersey, asked, “It is the best in the world. The best in the world! The only food that can compare Location in Metro New is French. I am telling you, they say that French cuisine is good, but Peruvian is the best York: in the world!” How many casual diners would list Peruvian food among their top ten fa- New Jersey (Paterson, vorite ethnic cuisines? Nevertheless, the seemingly hyperbolic claims of this Peruvian Lake View, Riverside, man are not unfounded. For the gastronomically informed, Peruvian food is indeed con- Passaic, Newark, Union sidered in the top tier of its class.1 With influences from the Inca, Spanish, African City, Orange); Queens (Corona, Jackson slaves, and immigrants from China, Japan, and Italy, Peruvians mastered the art of fu- Heights, Elmhurst); West- sion cuisine long before it was featured in haute cuisine restaurants across Metro New chester (White Plains); York. Today, Peruvian food is being recognized even more around the city, as restau- Nassau (Glen Cove) rants are frequently opened by constituents of the most concentrated Peruvian popula- tion outside of Peru. Community estimates place their Population in Metro New population around 200 thousand in Metro New York, York: while the 2010 American Community Survey estimates 200,000 (Community Esti- 2 mate); 168,975 (ACS 2010 around 169 thousand in the same area. Specific Origin Peru); 119,088 (ACS 2010 Born When Did They Come to New York? in Peru) At the turn of the twentieth century, Paterson, New Jer- Population in New York seyWhere had established Do They itself Live? as America’s “Silk City,” and City: had expanded its textile production to Lima, Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • The Guano Islands of Peru: the Once and Future Management of a Renewable Resource
    The guano islands of Peru: the once and future management of a renewable resource DAVID C. DUFFY SUMMARY Anchoveta populations remained low for a decade and the remaining fishery switched to sardina S ardinops T h e Peruvian coastal guano islands and headlands have o cellata, a slightly larger fish that could be canned. Fish­ been among Ihc world’s best and worst managed of ing pressure continued on the anchoveta, supposedly to seabird nesting areas. The islands contained enormous keep it from recovering and ouicompeting the sardina, deposits of seabird excreta or guano which was mined but in reality because fishmeal could be sold for hard for fertilizer in the nineteenth century. In the early twen­ currency on the international market, whereas sardina tieth century, with guano deposits exhausted and bird was sold domestically. Following the collapse of the populations almost exterminated by the exploiters, the anchoveta stock, seabird numbers only partially recov­ Peruvian government nationalized the islands and be­ ered and the guano industry abandoned many islands gan to manage them as a sustainable resource, protect­ and headlands. Money for management sharply de­ ing the birds, im proving their nesting sites, and taking creased as the government has struggled to pay for Pe­ only (he annual accumulations of guano. ru ' s international debt and for a protracted conflict with Populations of the three pnnctpal guano-producing two guerrilla movements. Hyperinflation has further species, the Guanay Cormorant Phalacrocorax eroded the government’s ability to manage its natural bougainvilli, Peruvian Booby Sula variegata, and Pe­ resources. ruvian Brown Pelican Pelecanus ( occidentalis) Ihagus The situation is extremely unpromising, but there recovered sufficiently so that their nesting colonies be­ are three elements that provide hope.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    IPPI 6 May 2002 STRATEGY TO INCLUDE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE RURAL EDUCATION PROJECT PERU: Rural Education and Teacher Development Project Public Disclosure Authorized I. BACKGROUND 1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Peruvian legal framework includes the right of indigenous peoples to education in various legal instances. Peruvian norms in this respect are included in the political constitution of the nation, the General Education Act, the Primary Education Regulations and the recent regulations creating in the National Inter-cultural Bilingual Education Directorate and its Consultative Council. Article 2, ofPeru's Political Constitution mentions that all individuals have the right to preserve their ethnic and cultural identity; that the Peruvian state recognizes and protects ethnic and cultural plurality in the nation; that bilingual and inter-cultural education must be fostered, recognizing each area's characteristics while preserving the various cultural and language manifestations. Public Disclosure Authorized Peru has signedILO'S 169 Agreement(ratified in 1993) recognizing the right of indigenous boys and girls to learn to read and write in their own language, and preserve and develop it. It also recognizes the right of indigenous peoples to be asked about state measures aimed at accomplishing these goals. Likewise, Peru has signed theUniversal Declaration of Human Right4 article 26 of which establishes that educatioii will have as its objective to achieve full individual development, and to strengthen respect for human rights and fundamental
    [Show full text]
  • Witness to Sovereignty. Essays on the Indian Movement in Latin America
