Vol. 1, no. 2, ~1areh 1985 INSECTA I1UNDI 53

------I.A..- ~S~------PHEIDOLE~A

By Marcia A. Naves 2

INTRODUCTION

The genus Pheidole is one of the more illll'ortant ant With the help ofkeys and seanning eleetron mierographs genera in the world Approximately 1000 speeies are now it is now possible to identify, with relative ease, both the majors known. Over 400 of these are found in the Neotropical region and the workers of the species of this genus known to occur in (Kempf, 1972), and about 75 taxa are known from North Florida America north ofMexico. Pheidole spp. are abundant in many areas, and live in varying habitats rangingfrom the humidtropies REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Four of twelve spedes to deserts. They are able to survive in some areas by their habits reported from Florida have that state as the type locality ofthe ofeolieeting and storing seeds as food resourees. They are also speGies: P. dentata Mayr(UHl6), P. floridana Emery(l&95), R scavengers of dead insects and other animals, and can be metallescens Emery (1895), and P. sitarches litorallis Cole predacious. Some speGies tends aphids and other homopterans, (1952). but this food source, so important to many ant species, is Smith(1930) reportedP. morrisi; Wheeler(1932) reported probably of relatively minor importanGe to most speGies of R anastasii; Smith (1933) reported R megacephalii; Smith Pheidole. (1944) reported P. dentigula; Smith(1951) reported P. flavens Pheidole apparently is a geilUS ofrather recentevolutionary sculj)tlOr (misidentification); Van Pelt (1956) reported R development No fossil Pheidole are known previous to the pili/era; Smith (1958) reportedP. bicarinata vinelandica, and Miocene (Brown, 1973). No Pheidole occur in Baltic amber WOjcik etat. (1975) reported P. moerens. Ad

orpesc .l; • vas II arzzomca, e c.. os 0 e species and most important animals within their size range. garner seeds and it is believed that the large- headed major One species, Pheldole megacephata, has become a workers fooetion as seed-huskers. The enlarged head of tropicopolitan tramp species and is a serious pest in various the major is mainly tilled with mandibular muscles This areas (Wheeler, 1910; Plucker and Beardsley, 1970; and enables the Jaws to exert much pressure, which should be Lieburg, 1975). Some species sting severely and are comparable useful in cracking off the husks ofseeds. It may be added with the tire ants in aggreSSiveness (Buren, personal communI­ that sOIlIetillIes the head of the IlIajol is so latge in cation). Mostofthe species, however, appear innocuous and are proportion to its body that if the insect is turned over on usually unnoticed by man Their importance in the ecosystem the back of its head it cannot regain a normal posture appears largely unappreciated without help from other workers. Despite their preference for a gramlnlvourous diet many species of Pheldole will Due to its size and distribution, Pheidole is a very difficult accept other food as well They seem less attracted to genus andhas been a challenge to myrmecologists taxonomically honey dew than do mllll) ants ImtwiU often feed .0raeiOllsry as well as biologically. on animal tissue when the opportunity offers. The majority Until lecently only eleven species were known from of our species fuon small colonies In many cases there Florida, which suggests that, despite its subtropical warmth, are only about two or three hundred individuals in a fully Flotida was deficient in Pheidule when compated to Texas(36 developed nest Even ill die case of the species which species) and Arizona (26 species). The Florida Pheidole fauna produce comparatively large nests (P. morris~ P. hyalt~ has long been known to be mOle extensive than that of IIDI thel n p. deserwru m, etG.) a colony of JIl()re than two or three states such as Iowa and New Jerse 3 s ecies eac Bure thousand individuals would be exceptionally large. By far 1944, Cleighton; 1950). e maJon y 0 our species nes In SOl e nes may e built under a stone or in open soil without a covering lylorida Agr. Exp. 8ta. , Journal 8eries No 6257 object In the latter ease there is often a mound or craters 2EMBRAPA - ED. VENANCIO 2.000-8/916-70.333 BRAZ1LIA-DF-BRA81L 54 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1, no. 1, January 1985

of excavated soil surrounding the nest entrance. The chamber with an interconnecting exit hole. This construction easteIII species dentuta will nest ill Ioltelliogs as well as allowed colonies to be maintained in the laboratory for long soil but such flexibility in nesting habit is exceptional periods with only infrequent attention. The dry feeding area (p 1(2) separated from the nest chamber inhibited the growth ofmolds. LaS;r numbers ofcolonies were thus kept in a small laboratory Gregg (1958), published

peanuts, and honey. Whenevel possible field observations wele made COIF ceming the ecology and biology of each species. Types in the Museum ofCwnpalative Zoology, Halvald reported or 0 enca no 0 eXlCo. 0JCI et a . University, Cambridge, Massachussetts, and the National (1975) reported that this species was also present in Florida Museum of NatUIal HistOIy in'Nashington; D.C., ofNealctic and Neotropical Pheidole were studied MAIERIAI.S ANn MEIHOI)S Ihree species of All specimens wele point mounted and studied by using a Pheidole(P. dentigula, P.fallaxobscurithorax, andP. greggin stereo microscope with magnification up to l60X The pictures sp) included in this research were received frOm other collectors were taken using the scanning electron microscope ofthe Insects AIl other specimens were collected by the author during several Attractants Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. D.A, trips in the state or while at Tall Timbers ResearCh Station in Gainesville, Florida Leon Co., Florida, during the summers of 1974 and 1975. Several measurements were made for the newly described Colomes of Pheldote spp. were located In several ways: species: a Examining cavities under the barkoftrees orexamining a Body lengC-.: the sum of the head length, thoracic grass behind the leaf bases of palms. length, pedicel and gastric lengths. b. Searching for nest craters, mounds, or any other b. Head lengt.l...: lengths of the head in full faee 'lie'll modification on the soil surface likely to have been produced by (mandibles excluded). ants. c. Headwidth: greatestwidth ofthe head in full face '1iew. c. Searching for foraging majors or workers andfollowing d Thoracic length: greatest length of thorax in lateral them to the nest location. view. d Baiting with honey or dead arthropods and following e. Scape length: middle of antennal socket to the scape nails of wmkels and maims to the nest location tip. e. Overturning stones, boards, or pieces of wood f. Scape index: found by computing the fonnula: The two most successful methods wele examiningcavities Scape length X 100 under the bark of pine trees and looking for craters on the soil head length SUIface. The fOllowing abbreviations "'ere used throughout this Colonies were collected by aspirating the ants once the work: chambeIS wele located Nests in the soil wele excavated by MCZC - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard removal of large blocks of soi~ breaking it carefully and University, Cambridge, Massachussetts aspirating the ants found The depth explored was variable, USNM - Umted States NatIOnal Museum, WashIngton, ranging from 30 to 50 cm for P. metallescens to over1.5 m for P. DC lamia AMNH - Amencan Museum of Natural HistOry, New The ants were placed in snap-cap vials with 70% alcohol York, NY for preservation or kept ali'le in snap- eap vials with a pieee of moistened cotton to ensure adequate survhat The snap-eap KEY TO SPECIES OF PHEIDOLE OF FLORIDA vials were placed in a styrofoam box to protect them against (MAJORS ONLY) excessi'le changes in temperature during transport back to the laboratory. 1a Head cylindncal In cross section and obliquely truncate The colonies were kept in chambers made from petri anteriorly, the truncation involving the dypeus, frontal dishes modified to assure proper high moisture levels and ease of area, antenor portIOns of genae, and mandibles. feeding and observation without disturbing the colony. (fig 1) lamia Wheeler Plastic petri dishes 9 cms in diameterwere used A 0.5 cm b. Head not cylindrical in cross section and not truncate hole was melted by a solderingiron towardthe side orthe bottom a~fu~ 7 ofone dish. A piece ofartificial cotton matting was pushed half 2a Antennal scape strongly bent, flattened and smooth at the way through the hole and was coated inside "'ith a mixture of base, tbe base nearly as oras broad as tbe distal portions of plaster of paris (98%) and commercial cement (2%). The the scape(fig 2) 3 matting below the hole was kept continuously wet with distilled b Not as above, scape not flattened at base and usually water and was retained in another petri dish bottom It did not distinctly narrower than distal portion; if thickened and need to be replemshed With water frequently. The nest chamber strongly bentatbase, obVIOusly not flattened 4 was formed by applying the petri dish top and sealing with tape 3a First gastric tergite covered with very numerous long and A small feedmg chamber which remamed dry was fonned by shon erect hairs; sometunes sparse, coarse, appressed; affixing another petri dish bottom to the petri dish top orthe nest pubescence is present (fig. ~, 4) ..diversipilosa Wheeler Vol. 1, no. 2, !farch 1985 INSECTA !ffiNDI 55

