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These lessons are from New Visions

Name______Period______Date______DL 1-3 Day 1: What were the ? Objective: ● I can explain the geographical context for developments shown on a map.

Introduction ➡ WRITE NOW Directions: Analyze the map by answering the guiding questions. Predict

1.Explain what this map is showing you.

2. Which continents/regions are involved in what is happening?

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 2

What were the Crusades?

Beginning in 1096 CE, and lasting until the end of the 13th century (1200s), the Crusades were a series of wars between and Muslims to win control of the Holy Land. Contextualize

➡ Directions: Watch an excerpt from this documentary about the Crusades (start-3:04), read the transcript, and the text above, then answer the accompanying questions.

Transcript for Video Questions: 0:00 1. Who made a speech that started the ? On a late November morning in the year 1095, this man, Urban II, delivered a sermon that would transform the history of . His rousing words transfixed the crowd gathered here in the French town of Clermont and in the months that followed his message reverberating across the West. The Age of the Crusades had begun. 0:29

The Pope proclaimed a new holy war against for control of the most 2. What was the goal of the First Crusade? hallowed site in the Christian cosmos, the sacred city of . Urban's call to arms initiated a struggle that would rage for two centuries one that fires the imagination and fuels debate even today. 1:11

The story of the Crusades is remembered as a tale of religious fanaticism

and unspeakable violence of medieval knights and jihadi warriors, of

and kings, heroism, betrayal, and sacrifice. 3. About how many Crusaders took part in 1:33 the Crusades? Now, fresh research, eyewitness testimony, and contemporary evidence from both the Christian and Islamic worlds sheds new light on how it was that these two great religions waged war in the name of God, why hundreds of thousands of Christians and Muslims answered the call to Crusade, and who ultimately won the war for the Holy Land.

2:24 From the summer of 1096, between 60,000 and 100,000 Christians- men, 4. How long did a Crusade usually take? women, and children- set out to walk some two and a half thousand miles across the face of the known world. Their goal [was] Jerusalem. Not since the distant glories of Ancient had a force of this size been assembled. 2:51 Rich and poor, peasants and knights, these were the first Crusaders. [They were] Christian soldiers who endured unimaginable suffering and privation during an armed that lasted for three years.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 3

DAY 1 EXIT SLIP: What were the Crusades?

FA ➡ EXIT SLIP Directions: Analyze the map and answer the following question.

CRQ PRACTICE

Geographic Context- refers to where this historical development/event is taking place and why it is taking place there.

1. Explain the geographic context for the developments shown in the map. [1]

Write down questions you have about the Crusades that you hope to answer during this unit.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 4

Day 2: What was the relationship within and between Muslim and Objective: Christian states in the ? How did this conflict lead to the Crusades? ● I can explain the historical circumstances that led to the Crusades.

WRITE NOW: Base your answers to the following on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell the story of the Crusades as they were seen, lived, and recorded on ‘the other side’—in other words, in the Arab camp. Its content is based almost exclusively on the testimony of contemporary Arab historians and chroniclers... — Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, Al Saqi Books

1. . This passage indicates that the author’s emphasis is on (1) cause and effect (2) chronological order (3) reenactment (4) point of view

Explain why your choice is correct.

2. What was one direct cause of the Crusades? (1) Islamic occupation of Jerusalem. (2) Islamic kingdoms expanded into Europe. (3) and Christians divided the city of Jerusalem between them. (4) Alexander the Great became a powerful leader in Eurasia.

Explain why your choice is correct.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 5

➡ Directions: As you read, annotate the timeline using the annotation guide below. Then, respond to the questions that follow.

Identify Patterns

Annotate Conflict Between Conflict Between Conflict Between Muslims and Christians Different Groups of Different Groups of Christians Muslims

Circle Circle Circle events on the events on the events on the timeline that represent timeline that represent timeline that represent conflict between Muslims conflict between different conflict between different and Christians. groups of Christians. groups of Muslims.

UNDERLINE examples of peace or limited conflict.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 6

Late 300s- Late 700s CE

Your teacher will model this excerpt of the timeline. You will complete this section as a class!

