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Suppressing Over-Abundant Invasive Plants and Insects in Natural Areas by Use of Their Specialized Natural Enemies Edited by Roy G United States Department of Agriculture SUPPRESSING OVER-ABUNDANT INVASIVE PLANTS AND INSECTS IN NATURAL AREAS BY USE OF THEIR SPECIALIZED NATURAL ENEMIES Edited by Roy G. Van Driesche and Richard C. Reardon Forest Health Technology FHTET-2017-02 Enterprise Team April 2017 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover Photos: (a) Rainbow falls, Hawaii (Credit: Kyle Hawton); (b) healthy brood of a vegetarian ground finches,Platyspiza crassirostris (Credit: George Heimpel); (c) Philornis downsi, an invasive parasitic fly (Credit: David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota); (d) dead vegetarian ground finch chick killed by P. downsi (Credit: Jody O’Connor and Sonia c d Kleindorfer); (e) Conura annulifera, a parasitoid of P. downsi (Credit: David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota); (f) the melaleuca weevil, Oxyops vitiosa (Credit: Ellen C. Lake, b e USDA ARS); (g) O. vitiosa adult and feeding scars on melaleuca foliage (Credit: Willey Durden, USDA ARS, bugwood.org); (h) the melaleuca psyllid, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae f g (Credit: Paul D. Pratt, USDA ARS); (i) waxy flocculence produced by B. melaleucae nymphs on melaleuca foliage (Credit: Susan A. Wright, USDA ARS); (j) melaleuca h i j infestation (Credit: Randy Westbrooks, bugwood.org) For additional copies of this publication, contact: Richard Reardon FHTET, USDA Forest Service, 180 Canfield Street, Morgantown, WV 26505 304.285.1566; [email protected] This publication is available online at: https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FHTET-2017-02_Biocontrol_Natural_Areas.pdf The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper SUPPRESSING OVER-ABUNDANT INVASIVE PLANTS AND INSECTS IN NATURAL AREAS BY USE OF THEIR SPECIALIZED NATURAL ENEMIES Edited by Roy G. Van Driesche Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst and Richard C. Reardon USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia Acknowledgments We thank the authors of the individual chapters for their expertise in reviewing and summarizing the literature and providing current information on biological control in natural areas. The layout of this guide was designed by Rachel Winston (MIA Consulting). We extend our gratitude to all of the photographers who granted permission for the use of photos. We would also like to thank the U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service for technical and financial support and Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team for providing funding for the preparation and printing of this publication. FHTET-2017-02 April 2017 Biological Control in Natural Areas TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF BIOCONTROL IN NATURAL AREAS AND ISSUES AFFECTING ITS USE R. G. Van Driesche .........................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER 2. IMPROVING HEALTH OF NATIVE GALÁPAGOS PLANTS BY INTRODUCING A SPECIALIZED PREDATOR OF THE INVASIVE COTTONY CUSHION SCALE C. E. Causton1, C. Calderón Alvaréz1, C. D. Hoddle2, M. S. Hoddle2, M. P. Lincango1, T. G. A. Poulsom1, and R. G. Van Driesche3 ......................................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 3. POTENTIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF A PARASITE OF DARWIN’S FINCHES R. A. Boulton and G. E. Heimpel ................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 4. RESTORING GUMWOOD FORESTS ON ST HELENA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOCONTROL OF ORTHEZIA SCALE S. V. Fowler ..................................................................................................................................................29 CHAPTER 5. PROTECTION OF WILIWILI TREES, THE FOUNDATION OF HAWAIIAN DRY FORESTS, THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF AN INVASIVE GALL WASP L. V. Kaufman1 and J. Yalemar2 .....................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 6. CAN ASH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR DEPENDENT SPECIES BE PARTIALLY PROTECTED THROUGH BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF EMERALD ASH BORER? J. J. Duan ......................................................................................................................................................41 CHAPTER 7. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WATERHYACINTH RESTORES ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING TO AN IMPOUNDMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA M. P. Hill1 and J. A. Coetzee2 ........................................................................................................................48 CHAPTER 8. THE ROLE OF MELALEUCA CONTROL IN EVERGLADES RESTORATION: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUTURE PLANS E. C. Lake1, P. W. Tipping1, M. B. Rayamajhi1, P. D. Pratt2, F. A. Dray Jr.1, G. S. Wheeler1, M. F. Purcell3, and T. D. Center1 ...............................................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 9. PARTIAL RESTORATION OF NATIVE RAINFORESTS IN THE ISLAND OF TAHITI (FRENCH POLYNESIA) AFTER INTRODUCTION OF A FUNGAL PATHOGEN TO CONTROL THE INVASIVE TREE MICONIA CALVESCENS J.-Y. Meyer ....................................................................................................................................................59 CHAPTER 10. STRATEGIC RESTORATION OF SALTCEDAR-AFFECTED RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS OF THE U.S. SOUTHWEST: INTEGRATION OF BIOCONTROL AND ECOHYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN RESTORATION PLANNING T. L. Dudley1, D. W. Bean2 and C. J. DeLoach3 ............................................................................................64 CHAPTER 11. FUTURE TRENDS IN USE OF NATURAL-AREA BIOCONTROL R. G. Van Driesche .......................................................................................................................................74 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 77 Biological Control in Natural Areas INTRODUCTION Summary. Biological control has long been used against invasive plants and, less often, invasive insects, in forests, aquatic systems, grasslands, coastal areas, riparian areas, islands, and other biomes or habitats of conservation concern. Historically, motivation for such efforts has shifted gradually away from economic interests toward ecological protection for its own sake. Future projects of this type will require better integration of biological control into conservation practice, a better understanding by societies of the reasons for such work and its possible risks and benefits, as well as continued, consistent public funding. Examples of successful projects in high-value conservations areas (Everglades, Galápagos, oceanic islands, wetlands, forests) are discussed, and future challenges and caveats mentioned. Keywords biological control, natural areas, conservation, parasitoids, historical trends Introduction 1 Biological Control in Natural Areas
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