b. First gastric tergite covered with appressed pubescence b. Posterior areas of too head smooth and shining; the and sometimes with sparse long hairs. pronotum, seen from above, smooth and very shining.... 14 (fig. 5.6) crassicomis Emery 12 a. Head usually measuring over 1.4 mm in length and 1.1 4a Large species; total length over 6 mm; head heavily mm m width; sides of the head sub-paralle~ scape length sculptured: scapes very thick and bentatbase. The scapes shorterthan halfthe head length( Scap@ Index aroUlid 40); seen in full face view are evenly curved mesally, but more occipital lobes With dlstmct circular piligerous punctures. angullll laterally (fig; 7,8)... fat/ax obscurithorax Santschi (fig 12,211) lituJraus Col@ b. Species usually measuring5 mm or less; iflarger the head b. Head measuring less than .9 mm in length and width; nevel heavily SculptUled; tire scapes never thick or occipita I lobes smooth and shining 13 strongly bent atbase 5 13 a Frontal area concave and bearing I or 2 longitudinal 5a Head cOidate, gIadually but distinctly nllllOwed towllld striae ScroMs strongly punctate and opaque; occipital the mandibular insertions; broadest at the occipital lobes; lobes smooth and weakly shining; on occiput intersitial mesonotum but not t!ansvelsely unplessed spaces between sroae reticnlo-punctate (fig 2I) greggl n sp (fig 9) megacephala(Fabricius) b Frontal area concave, withmlt longitudinal striae; posterior b. Head not COl date and nevel st!ongly nallowed tOWllI ds the haIf of the scrobe weakly punctate and shmmg; oCCipital mandibular insertions; mesonotum mayor may not be lobes and most of the head shining; on front, interstitial trans\lersely impiessed 6 spaces between striae smooth and shinmg. 6a Postpetiole, seen from above, bearingdistinct lateral cOllDules; (fig. 22) . moerenv Wheeler head cO';ered with reticulate punctauon or longitudinall) 14a Anterior clypeaI margm bluntly bldentate, With deep striate. (fig. 10, II) 7 median notch; anterior ventral margin of head without b. Postpetiole seen from above, without distinct lateral connules; teeth. (fig. 23) vinelandica Forel ifindistinct lateral projectiOlls present the posterior halfof b. Anterior clypeal margin not bldentate and without noteb; the head smooth and shining. (fig. 12) II anterior ventral margin of the head usually with two or 7a Occipital lobes with reticulate sculpture, with no trace of tinee teetl!; ifteeth are absent shining blaCK species ... 15 transverse or longitudinal striation, the surface opaque or 15 a Mesonotum without transverse impression, forming in feebly shining; post petiolar width w,'O times length profile a continuous smooth curve with the pronotuffi (fig. 13) dentigula MR Smith (fig. 26) 16 b. Occipital lobes smootllllln:l shiningorwith sparse punctures h MesonotUln, witll a well developed lransven;e impression .. 17 or striae; postpetiole width greater than length, but never 16 a A yellow species; frontal area and middle offront smooth two tUnes lengtlt (fig; 10, 11) 8 and slrinulg witlrout stIiae, 1lI1teIiOI venn al margin with 3 8a Sides of head sub-paralleL narrowing slightly anteriorly; teeth; thorax smooth and shining tvsoni Forel head length 1.82 to 2.0 lilli!; scare index 41 to 42, b. A black species; 1lIlteIiOI half of head witil longitudinal pronotum and mesonotum strongly sculptured with trans- striae; dorsum ofpronoturn smooth and shining; pleurae of verse and sometimes with longitudinallUgae, dOisal clest pionoturn; mesonotuli1; and plOpocIeulil heavily SCuiptUied ofpetiole notched (fig; 14) carrolll n. sp. (fig; 25, 26) arb ianoiIt sp. b. Without all the above characters 9 17 a Propodeum angular at the junction of the basal and 9a Elect gast!ic haus spalSe, tapered and almost all of the deeli\lous faces, but the angles not plOduced into distinct same size; posterior part of the head covered with teeth or spines. (fig. 27, 28) morrisiForet sculptule, anteIiOI vent! al lilalgin of the head without b. Propodeum armed with distinct teeth or spines. teeth; body sometimes with distinct violaceous or bluish (fig. 29) dentata Mayr metallic reflections. (fig; 15, 16) melaltescens KEY TO PHElDOLE SPECIES OF FLORIDA b. Gaster covered with long and short hairs; posterior part of (WORKERS ONLY) the head smooth and shining (fig; 17), anteIiOI ventral margin ofthe head with two or three teeth, the mesal tooth I a Entire head smooth and shining. (fig. 31, 36) 2 usually short and bhmt(fig; 30) 10 b. Head retieulo punctate or partially reticulate with some lOa Dorsal surface of first gastric tergite finely and densely smooth areas. (fig. 40,41,44) 9 granulose, opalescent and opaque; dorsal areas ofpionotUili 2a. Scap@s failing to reach the posterior border ofthe head, or punctate and sometimes with several short and fine transven;e surpassing it by an amount no greater than the first striae; dorsal area of post-petiole punctate. funicularjoint(fig. 31) 3 (fig. 17, 18) tlllastasiiEmery b. Scapes surpassing the posterior border of the head by an b. Dorsal surface of first gastric tergite smooth and shining; amountgreaterthan the first funicularjoint (fig. 34) .... 6 dorsum of pronotuffi partially weakly ptlnctate but also 3a. Thorax smootP., nearly free of sculpture and strongly interdispersed with smooth and shining areas; dorsal area shinmg; yellow 4 of post petiol@ weakly punctate and shining. b. PronotllHl smooth and shining; mesonotum andpropodeum (fIg. 10, 19) jloridana Emery punctate orsculptured; color various(fig. 32, 33) 5 11 a. Head cO'lered with longitudinal striae; the dorsal area of 4 a. Propodeum anned with angular teeth which are broad at the pronotum andusually the mesothorax reticulo-punctate the base and do not resemble spines; mesonotum and and with transverse striae orsculpture. (fig. 20) 12 propOdeum in protile separated bY a deep, wide impression (fig. 31) lamia Wheeler 56 INSECTA !fUNDI Vol. 1, no. 1, !farch 1985

