DOCSLIB.ORG

Naval Aviation Vision Cover Concept by Noel Hepp; Created by Fred Flerlage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naval Aviation Vision Cover Concept by Noel Hepp; Created by Fred Flerlage 2016-2025NAVAL AVIATION VISION Cover concept by Noel Hepp; created by Fred Flerlage 2 I Naval Aviation Vision I 2016-2025 Table of Contents Letter from the Leadership of Naval Aviation ............................................4 Delivering Readiness ..............................................................................................6 Flexible, Strategic Options ................................................................................. 8 Naval Aviation in Action................................................................................... 10 Training Readiness .............................................................................................. 12 Training Requirements ........................................................................................... 12 Optimizing Aircrew Proficiency .............................................................................. 13 Material Readiness ............................................................................................. 16 Supply Chain Management .................................................................................. 16 Tools for Improving Readiness ............................................................................... 17 Enabling Faster Manufacturing ............................................................................. 18 Manning ................................................................................................................ 20 Accessing and Retaining Highly Qualified Maintainers/Aircrew ............................ 20 Enlisted Maintenance ........................................................................................... 20 Talent Management: Maximizing Sailor Experience .............................................. 21 Expanding Capability ......................................................................................... 22 Increasing Technological Edge ..................................................................... 24 Fifth-Generation Fighter: F-35 B/C Lightning II ........................................................ 25 Unmanned Family of Systems ................................................................................ 27 Open Architecture ................................................................................................ 30 Redesigned from Keel to Mast: The Ford-Class ...................................................... 31 Weapons: Modular Components .......................................................................... 32 Cyberspace Operations ....................................................................................... 33 Creating and Delivering Integrated Warfighting Capabilities ............. 34 Implementing Integrated Warfighting Capabilities ............................................... 34 AIRWorks Provides Rapid Response ....................................................................... 37 Integrated Warfighting Capability Successes ........................................................ 38 Advanced Manufacturing and the Digital Thread ................................................ 40 Strategic Imperative of Integrated Warfare ............................................... 42 Air Warfare ............................................................................................................ 43 Anti-submarine Warfare ........................................................................................ 44 Mine Warfare ........................................................................................................ 44 Strike Warfare ........................................................................................................ 45 Expeditionary Warfare........................................................................................... 45 Information Warfare .............................................................................................. 47 Surface Warfare .................................................................................................... 51 Maintaining Capacity ........................................................................................ 52 Transformational Roadmaps ........................................................................... 54 Aircraft Carriers ..................................................................................................... 54 Amphibious Assault Ships ...................................................................................... 56 Aircraft: Navy Tactical [+ unmanned] ................................................................... 59 Marine Corps Tactical [+ unmanned] .............................................................. 61 Navy Helicopters [+ unmanned] ...................................................................... 62 Marine Corps Assault Support Aircraft [+ unmanned] ...................................... 64 Marine Corps Unmanned Systems.................................................................... 67 Navy and Marine Corps Training Aircraft .......................................................... 68 Navy Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft [+ unmanned] ................. 70 Navy-Unique Fleet-Essential Aircraft ................................................................. 71 Future Carrier Onboard Delivery Aircraft .......................................................... 72 Operational Support Airlift ................................................................................ 73 Specialized Naval Aircraft ................................................................................ 74 Weapons: Air-to-Air ............................................................................................... 