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Classical Biological Control for the Protection of Natural Ecosystems University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2010 Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems R.G. Van Driesche University of Massachusetts, [email protected] R I. Carruthers USDA-ARS, [email protected] T. Center USDA-ARS M.S. Hoddle University of California J. Hough-Goldstein University of Delaware Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub See P nextart of page the forAgricultur additionalal Science authors Commons Van Driesche, R.G.; Carruthers, R I.; Center, T.; Hoddle, M.S.; Hough-Goldstein, J.; Morin, L.; Smith, L.; Wagner, D.L.; Blossey, B.; Brancatini, V.; Casagrande, R.; Causton, C.E.; Coetzee, J.A.; Cuda, J.; Ding, J.; Fowler, S.V.; Frank, J.H.; Fuester, R.; Goolsby, J.; Grodowitz, M.; Heard, T.A.; Hill, M.P.; Hoffmann, J.H.; Huber, J.; Julien, M.; Kairo, M.T.K.; Kenis, M.; Mason, P.; Medal, J.; Messing, R.; Miller, R.; Moore, A.; Neuenschwander, P.; Newman, R.; Norambuena, H.; Palmer, W.A.; Pemberton, R.; Perez-Panduro, A.; Pratt, P.D.; Rayamajhi, M.; Salom, S.; Sands, D.; Schooler, S.; Schwarzländer, M.; Sheppard, A.; Shaw, R.; Tipping, P.W.; and van Klinken, R.D., "Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems" (2010). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 883. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/883 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors R.G. Van Driesche, R I. Carruthers, T. Center, M.S. Hoddle, J. Hough-Goldstein, L. Morin, L. Smith, D.L. Wagner, B. Blossey, V. Brancatini, R. Casagrande, C.E. Causton, J.A. Coetzee, J. Cuda, J. Ding, S.V. Fowler, J.H. Frank, R. Fuester, J. Goolsby, M. Grodowitz, T.A. Heard, M.P. Hill, J.H. Hoffmann, J. Huber, M. Julien, M.T.K. Kairo, M. Kenis, P. Mason, J. Medal, R. Messing, R. Miller, A. Moore, P. Neuenschwander, R. Newman, H. Norambuena, W.A. Palmer, R. Pemberton, A. Perez-Panduro, P.D. Pratt, M. Rayamajhi, S. Salom, D. Sands, S. Schooler, M. Schwarzländer, A. Sheppard, R. Shaw, P.W. Tipping, and R.D. van Klinken This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ usdaarsfacpub/883 Biological Control 54 (2010) S2–S33 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Review Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems q R.G. Van Driesche a,*,1, R.I. Carruthers b,1, T. Center c,1, M.S. Hoddle d,1, J. Hough-Goldstein e,1, L. Morin f,1, L. Smith b,1, D.L. Wagner g,1, B. Blossey h, V. Brancatini i, R. Casagrande j, C.E. Causton k, J.A. Coetzee l, J. Cuda m, J. Ding n, S.V. Fowler o, J.H. Frank m, R. Fuester p, J. Goolsby q, M. Grodowitz r, T.A. Heard i, M.P. Hill l, J.H. Hoffmann s, J. Huber t, M. Julien i, M.T.K. Kairo u, M. Kenis v, P. Mason w, J. Medal m, R. Messing x, R. Miller y, A. Moore y, P. Neuenschwander z, R. Newman aa, H. Norambuena ab, W.A. Palmer ac, R. Pemberton c, A. Perez Panduro ad, P.D. Pratt c, M. Rayamajhi c, S. Salom ae, D. Sands i, S. Schooler i, M. Schwarzländer ag, A. Sheppard f, R. Shaw af, P.W. Tipping c, R.D. van Klinken i a PSIS/Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Fernald Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, USA b USDA-ARS, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA c Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA d Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e Entomology & Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA f CSIRO Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia g Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA h Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA i CSIRO Entomology, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia j Department of Plant Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA k Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador l Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa m Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA n Invasion Ecology and Biocontrol Lab, Wuhan Botanical Garden/Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China o Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand p USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Res., 501 S. Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713, USA q USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insects Res. Unit, 2413 E. Hwy. 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA r US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA s Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa t Natural Resources Canada, c/o AAFC, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0C6 u Center for Biological Control, CESTA, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA v CABI Europe-Switzerland, 1, Rue des Grillons, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland w Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0C6 x University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kauai Agricultural Research Center, 7370 Kuamoo Road, Kapaa, HI 96746, USA y Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, USA z International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA-Benin 08 BP 0932 Cotonou, Benin aa Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA ab Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Carillanca, Camino, Cajón-Vilcún, Km 10, Casilla 58-D, Temuco, Chile ac Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development & Innovation, Alan Fletcher Research Station, P.O. Box 36, Sherwood, Qld 4075, Australia ad Colegio de Postgraduados, Carr. México – Texcoco Km 36.5, 56230 Montecillo, Edo de México, Mexico ae Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319, USA af CABI E-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, England, UK ag Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA q With so many authors, the suggested citation for this article is: Van Driesche, R.G., Carruthers, R.I., Center, T., Hoddle, M.S., Hough-Goldstein, J., Morin, L., Smith, L., Wagner, D.L., et al., 2010. Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems. Biological Control Supplement 1, S2–S33. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.G. Van Driesche). 1 These authors developed sections, with assistance from additional authors who follow. 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2010.03.003 R.G. Van Driesche et al. / Biological Control 54 (2010) S2–S33 S3 article info abstract Article history: Of the 70 cases of classical biological control for the protection of nature found in our review, there were Received 9 November 2009 fewer projects against insect targets (21) than against invasive plants (49), in part, because many insect Accepted 8 March 2010 biological control projects were carried out against agricultural pests, while nearly all projects against Available online 12 March 2010 plants targeted invasive plants in natural ecosystems. Of 21 insect projects, 81% (17) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while 48% (10) protected products harvested from natural systems, and Keywords: 5% (1) preserved ecosystem services, with many projects contributing to more than one goal. In contrast, Invasive species of the 49 projects against invasive plants, 98% (48) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while Ecosystem function 47% (23) protected products, and 25% (12) preserved ecosystem services, again with many projects con- Insect pests Invasive plants tributing to several goals. We classified projects into complete control (pest generally no longer impor- Ecological restoration tant), partial control (control in some areas but not others), and ‘‘in progress,” for projects in Biological control development for which outcomes do not yet exist. For insects, of the 21 projects discussed, 62% (13) Natural ecosystems achieved complete control of the target pest, 19% (4) provided partial control, and 43% (9) are still in pro- gress. By comparison, of the 49 invasive plant projects considered, 27% (13) achieved complete control, while 33% (16) provided partial control, and 49% (24) are still in progress. For both categories of pests, some projects’ success ratings were scored twice when results varied by region. We found approximately twice as many projects directed against invasive plants than insects and that protection of biodiversity was the most frequent benefit of both insect and plant projects. Ecosystem service protection was pro- vided in the fewest cases by either insect or plant biological control agents, but was more likely to be pro- vided by projects directed against invasive plants, likely because of the strong effects plants exert on landscapes. Rates of complete success appeared to be higher for insect than plant targets (62% vs 27%), perhaps because most often herbivores gradually weaken, rather than outright kill, their hosts, which is not the case for natural enemies directed against pest insects. For both insect and plant biological con- trol, nearly half of all projects reviewed were listed as currently in progress, suggesting that the use of biological control for the protection of wildlands is currently very active.
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