b. Propodeum armedwith spines; mesonotum andpropodeum (fig. 48) tJentigula MR Smith inprofile separated by a normal impression... tysoniForel b. Postpetiole with angular sides, seen from above; hairs 5a Yellowish to brownish species. gaster covered with numerous short andthick 17 long; fine hairs. (fig; 32) vinetandica Forel 17 a Dorsal surface of first gastric tergite finely and densily b. Ebony black species, gaster with plumose or subplumose granulose, opalescent and subopaque; dorsum ofpronotllm hails which me spaced at distances more or less equal to and mesonotum punctate; dorsum ofpostpetiole punctate the hail'S lengdl(fig; 33) amanoin sp. and opaque. (fig. 50) anastas;; Emery 6a Mesonotum without a distinct tranverse impression; in b. First gastric tergite smooth and shining; dorsal area of plOfiie pustpetiole 1000gtli dlml petiole mid dolSal mid postpetiole weakly smooth mid shining; dorsum ofpronotum ventral outlines both smoothly convex. usually with partial smooth shining areas. (fig; 34) megacepltalu(FabIicius) (fig. 51) flOridana Emery b. The mesonotum with a distinct transverse impression (fig; 35, 37, 39) 7 7 a Posteriorly on head a distinctcollarvisible infull face view 1. Pheidole adrianoi - NEW SPECIES (fig; 36), the mesonotum and base ofplOpodeum heavily punctuate. (fig. 35) .fallaxobscurithorax Santschi A small ebony black species differing fromP. metallescens b. Posterior collar of head not visible in full face "iew, the by the absence ofthe violaceous orbluish reflections and without mesonotal dorsum and propodeal base weakly sculptured the reticulate sculptured occipital lobes. It also differs from P. andshining 8 littoralis by the small shining head, the head length usually less 8a Usually yellowish or pale species, the propodeal spines than 1.0 mm in the major as opposed to over 1.4 mm in P. absent (fig. 37) morrisiForel littoralis; workers with the erect hairs plumose or semi-plumose b. Dark brown to ferruginous species; propodeal spines well at apex. formed (fig. 38, 39) dentata Mayr 911; Scapes surpassing the posterior margin of the head by a DeseriptioR of the Major: distance greaterthanthe first funicularjoint (fig. 40) ...10 b. Scapes either not surpassing posterior margin ofthe head, Body length 2.70 to 3.10 mm. Head length 0.82 to 0.97 or surpassing less than the length of the first funicular min; head width 0.79 to 0.95 mm Thorax length 0.79 to 0.90 joint (fig. 43) 11 mm; scape length 0 45 to 0 51 mm Scape Index 51 to 59 lOa First gastric tergite with appressed pubescence and only a Head shape as in fig. 25. Head, excluding mandibles, few scattered long hairs erassieernis Emery usuallY slightly longer than wide, broadest behind the eyes frOm b. First gastric tergite covered with numerous long and short where the sides slightly curve and narrow posteriorly, the hairs; pubescence usually erect or semi erect, rarely occipital excision gently concave Frontal area impressed; appressed diversipilosa Wheeler anterior border ofc1ypeus with a wide, shallow median notch. A 11 a. Head not completely PllI'lCtate, the front of the head with weak, scarcely depressed antennal seiribscrobe present; a irregularsmooth and shining areas. (fig. 42) 12 distinct frontal furrow arising behind the frontal area, widening b. In full face view, head entirely covered with reticulate postenorly mto the ocCipital eXCISIOn Scapes slender at base, punctation or with longitudinal striae. (fig. 43) 13 thickening apically and longer than half the head length; 12a Pleurae of pronotum heavily reticulate; head, thorax and mandibles stout; weakly curved laterally, With two apical blunt gaster usually with c1istinct violaceous or bluish metallic teeth and two basal denticles Eyes small with approximately35 reflectIOns; eyes With less than 30 facets. facets. (fig. 41) metallescensEmery Thorax. Pronotum and mesonotum strongly convex in b. Pleurae of pronotum smooth and slimmg; bOdy Without profIle, postenorly the mesonoturn more abruptly descending violaceous or bluish reflections; eyes with more than 45 into the mesopropodeal impression Mesonotum without trans- facets. (fig. 42) littoralis Cole verse impression; spines thick and long but blunt apically and 13 a Eyes large, With more than40 mcets (fig 4 3) carrolh It sp. pointed oblIquely dorsad b. Eyes small, with less than25 facets. (fig. 50,51) 14 Abdomen. Petiole stout, anterior and posterior faces 14a Postpetio1e small, httle wider than the petiole slopmg, the crestweakly angularin profile. Seenfrom above, the (fig. 44) moerens Wheeler sides of post petiole semi-angular, the lateral projections blunt or(fIg. 45) greggm sp. and not well developed; gaster truncate at base and smanerthan b Postpetiole nearly or more than twice as wide as the head petiole. (fig. 47) 15 Sculpture. Strong cephalic longitudinal striae diverging I 5a Body and mainly the gaster covered with numerous fine posteriorly and disappearing in the area posterior to the scape long hairs; gaster ertlarged; larger than the thorax; the when in repose, interstitial areas between stIiae widl weak; fine propodeal spines very thick and obliquely curved and reticulate punctation; frontal carinae diverging and surpassing pointed laterad; first gastrlc tergite opalescent and suO: dre scapes when in lepose, veltex; fwnta! alea as well as dre opaque; mermithidparasitized workerofP. anastasii Emery c1ypeus smooth and shining; the semi-scrobes not distinct and (fig. 46,47) P. anastasiiEmery marked only by lack of sculpture; the genae with strong b. Not with this combination ofcharacters 16 longitudinal stIiae, dre UltelStitia! aleas weakly leticulo-pwlctate; 16 a Postpetiole without lateral angles, hairs slender and occipital lobes smooth and shining with sparse small circular pointed; postpetiole and gaster smooth and shining. piligelous punctules, ventlal SUI face of head smooth and Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA ~1UNDI 57 shining, its anterior margin without teet!>.; frontal furro'" with its Color. Ebony black, the appendages lighter, mandibles postenor half beanng transverse rugules. yellowish to dark brown Seen from above, dorsum of the pronotum and anterior mesonotum nearly smooth and weakly shmmg, mesopropOdeal Description of Females impression and adjacent posterior area of mesonotum reticulo- punctate; basal area of propOdeum weakly reticulate and Body length 4.60 mm. Head length 0.90 mm; head width shining; dedivous face usually shmmg 0.95 nun. Thoracic length 1,46 mm. Scape length 0.51 mm. In profile, pronotum, mesonotum and propodeum heavily Scape Index 58. reticulate, the inner areas finely retlCulo-punctate and shining; Head broader than long, broadest posteriorly; occipital petiole finely reticulo-punctate. Seen from above, dorsum of border slightly concave; sides slightly convex and narrowing pronotum and anterior meSQnQtum nearly smQoth and weakly anteriorly toward the mandibular insertions; anterior border of shining; mesopropodeal impression and adjacent posterior area c1ypeus weakly notched in the middle. Frontal area depressed; of mesonotum reticulo-punctate; basal area Qf propodeum antennae like those on the major; scapes longer than half the reticulate and shining; declivous face with transverse striae and head length; eyes measuring about 0 24 mm in diameter and usually the intersutial areas fmely reuculo-punctate and shmmg; located on antenor half of head; ocelli measunng about0.12 m several fine interspinal striae present; dorsum of postpetiQle diameter weakly sculptured or almost smooth and shmmg. I horax flat dorsally, narrower than the head measured Pilosity. Hairs yellow, fine, numerous and of various through the wing insertions Mesoscutum and scutellum well lengths, measuringO.07 toO.18 mm; dorsal and ventral surface separated; propodeal base and dechvous face not formmg a of head with semi-erect short and long hairs; dorsum of distinct angle pronotum and mesonotum with numerous predominantly long Abdomen. Propodeal spines stout, blunt and directed erect hairs; propodeal base with few scattered short hairs; pQsteriQrly; petiQle stQut, the node seen from above with parallel pedicel with numerous semi-erect long hairs; gasterwithnumerous sides, the crestslightly depressed in the middle; postpetiole twice pi edominanlly long semi-erect hairs; mostofthem blunt apically. as wide as petiQle, with rather angular lateral projectiQns; gaster Pubescence on antennae, sparse on legs and absent on gaster. truncate at the base. Color. Head and gastel ebmlY black; thorax and legs a Sculpture Cephalic rugae strong, cQvering most Qf the little lighter. anterior part of the head, but disappearing before reaching the occipl1al border, the mterstl1lal areas between rugae With Widely Description of Worker spaced weak reticulate punctation; frontal area smooth and shining with two mesallonguudinal striae; frontal cannae long Body length 1.50 to 1.60 mm. Head length 0,44 to 0.51; and diverging posteriorly. head widthO.38 toOAI nUlL ThOiacic length 0,46 toO.51 nUlL Sides ofpronotum and propodeum reuculate; episternum Scape length 0,40 to 0,46 mm. Scape Index 97 to 106. smooth and shining; porpodeal base and declivous face smooth Head, exeluding mandibles, slightl}' langei than blOad; and shining; petiole and postpetiole punctate and opaque, gaster, oeeipital borderslightl}' cOOCIn e medianl}', £100181 al eashallowly seen from above, with fine longitudinal striae near the base, the depressed; frontal carinae straight, short and slightly divergent; interstitial areas between striae shining but with widely spaced seapes surpassing the oeeipitallobes b}' an amount less than the leticulate pWlctation. the lest shining and willi circular piligc;;rous first funicular joint; mandibles slender, apically with two sharp punctures. teeth, the remaining mastieatory border I'i ith se,eral smaller Pilosity. Hahsyellow, pointed; dOisumofthOlaA; pedicel denticles. and gaster with numerous short and long hairs; gaster usually Thorax. Pronotllm and mesonotllm, in profile, eon,ex; mOl e pilose than the I emaining palts, pubescence pi esent on the propodeal spines long but blunt, projecting obliquely dorsad antennae and legs. Abdomen. Petiole stout, the apex of the node angular, Color. Reddish blOwn; the gastel dalkeI. postpetiole strongly convex dorsally and almost flat ventrally; Male Unknown. This species is named in honor of my gaster truncate at the base. beloved first born SOIl; Adtiano de Resende Nines. Sculpture. Head smooth and strongly shining; pleural Ho[otype. Major from Gainesville, Florida, collected by surfaces ofpronotum shining pleurae ofmesonotllm, propodeum M A Na·.es. andpetiole strongly reticulo-punctate, postpetiole weakly punctate. Paratypes. The type material comprises 30 majors and60 Seen from above dorsum of pronotum and anterior workers collected in Gainesville, Florida from several colonies mesonotum smooth and strongly shining, posterior area of on August 13, 1975 and25 majors and 33 workers from se','eral mesonotum, propodeal base and propodeal declivity reticulo­ colonies from Archbold Biological Research Station at Lake punctate; dorsum ofpostpetiole and gaster smooth and shining. Placid, Florida, in August, 1975. All 'Nere collected by M. A Pilosity. Hairs white, measunng less than 0.08 mm; Naves. sparse all over the body, semi-erect and of mixed sizes on the The holotype and se'lera1 paratypes are deposited at the head; long and erect on the dorsum of thorax and long and Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant slender on gaster; under the stereo microscope the hairs seemed Industry, Gainesville, Florida and in the M A Naves collection spatulate, but scarming micrographs later revealed that such hairs are branched atthe tips (fig 53, 54), therefure, plumose or sub-plumose. 58 INSECTA ~fUNDI