76 Long-Range Standoff ....................................................................................... 77 Midrange Standoff ........................................................................................... 78 Direct Attack .................................................................................................... 79 Torpedoes ........................................................................................................ 80 Summary ................................................................................................................... 81 Cover concept by Noel Hepp; created by Fred Flerlage Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................83 Ensuring Wholeness and Affordability I 3 his document is a partner piece to “The Vision for Naval Aviation 2025,” and together Letter from the they are the roadmap to ensuring Naval Aviation possesses the readiness, capabilities and capacity to deliver on the five essential Leadershipof Tfunctions outlined in the maritime strategy, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower.” The essential functions—All Domain Access, Deterrence, Naval Aviation Sea Control, Power Projection and Maritime Security— are missions that depend upon Naval Aviation to Naval Aviation forces are forward, guarantee their success. It is essential that our vision fully supports and aligns to this cooperative strategy. engaged and ready—every day. The planning horizon described by both the United States Navy Master Aviation Plan and United States Expeditionary forces, amphibious forces, Marine Corps Aviation Plan extend far enough into the future to capture deployments that will occur dur- nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, ing the timeframe of this document. The points on the horizon that define our present execution and our air wings, manned and unmanned future vision are converging. This document aligns with the vision for 2025 while identifying investments platforms, rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft to position Naval Aviation to move beyond 2025. It is are on station, valued and in increasingly based on the expected transition of the major compo- nents of the Carrier Air Wing and the Expeditionary higher demand. No other service or Strike Group, manned-unmanned teaming efforts and the changing operating environment. It is also based community can deliver the capabilities on the evolution of DoD’s current strategy to incorpo- rate commercially driven technology such as robotics, Naval Aviation brings in support of our autonomously operated vehicles, guidance and control systems, visualization, biotechnology, miniaturization, national interests. It is a national priority to advanced computing, big data analytics and additive manufacturing that ensure a technological advantage sustain, resource and ultimately expand over an adversary. As leaders entrusted with the course of Naval Avia- these capabilities to ensure that when tion, it is our responsibility to define our threat-based called, Naval Aviation is at the hold short, future requirements and deliver the readiness our nation demands of this warfighting community while takeoff checks complete… smartly navigating the fiscal shoal waters. Our three- pronged approach aims at achieving wholeness through Ready to Go. the synergy of readiness, capability and capacity. Readiness remains the essential key to our warfight- ing proficiency. Ready for tasking aircraft, ships ready to get underway, Sailors and Marines fully trained in their missions are the means by which Naval Aviation will protect and advance our national interests. In a resource-constrained environment, the requirements must be established and defined in order to make deliberate and thoughtful choices to ensure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WHIRLYBIRDS, U.S. Marine Helicopters in Korea
    WHIRLYBIRDS U.S. Marine Helicopters in Korea by Lieutenant Colonel Ronald J. Brown U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, Retired Marines in the Korean War Commemorative Series About the Author ieutenant Colonel Ronald J. LBrown, USMCR (Ret), is a freelance writer, a high school football coach, and an educa- THIS PAMPHLET HISTORY, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marines in the tional consultant. The author of Korean War era, is published for the education and training of Marines by several official histories (A Brief the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., as part of the U.S. Department of Defense observance of History of the 14th Marines, the 50th anniversary of that war. Editorial costs have been defrayed in part With Marines in Operation by contributions from members of the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation. To plan and coordinate the Korean War commemorative events and activi- Provide Comfort, and With ties of the Sea Services, the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have Marine Forces Afloat in Desert formed the Sea Services Korean War Commemoration Committee, chaired by the Director, Navy Staff. For more information about the Sea Services’ Shield and Desert Storm), he commemorative effort, please contact the Navy-Marine Corps Korean War was also a contributing essayist for the best-selling book, Commemoration Coordinator at (202) 433-4223/3085, FAX 433-7265 (DSN288-7265), E-Mail: [email protected], Website: The Marines, and was the sole author of A Few Good www.history.usmc.mil. Men: The Fighting Fifth Marines. After almost four years KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATIVE SERIES active duty from 1968 to 1971, Brown returned to teach- DIRECTOR OF MARINE CORPS HISTORY AND MUSEUMS ing high school for the next three decades; intermittent- Colonel John W.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case for a Tanker Capability for the U. S. Marine Corpsâ•Ž Heavy Lift