380 Theodosius declared the official religion of the Roman Empire 395 Fall of the western Roman Empire and beginning of the in western Europe 570 - 632 Muhammad is born and spreads Islam 632 Muhammad Dies and Muslims Disagree About Leadership

A disagreement over who should lead the Muslim community after the death of Muhammad led to a schism [split caused by differing beliefs] between Shia [or Shiite] Muslims and Sunni Muslims. Shiite Muslims believe a relative of Muhammad should rule the Muslims community. Sunni Muslims believed the community to vote for the new leader regardless of their relationship to Muhammad. 638 Muslim armies defeat Byzantine armies and take over , Palestine, Lebanon, , and Jerusalem 641 Muslims defeat the Byzantines and take over 655 Muslim armies take control of

661 The Umayyad family takes control of the Islamic Empire, founding the Umayyad Dynasty and ruling from , in present day Syria. 674-678 Islamic armies attack Constantinople, but are defeated by the Byzantines

711 Muslim armies enter

718 Second Muslim attack on Constantinople is defeated

732 Muslims are defeated at the Battle of Tours in by Charles Martel, stopping their advance into western Europe. 750 The Abbasid takes over rule in the Middle East from the Umayyads, shifting the capital to .

1. Which of the events above demonstrates the greatest 2. Which of the events above demonstrates the greatest conflict amongst different groups of Muslims? Explain. conflict between Muslim states and Christian states? Explain.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 7

800s - Late 1000s CE

You may complete this with a partner or independently

800 , king of the Franks, is crowned in western Europe by the Pope. He unites most of western Europe. He considered himself the protector of the Roman , expanding the church’s power with his empire. 989 Peace and Truce of God An agreement between Christian kings and lords in western Europe and supported by the Catholic Church that prohibited fighting on Sundays and church holidays and protected churches, church land, women, children, peasants, and farmers from violence. 937 The Seljuk Turks, a Sunni Muslim nomadic tribe from Central Asia, establish their empire

1054 The East-West Schism in Christianity Because of language differences ( in the west, and Greek in the east), disagreements over religious matters, and the refusal of church officials in the east to recognize the Pope as the leader of the faith, the Christian church split into two: the Roman Catholic Church that was centered in Rome, and the centered in Constantinople. 1058 Seljuk Turks take over modern day Iraq and including Baghdad

1071 The Seljuk Turks take over most of Asia Minor and Jerusalem from the Byzantines [Christians]

1073-1085 Pope Gregory VII argues for a new role for the Catholic Church in the world with rule over secular leaders and over . He urged Christian princes to reclaim lands from Muslims in Spain. 1095 Alexius I, ruler of the , sends ambassadors to Pope Urban II requesting soldiers to help him combat the Seljuk Turks 1095 Pope Urban II announces the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont, a holy war to assist Byzantine Christians from attack by Seljuk Turks and to return Jerusalem to Christian control.

3. Which of the events above demonstrates the greatest 4. Which of the events above demonstrates the greatest conflict amongst different groups of Christians? Explain. conflict between Muslim states and Christian states? Explain.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 8

DAY 2: What was the relationship within and between Muslim and Christian states in the 11th century?

FA ➡ Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, respond to the task below in the space provided.

Task 1: Describe the Tension Between Christians and Muslims in the 11th Century.

Event/What: Tension Between Christians and Muslims in the 11th Century

Who?

When?

Where?

Why?

How did this tension lead to the Crusades?

.

Historical Context- refers to the historical circumstances that led to this event/idea/historical development

1. Explain the historical circumstances that led to the Crusades. [1]

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 9

Day 3: What were the effects of the Crusades? Objective: ● I can describe the effects of the Crusades ● I can construct an Enduring Issues Argument

Introduction Make a Prediction: What effect do you think the Crusades had on Christian and Muslim states? What effect do you think the Crusades had on the world?

Predict

What were the effects of the Crusades?

➡ Directions: As you read, annotate the text excerpt using the annotation guide below. Then, respond to the questions that follow.

Connect Cause and Effect

Annotate Positive Effects Negative Effects + -

Put a + sign to show the positive Put a – sign to show the negative effects of the Crusades effects of the Crusades

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 10

Document 1

The initial success of the Crusade established the first four in the Eastern Mediterranean: the County of , the Principality of , the and the County of , but the success for the Europeans did not last. The two-century attempt to recover the Holy Land ended in failure. Following the First Crusade there were six major Crusades and numerous less significant ones. After the last Catholic outposts fell in 1291 there were no more Crusades but the gains were longer lasting in Northern and Western Europe. The power and influence of the Catholic Church grew stronger and into areas of Europe that it had not previously controlled as a result of the Crusades because of the

church’s ability to unite people through religion.