Discussion andthe occurrence oftwo parasites, a mermithid that parasitizes the wOIkelS (fig; 46, 47) and a hymenopteran parasite species of This species is fairly common in Florida Its range seems the genus Orasema, seem to contradict Wheeler's suggestion to be from central to nortliern Flonda It may also occur in that P. antlstasii is an exotic species. southern Georgia Its preferable habitat seems to be sandy soils, Due to the close resemblance of this species to P. m clear areas amongtrees, the same habitat as inP. meta/leseens, jloridantl Emery, P. tmastasii probably has been misdetermined With which It is very similar to the naked eye. in se~ eral reeords from Florida The colonies have about 60 majors and more than 300 The lackofaccess to Emery's types ofP. anastasii makes workers. The main chamber is located 30 to 40 em deep in the it difficult to determine ifthe Florida species is conspecific with soil and is directly connected to a vertical tunnel ofabout I to 2 the Costa Rican types. Wheeler, however, did have knowledge mm in diameter, which usually is the center ofa small crater on of the types oU~ anastasii when he reported it from Florida. the soil surface. The main flights ofsexuals occur in the summer P. anastasii was usually found nesting under the bark at in July and August The species is entirely diurnaL The main the base of pines or along the roots and only rarel~ the ~iL sources offood are small seeds althou italso seaven es small The colonies are monogynous and have more than1 0 majors fora~e for food and helo ca;; it back to the COlon:. It is not an interconnected by a string ofgalleries under the pine bark. The aggr ssive species. Th~ maj ~, whell distUIbed; tl to escape to workers forage over4 m from the colony and once foOd is located majors are recruited to help transport it back to the colony. It : amianoi diffels f10m Po metaffescem by its ebony weds on seeds, fruits, and scavenges on small dead arthropods black color, absence ofreticulate punctation on the head and by and is predaceous on small live arthropods. its smooth and strongly shining occipital lobes and lack of metallic leflections. Po amianoi also diffels f10m Po littomlis by its small head, andthe occipital lobes not strongly rounded, sides ofheadnot pal allel and mandibles not stout and stlongly cuned P. metal/eseens and P. littoralis usually have a reddish brown head and thmax; the gastel always dallrer 01 blackishas opposed to P. adrianoi which has a shining concolorously ebony black body. 3 Pbeidole carrol!j - NEW SPECIES