    1 WITNESS TO SOVEREIGNTY. ESSAYS ON THE INDIAN MOVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA . Manuscript submitted for publication to The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. December, 2003 Introduction in the Guise of a Story The Journey This book has the shape of a spiral. In it I visit, circle, revisit, and intertwine themes and issues related to the centuries -long struggle of the indigenous peoples of Latin America to survive, retain their independence, gain autonomy, and achieve higher levels of ethnic sovereignty. The writings travel a spiral path in time and places that bega n more than four decades ago in Peru where I had landed as a young immigrant following the footpath of my Italian father. There, in the northern Sechura desert, in the Central Andes, and later in the jungle valley of the Huallaga river in the company of my father, I literally discovered the awesome and startling beauty of the cultural “other”: the Indians. The incipient fascination and intrigue for indigenous exoticism did not last too long, however. It came to a sudden halt during a trip to an hacienda owned by the Church in the southern Andean region of Cusco. Poverty, hunger, exploitation, humiliation, oppression, and discrimination became soon the indelible signs of being an Indian in Peru. To the initial stage of seduction by illusory Indian exoticis m belongs my first published article describing indigenous back -strap looms (Varese 1963 -64), followed by a booklet for high -school students on the life and scientific travels in Peru of the nineteenth century Italian naturalist Antonio Raimondi (Varese 1965).
    [Show full text]
  • From Japonés to Nikkei: the Evolving Identities of Peruvians of Japanese
    From japonés to Nikkei: The Evolving Identities of Peruvians of Japanese Descent by Eszter Rácz Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Szabolcs Pogonyi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 Abstract This thesis investigates what defines the identity of third- and fourth-generation Japanese Peruvians and what is the current definition of Nikkei ethnic belonging on personal as well as institutional level. I look at the identity formation processes of Peruvians with ethnic Japanese background in light of the strong attachment to Japan as an imagined homeland, the troubled history of anti-Japanese discrimination in Peru and US internment of Japanese Peruvians during World War II, the consolidation of Japanese as a high-status minority, and ethnic return migration to Japan from 1990. Ethnicity has been assumed to be the cornerstone of identity in both Latin America where high sensitivity for racial differences results in intergenerational categorization and Japan where the essence of Japaneseness is assumed to run through one’s veins and passed on to further generations even if they were born and raised abroad. However when ethnic returnees arrived to Japan they had to realize that they were not Japanese by Japanese standards and chose to redefine themselves, in the case of Japanese Peruvians as Nikkei. I aim to explore the contents of the Japanese Peruvian definition of Nikkei by looking at existing literature and conducting video interviews through Skype and Messenger with third- and fourth-generation Japanese Peruvians. I look into what are their personal experiences as Nikkei, what changes do they recognize as the consequence of ethnic return migration, whether ethnicity has remained the most relevant in forming social relations, and what do they think about Japan now that return migration is virtually ended and the visa that allowed preferential access to Japanese descendants is not likely to be extended to further generations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Neocolonialism on Indigenous Peruvians
    Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Honors Program Theses and Projects Undergraduate Honors Program 4-28-2019 The Effects of Neocolonialism on Indigenous Peruvians Christina Nelson Bridgewater State University Follow this and additional works at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Nelson, Christina. (2019). The Effects of Neocolonialism on Indigenous Peruvians. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. Item 390. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/390 Copyright © 2019 Christina Nelson This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The Effects of Neocolonialism on Indigenous Peruvians Christina Nelson Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for Commonwealth Honors in English Bridgewater State University April 28, 2019 Dr. Allyson Ferrante, Thesis Advisor Dr. Erin O’Connor, Committee Member Dr. Alba Aragon, Committee Member In this world, there exist histories that do not make it into textbooks or school curriculums. There are events that are born in the shadows of suppression, with victims stifled so much so that they have no means of telling their stories. Historical happenings do not always have the privilege of being accurately recorded where the pen meets the paper. Instead, these instances linger in the air, passed on from one generation to the next by storytelling and song, aging into myth. Colonization, or the act of settling into a foreign land and establishing dominance over the natives, has history extending as far back as ancient Greece, and now has spread like a disease to the far corners of the globe (Veracini 5).
    [Show full text]