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2005 A Case for a Tanker Capability for the U. S. Marine Corps’ Heavy Lift Replacement Helicopter Anthony Cain Archer University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Aerospace Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Archer, Anthony Cain, "A Case for a Tanker Capability for the U. S. Marine Corps’ Heavy Lift Replacement Helicopter. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1587 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Anthony Cain Archer entitled "A Case for a Tanker Capability for the U. S. Marine Corps’ Heavy Lift Replacement Helicopter." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Aviation Systems. Robert B. Richards, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard J. Ranaudo, U. Peter Solies Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Anthony Cain Archer entitled “A Case for a Tanker Capability for the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Beaufort Recognizes Navy Cross Recipient
    Cobra Gold The 2018 Friday, February 16, 2018 Jet Vol. 53, No. 06 Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, S.C. “The noiseStream you hear is the sound of freedom.” 8 beaufort.marines.mil | facebook.com/MCASBeaufort | youtube.com/MCASBeaufort | mcasbetwitter.com/MCASBeaufortSC | Instagram/mcasbeaufort Check out our new website at Thejetstream- PROTECT WHAT YOU’VE EARNED beaufort.com Beaufort recognizes Navy Cross recipient Marines and Sailors salute the headstone of Petty Officer 1st Class William Pinckney while Taps is played at the Beaufort National Cemetery, Feb. 10. The new headstone gives proper recognition to Pinckney’s Navy Cross, the second highest award for valor. Pinckney was awarded the Navy Cross during World War II when he saved the life of an unconscious Sailor after a bomb exploded below the flight deck of their ship. At the time of the award, Pinckney was only the second African American in U.S. Navy history to receive the award. Ultimately, Pinckney was one of four African American Sailors to be awarded the Navy Cross. Story by itus professor at the University of Cpl. Benjamin McDonald South Carolina Beaufort. “After Photos by coordinating with the president Lance Cpl. Christian Moreno of the rotary club, we had a new A new headstone honoring headstone in three weeks. So here Petty Officer 1st Class William we all are today to remember this Pinckney was unveiled at the naval hero.” Beaufort National Cemetery, Feb. Pinckney was awarded the 10. Navy Cross while serving aboard The new headstone gives Petty the USS Enterprise aircraft car- Officer Pinckney appropriate rec- rier north of the Santa Cruz Is- ognition for his Navy Cross, the lands Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Carrier Operating Procedures
    This document belongs to “Speed & Angels” and shall not be reproduced. Created by: DCS-Sn@k3Sh!t for educational and training purposes only. Aircraft Carrier Operating Procedures This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. For DCS World 2.5 Revision 01 © Copyright Act R.S.C. 1985 c. C-42. This document belongs to “Speed & Angels” and shall not be reproduced. Foreword: Created by: DCS-Sn@k3Sh!t for educational and training purposes only. The goal of every Naval Officer who is selected for jet pilot training is to become a tactical carrier pilot. Carrier pilots are the best because they must be the best. The carrier environment will not tolerate anything less. Landing and launching aircraft as well as moving equipment and personnel in a relatively small area requires precise coordination for safe operation. Handling aircraft on a flight deck is more complicated than at a field due to the high winds across the deck, small crowded deck, the proximity of the deck edge and the ship's movement. Successful and safe operations in and around the carrier depend on a coordinated team effort in which all team members do their job properly. There is no excuse for not knowing and not using correct procedures around the ship and there are no exceptions to this rule. This manual is written with the intent to achieve the highest possible standard of “Carrier Operations” within DCS World. After studying this manual, you should be able to operate safely and expeditiously on and in proximity of the carrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth
    Texas Military Preparedness Commission Office of the Governor Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth 2020 MISSION Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (NAS JRB FW) is the first joint reserve base in the United States. NAS JRB FW is responsbile for training and equipping aviation units and ground support personnel for deployment in preparation for world-wide mobilization. NAS JRB FW seeks to provide joint training capabilities and resources to enable war fighter readiness while sustaining personnel and families’ needs and future compatibility. TENANT COMMANDS* PARTNERSHIPS Navy - Information Command Reserve This is a historical asset to the local community and has excellent (CNIFR); Information Dominance Corps community support. Annual community engagements include Reserve Command; Region Southeast base tours, speaking engagements at local schools, Air Power Reserve Component Command Fort Worth; Demonstrations, and youth drug education programs. The Air Operational Support Center (NOSC); Fleet Power Council is extremely supportive of the installation, military Logistics Support Wing (CFLSW); Fleet families, and veterans. NAS JRB FW has completed a Joint Logistic Support Squadron 59 (VR-59). Land Use Study (JLUS) and, as a result, formed the Regional Coordination Committee (RCC) to enhance and maintain Air Force - 10th Air Force Headquarters; intergovernmental coorperation. The RCC at NAS JRB FW is a 301st Fighter Wing (Reserve); 136th Airlift nationally recognized model for intergovernmental cooperation. Wing (Texas Air National Guard); 457th Air Force Fighter Squadron. Variable Total Impact Army - Baker Company 90th Aviation Direct Employment 6,616 Support Battalion; Alpha Company, 6th $3.8 Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment Output to the Texas Economy (in billions) GDP (in billions) $2.3 Marine Corps - Marine Aircraft Group 41 (MAG-41); Fighter Attack Squadron 112 Disposable Personal Income (in billions) $1.3 (VMFA-112); 14th Marine Regiment; and the 8th Marine District.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: Summary of U.S