2. Pheidole anastasii Emery

Gregg, 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc. 66:16. Po floridana Van Pelt; 1956. AmeI. Midland Nat, 56:376,384. Carroll, 1970. Unpublished M S. thesis, University of Florida; p. 32-34. - Whitcomb, DeIllllaIk; Bhatlun, and Description of Major Greene, 1972, Fla Ent, 55:133. (nee Emery). Type locality. Jimenes; Costa Rica T:es. None in the United States. Head shape as in fig. 14. Head, excluding mandibles, Diagnosis longer than broad; occipital lobes prominent and well rounded; separated by a broad and deep excision; a furrow present. This species is smal~ yellowish; ditferingfroml'.jloridalla starting from the frontal area to the occipital excision Frontal in having opalescent surfaces dorsally on the first gastric tergite; area depressed and bearing a median longitudinal striation. differing from P. moerens and P. greggi n. sp. by having the Clypeus with a weak median carinae which is continuous with postpetiole twice as broad as the petiole. Distinct lateral the frontal area striation; anterior border of clypeus with a connules are present It differs from P. dentigula in having shallow weak emargination; frmltal cminae divergent; anteIiOl smooth and shining occipital lobes. ventral margin ofthe head without teeth; scapes slender at base, thickening apically mid measUl ing less thaIr half the head length; Diseussien Mandibles stout, strongly curved laterally and with two apical large blunt teeth; tire remaining bOldeI edentate, except for a smal~ 'Vheeler (1932) reported P. anastasii (fig. 17) from small basal tooth-like lobe. Eyes measuring about 0.25 Florida It is unlikely that it is an introduced species as Wheeler mm in diameter with over 60 facets and located on the anterior suggested I have found this species throughout Floridafrom the tlrird of tire lread keys to the Panhandle. Its constant nesting at the base ofpines Thorax. Seen from the side, thorax smaller than head; Vol. 1, no. 2, l1areh 1985 INSECTA UUNDI 59 pronotum and anterior mesonotum strongly convex; posteriorof Sculpture. Head reticulo punctate and opaque; a few mesffilOtwn descending to the mesopropodeal impression, forming rugules on the genae, between the eyes and on the mandibles; an obtuse angle with the propodeal base. thorax, ill profile, reticulo- punctate; dorsum of pronotum and AbdomelL Base of propodeum slightly shorter than mesonotum usually with a few longitudinal or transverse striae; declivity; propodeal spines short and projecting dorsad; petiole, petiole reticulo-pullctate; sides of postpetiole weakly punctate, in plUfile, stout and with a shOl t anteIiOl pedwICle, anterior face dorsum weakly shmmg; gaster smooth and shining. gently ew ved and posteIiol face stlOrl'; apex of node weakly Pilosity Erect hair yellow, short on the dorsal surface of angular to moderately convex; seen from above the sides ofthe head, longer on the ventral surface and anterior clypeal margin; petiole palallel and the node notched in the middle; postpetiole long and sparse on thOrax and pedice~ gaster with rather sparse in profile strongly convex dorsally, slightly concave and much hair ofmixed lengths; pubescence confined to the antennae and shortel "enbally, seen fJ 0111 above, postpetiole two times or legs more wider than petiole and with lateral connules; gaster oval Color. Reddishbrown, sometimes the mandibles and legs and much smallel than the head are hgbter Sculpture. Cephalic longitudinal rugae extending posteriorly Holotype Major, collected near Gainesville, Florida by and somewhatdi.elgently; the lateral Iugae usually do notleach M A. Naves. the occipital lobes; occipital lobes smooth and shining laterally Paratypey' 3 majors and 20 workers probably from the and dorsally; rugae presentonthe genae, extending longitudinally, same nest as the holotYpe, collected as follows: posterior to the eyes the surfaces smooth and shining; head Dr John F Carroll collected one major and several posteriorly with coarse circular l'i1igerous punctures. Dorsumof workers on August 2, 1973, near Gamesville, Flonda M. A. pronotum and mesonotum with longitudinal or transverse rugae Naves collected three majors and several workers in August, or both, the interstitial areas with fine reticulate punctation The 1975, at the same locality. mesopropodeal impression wide and 1'1' ith longitudinal rugules, The holotYpe major and 3 worker paratYpes will be the interstitial areas smooth and weakly shining; the propodeal deposited atthe Florida StateCollection ofArthropods, Division base and declivity finely reticulo-l'tIflctate and weakl, shining; ofPlant Industry, Gainesville, Flonda and m the MA Naves Several transverse striae present between bases of spines; collections. petiole and postpetiole opaque and weakly reticulo- punctate; This species was also collected by me at Tall Timbers gaster smooth and shining except in the basalmost area where it Research Station is opa'1lle and 'lleakly punctate. Pilosity. Hairs yellow, pointed, short and semi-erect and Discussion sparse OIl the anterior face ofthe head, short and long and semi erect ventrally; dorsum ofthorax with numerous short and long This species has unusualbehaviorwhich is not commonto erect hairs measuring up to 0.26 mIn; pedicel with numerous otIlel species ofPfleidole known to me. It was always found ill semi-erect short and long hair; sparse pubescence confined to shaded areas in sandy soils among tall trees such as pines and antenae and appendages. oaks. It fmages when the tempeIatules ale .not high and. avoids clypeus and the border workers usually go out at random. Usually there are no more than 15 wmkels fmaging at one time, and the fOlaging tenitolY usually is within 5 meters from the nest entrance. The nest Description of Worker entIance is small and usuall, very hald to spot The I'ImkelS ale sluggish compared with most other species. The majors are very he~wl56 horaclce~. rare. For a ,ear two colonies wele peIiodically checked and mm; to;58 mm. to. yielded only one callow major in 1975 andtwo ma~ors in March, mm Scape length 053 toO 59 mm Scape Index 92 t094 mm 1976. Dr. John F. Carroll also collected one ml\i r in the same Head usually a little longer than broad, occipital borders locality in August, 1973. Periodic excavation usually also weakly convex; frontal area impressed and with a longitudinal yielded a ehamber approximately 4x2x2 ems located 30 cm striation in the middle; frontal carinae slightly divergent; clypeus deep and full of various seeds, some apparently with a black with a weak median carina and 2 longJtudmal striae laterally; fungal myeelium ,"'.lthough the excavation for one of these anterior border curved and without any notch. Mandibles colonies at one time was 1.7 meters deep and 1.5 meters in slender with 2 large and sharp apical teeth and 4 or 5 smaller diameter, I was unable to locate the main chamberor any majors teeth on the remaining masticatory border; scapes usually or any sexual forms. Probably the main chamber or ehambers SUI passing the occipital border by an amount no greater than the are located very deep in the ground. It seems quite obvious that first funicular joint; eyes large with about 45 facets and the colonies are not large. The disproportional size ofthe major measwing about0.15 mm in diameter. In profile, prermesonotum and its rarity also seems to indicate thatit has limited importance moderately convex; propodeal spines small, sharp, and projecting in sustaining the colony, whieh is not true for most speeies ofthe obliquely dOl sad genus. Abdomen. Pctiole as in the major, except the crest is Another feature of this speeies when disturbed is the proportionately much broader; postpetiole convex dorsally and ability of the workers to feign death. The minors try to flex flat "ent!ally, seen fJ om above the sides are strongly convex and themselves around particles of soil which make them very almost 2 times wider than petiole; gaster oval. difficult to see. The majors hide themselves and also seem to 60 INSECTA lIDNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, liareh 1985 avoid light, but their large size and more shining surfaces P. dentata var. faisonica ForeL, 1901. Ann. Ent Soc. compared wiUI Ule wOlkels make Ulem easiel to spot Belg., 45:352. Workers of this species, although not many, have been P. commutata Mayr 1886. Verb. ZooL - Bot Ges. Wein. captUied by baitllig nem GaineSville. 36:459. Emery, 1895. Zoot Jahrb. Syst, 8.289. One colony was located at Tall Timbers Research Station Leptothorax tennesseesis Cole, 1938. Amer. Midland in 1974, which failed to yield any majO! 01 sexual form. Nat 19.238. Pelhaps P. ca//olli is a species which may be losing its Po dentata \lar. commutata Wheeler, 1907. Amer. Mus. major in the evolutionary process. The fewer majors available Nat Hist, Bull 7:18. - Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist, show I athel mOl e mOl phological variation than is normal in most Bull. 24:460461. Smith, 1924 Ent News35:77.- Cole, 1940. Pheidole species. Amer. Midland Nat 24:29, 44. - Smith, 1951. Cat Hym. This species is named after Dr. John F. Carroll, my friend Amer. No. of Mex., U. S.D.A Moo 2:802. and colleague during several years of graduate study at the Type locality. Florida Uni\lersity o~ Florida. Types. None in the United States Range. Southeastern states, Tennessee and Gulfstates to 4. Pheidole crassicornis Emery Texas. P. dentata (fig. 30) is a reddish yellow to dark brown P. classicomis Emery, 1985. Zool. Jahrb., Abt F. speeies differing from P. morrisi by the distinet and sharp System. 8:289, 296. - Fore~ 1901. Soc. Ent Belg., Ann. propodeal spines. Itdiffers from P. megacephala in not having a 45.350. - Wheelel, 1904. Amel. Mus. Nat Hist, But 20:302. eordate head and differs from P. vinelandica by the larger size Creighton, 1950. Bull. Mus. Compo ZooL 104:175-176. - and absence of a longitudinal striation on the frontal area, and Gregg, 1958. N. Y. Ent Soc., 66:20. having the mesonotum transversely impressed in the middle. Type locality. Charlotte, North Carolina Types. Cotypes, M.C.Z. and AMN.H. Discussion Range. Southeastern United States P. crassicornis(fig. 5) differs fromP. diversipilosa andP. P. dentata is one oCthe more common species in Florida CI 'tlssicOI nis tetra by the absenee oferect and semi erect hairs on It is easy to UIlderstand why this species caused so many the gaster. P. crassicornis can be easily distinguished from all mlsunderstandmgs in the past There is muchvariation, notonly FloridaPheidole otherthan dheFsipitosQ by the basally strongly in size and color, but also in habitat preference I have found bent and flattened scapes. colonies of small dark colored specimens in wooded areas around (iainesville and large specimens that nest in sandy soil Discussion on beaches in south Florida and the Florida Keys. I also found a yellowish variant that inhabits the marshlands of the keys and The finding ofP. crassicornis at Gainesville and at Tall another variant with quite large majors that vary in color from Timbers Researeh Station helps the wQerstanding ofthis group reddiSh to very dark brown nesting in open areas around beeause it is sympatrie with P. dil'ersipilosQ at Tall Timbers R Gainesville this morphological variation seems to be without crassicornis is apparently confined to the northern part of taXonomic SIgnIficance. Florida where it occllrs in open areas, Ilsually among trees Its Three mated young queens collected at Gainesville were nests seem to be in deep soiL After dlggmg as deep as 60 CIII, I easily reared m the laboratory. All three had majors after 50 was wahle to find any chambers ofthree colonies The opening days The species is highly carnivorous and the colonies have a at the soil surface is hard to see. The typical craters common to tremendous growth when fed With lIvmg arthropOds. One ofthe other species "'ere never observed The major and workers were colonies was inadvertantly left without food and moisture for seen carrying live termites and other small dead arthropods. I he three weeks. The result was that the adults formed from the workers and a few majors were observed fOraging approxim ateIy stressed broods were mtennedlate m size and structure between 4 meters or more from the nest opening. workers and majors. Some of the intermediates were not as active as the normal caste. Tills is a very interesting species for 5. Pheidole dentata Mayr ecological and laboratory studies. Studies by Wilson (1975) have shown that workers ofP. dentata use odor trails to recruit P. morrisi var. dentata Mayr 1886. Vehr. ZooL - Bot nestmates to food discoveries and new nest sites. The same Ges. Wein, 36:457. pheromone is used also to recruit majorworkers to the vicinity of R dentata Fore~ 1901 Ann Soc Ent Belg., 45'351 - intruders. This type ofalarm recruitment provedrather narrowly Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat HISt, Bull 20:302. - Mitchell specific mid wOIks best against some of the potentially more and Pierce, 1912 Ent Soc Wash, Proc 14'71 - Smith, 1918 important enemies of P. dentata, some species of the genus Ent News, 29:22. - Smith; 1924. Ent News, 35:77. - Smith; Svt'enupsis. 1930 Fla Ent 14'3 - Wheeler, 1932 NY Ent Soc, 40'6 - Denms, 1938. Ent Soc. AIrier., Ann. 3 I :28 I, 304. - Van Pelt; 6. Pheidole dentigula M It; Smith 1950 EDt News 6 I '16I -163 -Creighton, 1950 Bull Mus Compo Zoo!. 104:177. - Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent Soc. P. dentigula Smith, 1927. Ent News 38:310. - Smith, Wash, Proc 55·/1 - liregg, 195 J NY Ent Soc 66'21-22 - 1928. Bnt News 39:245-246. - Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland Smith, 1965. U.S. Dept Agr., Tech Bu!. 1326, pp. 27-28. ­ Nat 24:42, 45. - Smith, 1944. Fla Ent 27:14. - Creighton, WIlson, 1915 Science 190·79S·S00 1950. Bull. Mus. Compo Zoot, 104.178. - Gregg; 1958. N.Y. Vol. 1, no. 2. March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 61