This passage was adapted by New Visions from The Crusades in Wikipedia which is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

Document 2

The actions of the Crusaders created divisions between the Roman Catholic world in Western Europe and both the Eastern Orthodox world in Eastern Europe and the . During the Fourth Crusade, for example, Crusaders turned on their fellow Christians in the Byzantine Empire and attacked the city of Constantinople in 1204. The Crusaders destroyed parts of the city and held control over the Byzantine Empire’s lands around Constantinople until 1261 when the Byzantines took the city back. Reports of Crusader looting and brutality horrified the Eastern Orthodox world and as a result relations between the Catholic and Orthodox churches were damaged for centuries.

The Byzantine Empire was left much poorer, smaller, and ultimately less able to defend itself because of the Crusader’s attack. The empire never regained its strength and was defeated by the Ottoman Turks, a Muslim group, less than two hundred years later.

Similarly, the Islamic world viewed the Crusades as barbaric invasions and the Crusader states as unwanted rule from foreign powers. Leaders of Islamic countries even into the 20th and 21st centuries use the Crusades as an example of European aggression that cannot be trusted and should be defended against.

This passage was adapted by New Visions from Sack of Constantinople (1204) and The Crusades in Wikipedia which is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 11

Document 3

Though had existed between Europe and the Middle East for centuries, the Crusades renewed European interest in goods from the east. Crusaders returning to Europe from the holy land brought goods like fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East. They also brought ideas like advances in medicine and technology, and translations of Greek and Roman works that had been largely forgotten in medieval western Europe. Europe’s need to raise, transport, and supply large armies also led to a flourishing of trade throughout Europe. Roads largely unused since the days of Rome saw significant increases in traffic as local began to expand their horizons. The increase in trade led to the development of wealthy cities like Venice in . In port cities a new middle class emerged made up of merchants who became wealthy through trade.

Millions of people, Christian and non-Christian, soldiers and noncombatants lost their lives during the Crusades. The wars also resulted in the destruction of cities and towns. In his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon refers to the Crusades as an event in which “the lives and labours of millions, which were buried in the East, would have been more profitably employed in the improvement of their native country.”

Adapted from Rachel Rooney and Andrew Miller. The Crusades: Motivations, Administration, and Cultural Influence. Newberry Digital Collections for the Classroom. Web. This passage was adapted by New Visions from The Crusades in Wikipedia which is published under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 12

DAY 3: What were the effects of the Crusades?

FA ➡ Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, respond to the task below in the space provided.

Task 1: Describe the effects of the Crusades by completing the chart below.

Sentence Starters and Components Sentence(s) Examples Connect Cause describe how and Effect people were This event had positive/negative effects such and/or have been as... affected

This event impacted the entire describe how region of… many people’s lives have been affected Over half the population was affected because...

The golden ages of Islamic describe how long led to the lasting the changes establishment of Islam in

were and/or have regions throughout the world such as South Asia far into the been 16th and 17th century.

Task 2: Construct an Enduring Issues Argument

Document(s): Effects of the Crusades Documents

Task 1 An Issue is an important topic or problem. Identify at least three issues 1. related to documents) 1-3 identified above. 2.

3.

Task 2 An enduring issue is an issue that From the list of issues you ● exists over time (endures), even in the identified, choose one that is present an enduring issue. ● has had a significant impact on people or been impacted by people throughout history

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 13

Task 3 Make a claim about the enduring issue you chose.

Examples of Claims:

Claim that IDENTIFIES Claim that identifies Claim that identifies Claim that identifies Claim that identifies Claim that identifies AN ENDURING ISSUE WHO is involved HOW something is CAUSES EFFECTS CAUSES and EFFECTS done or used

Conflict is an enduring Conflict between Conflict through war is Throughout history, one Throughout history, the Throughout history, one issue throughout nations is an enduring an enduring issue enduring issue has been use of conflict has led to enduring issue has been history. issue throughout throughout history. the use of conflict to long-term violence the use of conflict to history. secure a nation’s between the groups of secure a nation’s borders. people involved. borders which has led to long-term violence between the groups of people involved.

Task 4 To support your claim, Identify at least three examples from your study of Global History and your observations of the world that show the issue you identified in your claim ● exists over time (endures), even in the present by choosing examples from multiple time periods ● has had a significant impact on people or been impacted by people throughout history Example Time Period Identify the event, what happened, where it happened, when it happened, and who was (ie- 1492, ancient history, classical era, early modern period, involved. during the Renaissance, after WWII, modern era)

Example: In 1947, after the British government gave up their power in , the land was Modern day, 1947-present divided between India and Pakistan, but the separation led to violence. To this day there have been conflicts between the two nations.

1.

2.

3.

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades 14

UNIT 5 | Social & Cultural Growth & Conflict | The Crusades