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Workshop on Herbicide Use Joseph Vitelli DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia IP&A Sciences

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Workshop on Herbicide Use Joseph Vitelli DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia IP&A Sciences Workshop on Herbicide Use Joseph Vitelli DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia IP&A Sciences Aimed at solving Queensland's weed and pest animal problems Integrated weed management tools and practices - aims to develop new, improved, integrated and adaptive management practices for the control of priority weeds, including biological control options for weeds. Landscape protection and restoration - aims to better understand and manage the processes of pest invasion and landscape restoration to reduce weed impacts and maintain biodiversity and environmental functions in our landscapes. This research program has a strong emphasis on the science behind early incursion response and eradication and the management of environmental and aquatic weeds. Research Services - delivers analytical and pesticide registration to assist research weed and pest management programs across the state. AFRS is one of the world's foremost research centres for the biological control of weeds. Invasive plant and animal science units within BQ Focus on the management of pest plants and animals 3 research locations formerly Alan Fletcher Research Station [AFRS] Tropical Weeds Research Centre Robert Wicks Pest Animal Research Centre IP&A Sciences, TWRC, RWPARC, Dutton Park, Brisbane Charters Towers Inglewood - 1920 - 1985 - 1983 Biosecurity Queensland - Ecosciences Precinct Ecosciences Precinct is located in Brisbane ~ 5m from Brisbane's CBD Precinct houses research staff from various Queensland Government Departments, CSIRO and The University of Queensland (UQ) Site accommodates over 1000 scientists Science at the precinct focuses: climate change natural resources and environment primary industries (including grazing, horticulture, grains) forestry fisheries and marine invasive weeds and pest animals Research facilities include laboratories, insect houses, controlled environment rooms, glasshouses, greenhouses, offices, workshops and a science education centre Site contains Level 2 (PC2) laboratories, which is the rating for a standard, low risk research environment Site contains Level 3 (PC3) laboratories, these quarantine facilities enable researchers to conduct secure and carefully controlled studies on insects, and bacteria, fungi and other organisms that may pose a threat to Queensland's environment Biosecurity Queensland - Ecosciences Precinct • 2 shade houses • 2 PC2 glasshouses • 6 PC3 quarantine labs • 12 glasshouses Weed Basics What are Weeds? Damage Potential of Weeds Economics of Weed Control Control (Containment vs Eradication) Control options Mecahnical/Physical Burning Livestock Biological Herbicides Key Points from Weed Basics What are Weeds?– definition • Weeds are plants, which grow where they are undesired and which cause more damage than benefit. • Natural enemies not present to limit reproduction and spread. • Native plants can become weeds. • The consequence of weeds - environmental weeds reduce biodiversity - agricultural weeds reduce yield & profit What are Weeds?– Weedy attributes Rapid growth Excludes other plants Adaptable to many environments Seed produced throughout season Germination over extended times Seed dormancy Most grass seed are short lived (1 to 4 years) Legumes (hard seeded) may last >20 years Most weed seeds 5 to 50 years Many seeds pass through digestive systems intact eg bird dispersal Defence mechanisms (prickles, spines, thorns repel animals) Invades disturbed areas Root propagation What are Weeds? – compete for limited resources Weeds compete against the desired plant for limited resources Water Light Limited resources Nutrients Space What are Weeds – grasses and broadleaves Grasses (Monocots) Broadleaves (Dicots) Damage potential of weeds • Environment – Reduced biodiversity – Reduced water quality – Land degradation – Soil erosion Damage potential of weeds Health hazard – Cause allergies Damage potential of weeds Gamba grass ( Andropogon gayanus ) Social – Fire hazard (fuel load) – aesthetic appeal gamba grass grows to 4 m tall producing fuel loads 30 – 40,000 tonnes/ha Damage potential of weeds Economy – Costs to primary industries • Agriculture • Fisheries – Costs to tourism & recreation – Costs to control Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica) – Costs to quarantine Hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) Weed composition 15% of Australia’a flora Weeds Over $4,000,000,000 (excludes cost to community and the environment) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 NORFOLK I. LORD HOWE Is NEW ZEALAND AUSTRALIA Environmental weeds • Species that invade native communities or ecosystems • Undesirable from an ecological perspective • Don’t necessarily have an