Ent Soc. 66:21. - Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent Soc. western species. Of these apparently only P. diversioilosa WasiL, PIOC. 62.14. leaches east into FIOIida: The lack of better records for the Type locality. Mississippi State University, Starkville, distribution of these species probably led Creighton (950) to Mississippi. synomymize cfUssicumis and cliversipilvsa. P. crassicomis Types. Cotypes. U.S. National Museum. tetra appears to be a very distinct form and may be a discrete Range. Tennessee, southwald through Alabama and species also, butI have not attempted taxonomic tI eatInentin tire Mississippi, and noIth FloIida present papel, since it does not OCCUI in FloIida: P. dentigula (fig. 13) is a small yellowish species that diffels flOm Po gregg; Po anastasi; Po flon'danq; P. t¥sone P. 8. Pheidole fallax obscuritborax Santscbi bicarinata and P. moerens by the reticulated, opaque occipital lobes. It differs flOm Po metalfescens by having a smooth and P. faltax arenzcola var obscunfflorax Santschi, I g)~ shining propodeal base and lacks metallic reflections. The teeth Ann. Soc. Ent Belg. 63:58. - Kempf, 1972. StudiaEnt 15:191. on the anterior "entIal bOidel of tire head ale plOminent Tyoe locaM)!. Cordoba, Argentina Tvpes. None in this country Discussion Range. Probably westernmost Florida to at least Mobile, Alabama in U. S. Probably widely ran~n& in South America Smith(1944) reported}~ dcntigulu flonl Wakulla County P. jbltax obscurithorax (fig: 7, 8), is a large, very dark (Florida). Dr. John F. Carroll also collected this species in species over6 mm in body length. Its characteristics, such as the Marion County(Florida) onApril 3, 1973. According to Smith heavily sculptmed head and thick scape which is curved (1944) this species nests in the soil and in well rotted stumps in mesally and more angular laterally are unique among the wooded areas, especially where the soil contains considerable Pheidole of North America humus. Discussion 7. Pheidole dilersipilosa Wheeler P. fallax obscun'thorax(fig. 8) is a member ofthe difficult Po crassico/llis "ar. divclsipit'osa V/heelel, 1908. Amel. lalge neotIopical fallax glOup which has 6 subspecies and 6 Mus. Nat Hist, Bul 24:467. varieties. The specimens collected near the Florida border Po crassicomis Creighton; 1950. BulL Mus. Compo ZooL, matched specimens in the M C. Z. identified by VI. W. Kempf. 104:175-176. This species was collected close to the Florida and Type locality. Fort Davis, Texas Alabama border in Baldwin Count)', Alabama by Dl. Joilll F. Types. MC.Z. Carroll E. O. Wilson also (personal communication) collected Range. NortiY....estern Florida to western Texas this species in Mobile, Alabama in 1950 within ~2 mile of the P. diversipilosa (fig. 3) is a reddish yellow species that ship docking area It is apparent that this introduced species has differs from P. Cf'assicornis by the numerous ereet hairs on the been in the U. S. for at least 35 years but; unlike the imported fit e gaster. In P. erassioornis tetra the gastric hairs are neatly all of ant, had not spread widely. the same short length rather than obviously ofmixed lengths as It is not a surprise to find another exotic ant species from in dbersipiJosa. South America in the U.S. Brachymymtexpatagollicus Mayr (not published), lridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), Solenopsis Discussion invieta BW'en S. richten Fore~ andPheidolejallax obscurithorax appear to be a group of South American ants inadvertently R dil'ersipima was collected at Tall Timbers Research imported to the ports of New Orleans, ancVor Mobile, and/or StatIOn several times where P. crassicornis is also present possibly Pensacola MorphOlogical distinction is constant between the two species. All five species have ranges along or near the Paraguay There is no real overlap in the pilosity characters. Therefore, I and LaPlata Rivers in WesternBrazil, Paraguay andArgentina have treated e. dwersijnlOsa as a full species onthe basis that it The Paraguay River is navigable by ocean going vessels up river can be sympatric with P. crassicornis but still retains constant to Asuncion, Paraguay. morphOlOgical distinctiolL Creighton(1950) treateddil'ersipilosa as an intergrade between crassicomis and tetra. The finding of 9. Pheidole floridana Emery bOth craSSlcomlS and dlverslpllosa in the same locality in Florida invalidates Creighton's viewpoint. Po flavellsjknidalla Emery, 1895. ZooL Jalnb., Abt f. Specimens of P. craSSlcomlS collected m Gamesville System. 8:293. - Smith, 1930. Fla Ent 14:3. were within the variation shown by the Tall Timbers specimens P. jJeritiana Emery, 1895. Bull. Soc. Eut Hal 28.77. - I was unable tofmd specllllens ofP. dlverslpllosa m Gamesville. Wheeler, 1932. N. Y. Ent Soc., 40:6. - Creighton, 1950. Bull Comparison with the types and cotypes for the two taxa in the M Mus. Compo Zoot 104:179. Smith, 1951. Cat Hyllt Amer. c. Z. and further matenal of dlverslpztosa collected atColumbus No. ofMex., U.S.D.A Mon. 2:802. - Gregg, 1958. N.Y. Ent and Mission, Texas by WF BIITen emphasize that we are Soc. titi:21 22, 35. Kempf, 1972. Studia Ent 15:192. dealing with a species group that is widely spread and contains Type locality. Coconut Grove, Florida several discrete species P. craSSlcornlf is predominantly an Types. MC.Z. eastern species. P. diversipilosa and P. crassicornis tetra are Range. Southwest Florida 62 INSECTA !iUNDI Vol. It no. 2 t !farch 1985

