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Marrakech Report REPORT __________________________ III WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN AND SPORT __________________________ «New Strategies, New Commitments» __________________________ 7-8 March 2004, Marrakech, Morocco __________________________ Under the high patronage of HM King Mohamed VI - 1 - - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD ................................................................................... 7 1.1. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE, JACQUES ROGGE ....................................................................................... 7 1.2. MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE IOC WOMEN AND SPORT COMMISSION, ANITA DEFRANTZ ...................................................................................... 8 2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 9 3. PROGRAMME OF THE CONFERENCE ............................................. 12 4. SESSION REPORTS ...................................................................... 18 4.1. SESSION B – WOMEN IN THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT ........................................... 18 4.2. SESSION C – MARKETING AND BUSINESS ...................................................... 20 4.3. SESSION D – GENDER CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................... 22 4.4. SESSION E – MEDIA EXPOSURE AND WOMEN’S SPORT ....................................... 24 4.5. SESSION F – PARTNERSHIPS FOR WOMEN’S ADVANCEMENT .................................. 26 4.6. SESSION H – THE ROLE OF THE ROLE MODELS ............................................... 27 5. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE CONFERENCE ................................. 30 6. PRESENTATIONS ......................................................................... 32 6.1. PLENARY SESSION – POLICY EVALUATION ..................................................... 32 6.1.1. EVOLUTION OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES ............................................................ 32 6.1.2. PARIS 2000 – MARRAKECH 2004: PROGRESS REPORT AND OVERVIEW OF WOMEN AND SPORT LEADERSHIP ................................................................................ 34 6.1.3. CELEBRATING THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S DAY – WHAT RELEVANCE TO WOMEN IN SPORT ............................................................................................... 38 6.1.4. WOMEN ATHLETES AS ROLE MODELS ............................................................ 42 6.1.5. WOMEN IN SPORT LEADERSHIP: IOC – LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY JOINT RESEARCH RESULTS ............................................................................................ 45 6.2. SESSION A: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CONSTRAINS ........................ 50 6.2.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS CONSTRAINS ..... 50 6.2.2. HISTORY OF “MALE OLYMPICS” .................................................................. 55 6.2.3. CULTURAL CONSTRAINS .......................................................................... 61 6.3. SESSION B: WOMEN IN THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT ............................................ 65 6.3.1. CAPACITY BUILDING: GOING AROUND OBSTACLES ............................................ 65 6.3.2. ROLE OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES AND OLYMPIC SOLIDARITY ..................... 70 6.3.3. ITTF: A SUCCESS STORY FOR WOMEN .......................................................... 73 6.3.4. SOFTBALL: A SUCCESS STORY FOR WOMEN ..................................................... 78 6.4. SESSION C: MARKETING AND BUSINESS ....................................................... 80 6.4.1. THE CHANGING DRESS CODE .................................................................... 80 6.4.2. PRIZE MONEY: TOWARDS GREATER EQUALITY .................................................. 91 6.4.3. SPORT AS A CAREER FOR WOMEN ................................................................ 95 6.5. SESSION D: GENDER CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................... 97 6.5.1. MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND GENDER TESTING ........................................... 97 6.5.2. WOMEN’S RIGHTS: RELEVANCE TO SPORT .................................................... 107 6.5.3. ACCESS OF GIRLS AND WOMEN TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION ................................... 124 6.5.4. WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES AND SPORT ....................................................... 131 6.6. SESSION E: MEDIA EXPOSURE AND WOMEN’S SPORT ....................................... 135 6.6.1. MEDIA PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN SPORT ...................................................... 135 6.6.2. REPORTING WOMEN’S SPORT ................................................................... 137 6.6.3. TELEVISION AND WOMEN’S SPORT ............................................................ 141 6.6.4. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN SPORT MEDIA ............................................... 143 6.7. SESSION F: PARTNERSHIPS FOR WOMEN’S ADVANCEMENT .................................. 146 6.7.1. DEVELOPMENT, SPORT AND GENDER EQUITY ................................................. 146 6.7.2. DEVELOPMENT, SPORT AND GENDER EQUITY ................................................. 150 6.7.3. DEVELOPMENT, SPORT AND GENDER EQUITY ................................................. 156 6.7.4. DEVELOPMENT, SPORT AND GENDER EQUITY ................................................. 160 6.8. SESSION G: WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP ....................................................... 163 6.8.1. TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ........................................................... 163 6.8.2. ENABLING A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................... 168 6.8.3. WOMEN IN NOC STRUCTURES, AN ANALYSIS OF THE IOC-LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY RESEARCH REPORT .............................................................................. 169 6.8.4. ACCESS TO SPORT: THE MOROCCAN EXPERIENCE ............................................ 173 6.9. SESSION H: THE ROLE OF ROLE MODELS .................................................... 181 6.9.1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN SPORT ............................................................... 181 6.9.2. THE ROLE OF ROLE MODELS.................................................................... 199 6.9.3. SPORT AGAINST HIV/AIDS .................................................................... 204 6.9.4. SPORT AND EDUCATION ......................................................................... 210 6.10. CLOSING CEREMONY ............................................................................ 217 6.10.1.PRESENTATION OF FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 217 6.10.2.CLOSING REMARKS ............................................................................. 219 7. SYNTHESIS OF INTERNATIONAL MEDIA COVERAGE ................. 221 8. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................ 224 - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - 1. Foreword 1.1. Message from the President of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge After Lausanne in 1996 and Paris in 2000, Marrakech hosted the 3rd World Conference on Women and Sport, from 7 to 9 March 2004, on the theme “New strategies, new commitments”. I wish to thank the Moroccan political and sporting authorities, especially the Moroccan National Olympic Committee, for the warm welcome given to the 600 participants from five continents representing the IOC, the International Sports Federations, the National Olympic Committees, the Olympic Games Organising Committees as well as inter- et non-governmental organisations. For almost 10 years now, under the masterful leadership of Anita L. DeFrantz, the IOC Women and Sport Working Group, which this year became a fully-fledged Commission, has been working untiringly to implement programmes to enable women and girls the world over to feel fully involved in the universal movement to promote women in and through sport. The 12 recommendations adopted at the end of this Conference offer a guarantee of more equal opportunities for women in the sports world, be it as athletes or leaders. As it has done in the past, the IOC will continue striving to ensure that women occupy the position they deserve within the Olympic Movement. It will pursue its efforts to increase the number of women competitors in the Olympic Games, hoping that future editions of the Games will have as many female as male athletes. Our ultimate goal is to achieve equal participation by men and women - 7 - 1.2. Message from the Chairperson of the IOC Women and Sport Commission, Anita DeFrantz For the first time, the World Conference on Women and Sport was held on the African continent, in the city of Marrakech (Morocco) from 7 to 9 March 2004. As Chairwoman of the IOC Women and Sport Commission, I have the pleasure to convey my sincere thanks to the Moroccan Olympic Committee and my IOC colleague Nawal El Moutawakel for their warm welcome and close cooperation for the smooth running of this Conference. Morocco is a country in which, for some years, women have played an increasing role in all areas of society and particularly in sport. The IOC has made women’s participation in sport as athletes or leaders one of its major concerns. The practice of sport – whether in competition or amateur sport – and the values that such practice brings with it are important tools for communication, education and emancipation, thus favouring the social integration of all human beings, men and women alike. Placed under the theme “New Strategies, New Commitments”, this third edition was made a success thanks to the active participation of
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