    Order Code RL31763 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces Updated March 14, 2005 Linwood B. Carter Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces Summary This report provides a summary estimate of military forces that have reportedly been deployed to and subsequently withdrawn from the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR), popularly called the Persian Gulf region, to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. For background information on the AOR, see [http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/aor.htm]. Geographically, the USCENTCOM AOR stretches from the Horn of Africa to Central Asia. The information about military units that have been deployed and withdrawn is based on both official government public statements and estimates identified in selected news accounts. The statistics have been assembled from both Department of Defense (DOD) sources and open-source press reports. However, due to concerns about operational security, DOD is not routinely reporting the composition, size, or destination of units and military forces being deployed to the Persian Gulf. Consequently, not all has been officially confirmed. For further reading, see CRS Report RL31701, Iraq: U.S. Military Operations. This report will be updated as the situation continues to develop. Contents U.S. Forces.......................................................1 Military Units: Deployed/En Route/On Deployment Alert ..............1
    [Show full text]
  • WHY the RCAF SHOULD FOCUS on INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH DATALINK Ltcol Seongju Kim
    WHY THE RCAF SHOULD FOCUS ON INTEROPERABILITY THROUGH DATALINK LtCol Seongju Kim JCSP 44 PCEMI 44 SERVICE PAPER ÉTUDE MILITAIRE Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs do not represent Department of National Defence or et ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used Ministère de la Défense nationale ou des Forces without written permission. canadiennes. Ce papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2018. le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2018. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 44 – PCEMI 44 2017 – 2018 SERVICE PAPER - ÉTUDE MILITAIRE Why the RCAF Should Focus on Interoperability through Datalink LtCol Seongju Kim “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is a exigences du cours. L'étude est un scholastic document, and thus contains document qui se rapporte au cours et facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et correct for the subject. It does not convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète pas necessarily reflect the policy or the nécessairement la politique ou l'opinion opinion of any agency, including the d'un organisme quelconque, y compris le Government of Canada and the gouvernement du Canada et le ministère Canadian Department of National de la Défense nationale du Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Jrc) Mcb Camp Smedley D
    JOINT RECEPTION CENTER (JRC) MCB CAMP SMEDLEY D. BUTLER, OKINAWA, JAPAN WELCOME Congratulations on being stationed on the beautiful island of Okinawa! Your mission here in the Indo Asia Pacific Region is crucial to our partnerships with allied nations and the stability of the region. You’re about to embark on an exciting journey that is sure to deliver an experience you won’t get anywhere else in the Marine Corps. You will have the opportunities to train with our military allies, take part in multinational exercises, and put your skills to the test on a daily basis. On top of all that, you get to live in a foreign country where you can experience the local culture and have access to a wide-range of activities. Your journey will start with the dedicated Marines at the JRC. Upon arriving to Okinawa, you’ll be hosted by the JRC for 5- 10 days during the processing period. Ensure that you have the following on your person: 1. Copy of your orders 2. Flight itinerary 3. Military ID We’ll ensure that you get set up for success for serving in your unit and taking full advantage of living in Okinawa. We’re here to serve you and we look forward to your arrival! ARRIVING TO KADENA AIR BASE (VIA PATRIOT EXPRESS) The Patriot Express typically arrives every Friday night to Kadena Air Base by way of Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Once you arrive, standby in the seating area until a JRC Marine and PMO arrive; you’ll work your way through customs under there guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Mk 7 Aircraft Recovery Equipment