P. jloridana (fig. 19) is a small yellowish species differing sides convex and the shape sub-trapezoida~ without lateral from P. greggl n. sp. and P. moerens by the distinct lateral connules, httle Wider than petIOle; gaster truncate at base and connules on the postpetiole It differs from P. anastasii by the slightly smaller than the head absence ofopalescence on the dorsum ofthe first gastric terglte. Sculpture. Head opaque, cephalic rugae sub"paraIlel mesally, slightly diverging laterally and reaching close to Discussion occipital lobes before dlsappeanng; the 10tershhal areas between mgae with weak retICulate punctatJQn; the oCCipital lobes P. floridana seems to be confined to southeast Florida in smooth and shining; the scrobes finely reticula-punctate; genae the Miami area This is the only place where I was able to locate and areas postenor to the eyes, as well as the area anteriorto the this species. Due to its close relationship to P. anastasii the eyes longitudinally rugose, the rugae disappearing before reaching latter has been misidentified as Po f10ridana many times, thus, the occipital lobes, occipital lobes with fine circular piligerous mistakenly extending the supposed range of P. floridana. P. punctures. anastasii is actually the species widely distributed in Florida; Sides ofthorax, petiole and postpetiole reticulo-punctate; while floridana is absent or at least must be rare in most ofthe opaque to subopaque Pronotal dorsum with transverse irregular state. striae; the interstitial areas weakly reticula-punctate to smooth and weakly shining; mesopropodeal impression wide and with 16. Pheidole greggi NEW SPECIES longitudinal rugulae; the interstitial areas smooth and shining propodeal base reticula-punctate and opaque; postpetiolar PojlapensseulpliorM It Smith; 1951. CaL Hyrn: Amer. dorsum smooth and shining gaster smooth and shining: No. of Mex. U.S.D.A. No.2, p. 802 (nee Forel). Pilosity. Erect hair yellow, pointed. numerous; both short P. flavens Gregg, 1958. N. Y. Entomol Soc. 66:21 and long hairs on head, thorax, pedicel and gaster; pubescence (nee Ruger). sparse on antennae and legs, absent on gaster. A small yellowish species, this is closely related to P. Color. Concolorously yellow. flu pens Rogel, Po flu pens seu/ptior Fme!; Po f1oria'unu Emel y, P. anastasii Emery, and P. moerens Wheeler. Antennal scrobe Description of Worker weakly deplessed but pmlctate mid op"Yue. Flmltal cminae not surpassing apices ofscapes in repose. Postpetiole withoutlateral Body length 1.50 to 1.80 rom. Head length 0.46 to 0.52 projections. P. gleggi has been pleviously confounded with P. nUll; head width 0.43 000.46 IllnL ThOiacic length 0.41 toO.59 flavens seulptior and P. flavens. rom. Scape length 0.41 to 0.43 rom. Scape Index 82 to 89. Head as in fig. 45, slightly longel than broad; broadest Description of Major through the eyes; posterior border of head slightly notched medially, clypealbOiderctlived and e\len; elypeus with a median Body length 2.60 to 2.90 rom. Head length 0.82 to 0.89 and 2 lateral striae; frontal area depressed and with a median mm; head width0.79 toO.82. ThoraeiclengthO.72 toO.77 mm longitudinal striation; frontal carinae sub-I'aralle~ antenna! Scal'e length 0.41 to 0.46 mm Scape Index 52 to 56. scapes slender, more robust apically, reaching or surpassing the Head shape as in fig. 21; head, excluding mandibles, occipital border by an amount less than first funicularjoint; eyes usually slightly longerthan broad, broadestbehind the eyes. The with less than 20 faeets. occipital lobes strongly curved and convex laterally but less Thorax. In profile, pronotum and mesonotum strongly curved or eyen angular mesally; median occipita! sulcus shalIO',v. convex and descending sharply to the mesopropodeal impression, Frontal area small and depressed; antennal scrobes weakly or the latter with longitudinal rugulae. Propodeal spines sharp and not at all depressed Clypeus with weak median carina, its pointed obliquely dorsad anterior margin with weak median emargination. Frontal carinae Abdomen. Petiole slender anteriorly. Seen from above, short and divergent. :ilcapes slender at base, widening apically postpetiole sub globular and slightly wider than the petiole. and usually halfor more the head length; mandibles stout, each Sculpture. Head reticula-punctate; frontal area and curved apically and bearing two teet!'., tlIe remaining border clypeus weakly reticulo punctate and opaque; mandibles witlI edentate, except for a small basal tooth. Eyes small and with piligerous punctures; thorax, basal and declivious face of approximately 23 facets. propodeum as well as tlIe petiole reticulo-punctate; dorsum of Thorax. In profile, pronotum and mesonotum strongly postpetiole and gaster smooth and shining. convex and descendIng through an abrupt declivity to the Pilosity. Hairs yellow, dorsal surface of head as well as mesopropodeal impression which is rather weakly impressed; tlIe ventral surface with numerous mixed short and long erect propodeal spInes small and sharp, pOInted obliquely dorsad; and semI-erect hairs; dorsum ofthorax With predomInantly long petiole with a short anterior peduncle; anterior face of node erect hairs; pedicel and gaster with long semi.erect numerous gently slopIng, the postenorface sharply dechvous; crestof node hairs. convex and blunt in profile but not thickened and sub-tnmcate as Color Concolorously yellow 10 anastasll andjlondana, ventrally the petiole strmgtlt rather than convex as in ana-tusH andfloridana; postpetiole strongly Female and Male convex dorsally, flat to slightly concave ventrally. Seen from above Shoulders of pronotum well rounded I Jnknown Abdomen. Sides ofpetiole paralle~ postpetiole smal~ the Holotype. Major (collected on December 19, 1945 in Vol. 1, no. 2, ~4areh 1985 INSECTA }lUNDI 63