economic impact • Can modify: • Species richness • Abundance • Ecosystem function • Serious environmental weeds can totally destroy an ecosystem African tulip (Spathodea campanulata) in Tahiti Greg Calvert Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata) Leucaena in the Marquesas Islands (Polynesia) Greg Calvert Greg Calvert Leucaena on Moorea Island (Polynesia) Greg Calvert Cherry Guava (Psidium cattleianum) Cherry Guava on Norfolk Island Greg Calvert Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos) Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos) Greg Calvert Weed Control • Control a weed only when it is causing or is expected to cause more harm than is reasonable to accept • Use a control strategy that will reduce the weed numbers to an acceptable level • Use control options that will best control the weed with minimal damage to the environment Weed Control - identification • Accurate identification is the first step in an effective weed management program • Never attempt a weed control program until you are sure what the weed is • More you know about the weed and factors that influence its development and spread, the easier, more cost-effective and more successful will be your weed control efforts • Knowledge in the plants basic ecology is critical Time to reproductive maturity Flowering and fruiting period Seed production, seed bank Seed longevity Weed Control – basic ecology How long do individual plants live? How long does it take young plants to reach reproductive maturity? age at reproductive maturity plant lifespan How and how far is the seed dispersed? seed dispersal -wind -water What is the frequency and scale of seedling recruitment? -animal seedling -bird recruitment How long will it take for the seed bank to be depleted once adult plants are removed from a site? seed bank Weed Control - identification Samples sent to herbarium both species identified as Cecropia peltata Weed Control - identification Samples sent to herbarium both species identified as Cecropia peltata Cecropia peltata Pourouma cecropiifolia Pistillate inflorescences Staminate inflorescences Seed Weed control strategies • Prevention Keeping a weed from becoming a problem • Eradication Destroying an entire weed population • Containment Deliberate action taken to prevent establishment and reproduction of a weed species beyond a predefined area • Suppression Reducing weed numbers to an acceptable level • Do Nothing Weed control strategies - Prevention • Normally a goal when the weeds presence or abundance can be predicted in advance • Most cost effective means of managing weeds, is preventing the entry of new weeds • Once weed established, eradication far more expensive, requiring greater resources to control its spread and impact. Legislation on invasive weeds Quarantine and importation restrictions Restrict the movement of goods, animals and vehicles contaminated with weed seeds Weed control strategies - Eradication • Elimination of every single individual of a species from an area in which recolonization is unlikely to occur • Many eradication programs may extend to 10 years or more • Very few examples in the world of successful eradication Weed control strategies - Eradication/Containment/Suppression • If a weed becomes established, many of the control options are similar irrespective of strategy • Once initial infestation controlled, follow-up monitoring and control required to ensure reinfestation do not occur Control options - Physical • Any technique that uproots, buries, cuts, smothers, or burns vegetation • Removal of weeds by – Mowing (annual weeds, tree saplings, grasses, shrub and vines) – Slashing (annual weeds, tree saplings, grasses, shrub and vines) – Mulching (annual weeds and seedlings) – Cutting (vines, shrubs, tree saplings and trees) – Chaining (trees) – Roller chopper (shrubs and tree saplings), – Tilling (annual weeds, shrubs and tree seedlings) – Solarisation (annual weeds and seedlings) – by hand, hoeing, spading, digging (annual weeds and tree seedlings) Control options - Physical • Method used often depends on the area of weeds to be managed • Hand removal – By hand, including hoeing, is a good method for selective removal of weeds without disturbing the surrounding desirable vegetation – Effective when soil moist and friable, enables entire plant to be removed – Very time and labour-intensive and is often only used in small areas – Follow-up required to deplete seed reserve • Factors determine mechanical method include: • Land use • Physical characteristics of the land, eg hills • Value of the land • Any item that can move from a weed-infested site to an un-infested site (such as machinery, vehicles, tools and even footwear) is cleaned free of weed seed before moving, to stop the spread of weeds to new areas Control options - Physical • Mechanical methods include: • Stick-rakes • Front and rear-mounted blade ploughs • Chains • Discs • Roller choppers and grubbers • In tropics wet
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