    CHAPTER 3 MK 7 AIRCRAFT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT Present-day aircraft normally require the use of then opened, allowing fluid to be forced from the runways that are 5,000 to 8,000 feet long in order to accumulator back into the engine cylinder, forcing the land ashore. On an aircraft carrier, these same aircraft ram out. As the ram moves out of the cylinder, the are stopped within 350 feet after contacting the deck. crosshead is forced away from the fixed sheave This feat is accomplished through the use of aircraft assembly, pulling the purchase cables back onto the recovery equipment, including an emergency barricade engine until the crosshead is returned to its BATTERY that brings a landing aircraft to a controlled stop by position and the crossdeck pendant is in its normal absorbing and dispelling the energy developed by the position on the flight deck. landing aircraft. This recovery equipment is commonly called arresting gear. PRERECOVERY PREPARATIONS The sole purpose of an aircraft carrier is to provide Prior to recovery of aircraft, all recovery equipment a means of launching a strike against an enemy and landing area must be made ready and all personnel anywhere in the world. After the aircraft complete their properly positioned. The following is a general listing mission, the carrier must provide a means of safely of the events that must be accomplished prior to the recovering them. The Mk 7 arresting gear provides this recovery of aircraft: means. • All operational retractable sheaves raised to the full up position AIRCRAFT RECOVERY • LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describe aircraft All aft deckedge antennas positioned, as arrestments aboard aircraft carriers.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Force Plans to Replace Aging Personnel Recovery Helicopter Fleet
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees August 2018 MILITARY READINESS Air Force Plans to Replace Aging Personnel Recovery Helicopter Fleet Accessible Version GAO-18-605 August 2018 MILITARY READINESS Air Force Plans to Replace Aging Personnel Recovery Helicopter Fleet Highlights of GAO-18-605, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Since the 1980s, the Air Force has The material condition of the Air Forces’ aging HH-60G fleet has declined and used its HH-60G Pave Hawk maintenance challenges have increased, in part due to extensions beyond the helicopters to conduct life-saving designed service life of the helicopters. About 68 percent of the 96-helicopter missions, including for personnel fleet were mission-capable as of fiscal year 2017, below the Air Force desired recovery and medical evacuations. The mission-capable rate of 75 percent. The fleet is experiencing maintenance aging HH-60G inventory has shrunk challenges. For example, the helicopters undergoing depot-level maintenance over the years as a result of mishaps. spent an average of 332 days undergoing such maintenance in fiscal year 2017 As the inventory was declining, the Air compared with 233 days in fiscal year 2007, more than a 40-percent increase. Force began efforts to replace its fleet Air Force officials attribute these challenges to the helicopters exceeding their with the new Combat Rescue Helicopter. initially planned service life. Currently, available helicopters across the fleet average about 7,100 flight hours about 18 percent more than their initial The National Defense Authorization expected service life of 6,000 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Island Communications
    SOUTH CHINA SEA MILITARY CAPABILITY SERIES A Survey of Technologies and Capabilities on China’s Military Outposts in the South China Sea INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm Copyright © 2020 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All Rights Reserved. This study contains the best opinion of the author based on publicly available, open- source information at time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the assessments or opinions of APL sponsors. The author is responsible for all analysis and annotations of satellite images contained in this report. Satellite images are published under license from Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc., which retains copyrights to the original images. Satellite images in this report may not be reproduced without the express permission of JHU/APL and Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc. See Appendix A for notes on sources and analytic methods. NSAD-R-20-048 July 2020 Inter-Island Communicaitons Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Troposcatter Communications, 散射通信 ..................................................................... 2 VHF/UHF and Other Line-of-Sight Communications ...................................................... 6 4G Cellular Communications ........................................................................................ 7 Airborne Communications Layer .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Chatham Naval Air Station
    Chatham Naval Air Station AT THE ATWOOD HOUSE by spencer grey People whose houses are located on Nickerson Neck in Chathamport most likely know that between 1917 and 1922, 36 acres of their neighborhood was the location of one of the Naval Air Stations that were established in the expectation that the United States would most likely be drawn into the war that was causing turmoil in Europe. Germany had deployed a number of their U- Boats throughout the Atlantic Ocean, and they clearly would be a threat to navigation in this area. Before construction of their houses had begun, there were large sections covered with cement, the remains of the floors of the hangars. The base consisted of living quarters for the personnel stationed there, hangars, a boat house, a hospital, repair shops, maintenance buildings and a pigeon loft. The latter was required because radio communications between the planes and the station were not reliable, but pigeons could be counted on to carry messages back to the base. Once the support buildings were in place, four Curtiss R-9s were delivered to the station. A few months later, four Curtiss HS-11 flying boats arrived at the Chatham Depot and were trucked to the base, where they were assembled. Once in service, these planes were used to patrol two areas, one to the north and another to the south, to keep a watch out for U-Boats in the surrounding waters. Because of the real possibility of a crash landing, the planes were equipped with emergency rations, water for three days, a flashlight, a flare pistol with red and green cartridges, a sea anchor, life preservers, a signal book, and local charts.
    [Show full text]