Miami. Florida by W. F. Buren). and J 3 varieties in the new world. Paratypes. 39 majors, 26 workers: This new speCIes dIffers from P. anastasli and P. floridana by the shape ofthe postpetiole which is slightly larger Discussion than the petIole and does nothave the distmctlateral connules. It differs from P. flavens by having the scrobe heavily reticulo- Tire type mateIial comprises 23 majors and 16 workers, punctage, and the vertex not smooth and shmmg. ItdIffers from collected on Decembel 19, 1945 in Miami; Florida; by W. F. Po flavens sculpt/or by having smooth and sbining occiPital Buren; 6 majors and 6 workers collected in 1975 in Baldwin lobes. It also differs from P. moerens by having a reticulo­ Comity, Florida by D. P. WQjcik; 10 majors and 8 workers punctate scrobe; whicb is opaque as well as the entire head collected on November 25,1975, in Naples, Florida by MA Naves. 11. Pheidole lamia Wheeler The holotype and several paratypes are deposited at the FIOlida State CollectiOiI of Artlnopods, Division of Plant P. lamia Wheeler, 1901. Amer. Nat 35.534. - Wheelel, Industry, Gainesville, Florida; and the MANaves collection. 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist, Bul 24.477-478. - Wheelel, The species is named in bonOi ofDI. RobertE. Glegg; PlOfessOi 1910. Ants, pp. 212, 248. - Wheeler, 1926. Ants, pp. 212, 248.­ of Entomology, University of Colorado. Smith, 1931. Eat News 42:21 22. Creighton, 1950. Bull Mus. Gregg (1958) expended a great deal of effort hying to Compo ZooL 104:182. - Smith, 1951. Cat HyIn. Amer. No. of identify a sample ofthis species thathe andMrs. Greggcollected Mex. U. RnA MOIl 2:803. Gregg, 1956. Em News 67.37- in BrickelllIammoek, Miam~ Florida In his own WOlds. 39. - Gregg, 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc. 66:23. Type locality. Austin, Texas The specimens ofsculptior from Miam~ Florida (Buren det) and the sample obtained from Brickell Hammock are Types. MC.Z., AMN.H indistinguishable. Despite the similarities of the scrobes Range. North Florida to Texas and their sculpture, these ants are not identical, however, P. lamia is a smal~ yellowish, shining species with a ....ith the examples of seu!ptioF from Puerto RillO and subCylindiical head in the major which is truncate anteriorly. Martinique, nor with the types from St Vincent This is The soldier ofP. lamia has the most striking head shape in the eVIdent especI8lly from the smooth' almost sculptureless) genus and shining occipital lobes ofthe Florida ants. Insculptior, the cephalic rugae and JlIInctures completely covel the Discussion head, making it opaque, except at the extreme posterior margin around the foramen which is smooth and shining. In addition, the epinotal spines ofthe Brickell Hammock I he head shape ofP. lamta led Wheeler(1908) to suggest r an ose 0 scu lOr. ese two samples of the flavens group in Florida cannot speCIes. uren et a. n ress, s owe y a oratory and field representP. flevensseulptioF(from the West Indies), and observations that phragmosis does not occur in this species. unless this subspecies is known from Florida by other At Tall limbers Research StatIOn where thIS species is specImens, or IS there bUt not yet collected; this discovery common, I had the opportunity to observe the biology Of this requires a revision of the North American list Pheidole interesting species. Colonies are monogynous and sometimes jlavells scltlptiOl must be dropped; and that is the piau have up to about 21 K' mlijors and I ,I KIII workers I he nests are in followed in this paper(p. 45). the ground, usually in grassy areas as well as among taller vegetation. The nesting sites, at least at I all lImbers, can be Fig. 21 shows the head of P. greggi from the original easily spotted in the morning due to the reddish clay soil cast up spe~men~collected at Miami, Florida, by W. F. Buren. This in very small honey-combed hillocks These clumps consist Of sculPt/or The occipital lobes of Po jIa')ens seu/ptior from St Thomas, Virgin Islands, also collected by BurenonJanuary 18, 1952, are shown in fig. 56. The specimens collected at Naples were from a colony at the base Of a telephone pole onsandy sOil close to the beach. The colony was quite sizeable as inP. anastasii, P. floridana and P. moerens. colonies. In the summer of 1973, I found the first female after ou ou i rna es in tunnels close to the soil surface. In July, 1975, I found 18 ou m nemam pair that fell on the ground was collected in the late afternoon on July 15, 1974. The soil where this species nests usually has the first 30 cm predominantly sandy. Deeper there is a reddish clay whele this species has its chmnbers. Emery and P. moerens Wheeler. Mucb more study is needed in order to fully understand this difficult groupwhichhas severalrelated species, 8 subspecies the workers. The pale yellow color of this species also could 64 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. l s no. 2 s March 1985 indicate that this species is nocturnal The workers were 1922 Bull Amer Mus Nat Hist 45'812 observed carrying small seeds, small msects and mnes to the P. laeVlgata Mayr, 1862. VerlL Zoot - Bot Ges. Wlen nest Some majors in the chambers might be repletes since they 12'747 - Mayr, 1870 Vehr Zool - Bot Ges Wien 20'981 have quite extended gasters fun ofhquiCt Buren et at. (In Press) Type locality. Isle de France (Mauntius) show that this species has stylized defenses against SolenoDsis Type None in this country (Dl'ptorhoprrum) spp. Range. This species has become a world tramp; 10Flonda it apparently is largely confined to South Florida 12. Pheidole Iittoralis Cole P. megacephala (fig. 9), is a dark yellow to brownish­ ferruginous species that differs from P. morrisl by having P. sitarches littoralis Cole, 1952. Ann. Ent Soc. Amer. distinct and sharp propodeal spines. It also differs from P. 45·443 - (jregg, 1958 NY Ent Soc 66'30-39 momSl and Po dentata by having a cordate head narrowlOg Type locality. Lido Beach, Sarasota, Florida toward the mandibular insertion and the mesonotum is not Type A C collection; M <: Z; II S N M, AMNA distinctly transversely impressed and WS Cre.ighton collection Both the AC Cole collection and W. S. Creighton collectiOn are now at the Los Angeles Discussion Crumty Museum of Natural History Range. Central Flonda P. megacephata is a well known world tramp (Gregg; P. littaralis (fig 20) has a reddish brown head and thorax, 1958). Ithas been present in Florida for 43 years, at least, being the gaster black and ShlOlOg. It differs from P. sztarches, P. leported by Smith(1933) frron Everglades, Key West and St sitarches campestris and P. sitarches sands by the presence of Augustine. I collected this species in downtown Homestead, deep, large piligerous foveolae on the occipital lobes which also Florida on November 25, 1975 nesting under a paved sidewalk have no distinct transverse stnae. and at AIchbold Biological Resealch StatiOlL BUlen obselVed large colonies ofthis species trailing in large numbers from the Discussion colony to nemby tI ees (PelSOllal ConunUiricatiOlI). Its ecological impact has been studied in relation to another world tramp, P. litlOratis is a distinct species related to the sitarches .bidomylmex humiNs. Flnckel et ai. (1970) lepO!ted Po mega- complex as Cole (1952) suggested, This species was collected cephala was losing territory to1 humilis in Hawaii, although it nesting in white sand at the Archbold Biological Research did not appem to be e\len lemotely apploaching exteuninatiOlL Station. where it is very common. It was found nesting side by They also found that P. megacephala did not seem to occupy side with P. metallescens and P. adrianoi 1L sp. The colonies territory above 915 111; abo\le which ~~ lIumilis was usually seem to be quite small. Digging to 50 cm deep failed to produce found Dieberburg et al (1975) reported that in a 7-year period mlY blOod chmnber or any sexual fmms. At about 10 to 20 cm 1'. megacepl!a!a did not loose much territory to J. humilis in deep there was always a chamber full with small grass seeds and Bermuda He also reportedthatP. megacephala prefers clumped nevel mOle tilmlfoUlmajOl s. The majOl has a Imge head which is food sources and J. humilis prefered dispersed food sources. displOPOl tional consideting tile small size oftile lestoftile body. Based Oft these findings they suggested that an equilibrium Majors were never observed outside the nest foraging. The small between the two species was possible in Bermuda Brown black; shining wOllels can easily be confounded witil Po (1973) suggested thaL~ megacepha!a was a mortal enemy of1. metallescens and P. adrianoi n. sp. workers. humilis and that the latter was vanquishing P. megacephala outside the tropics. 13. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) In Florida the two species seem to occupy two distinct areas. L humi/is, akoougft not common, occurs in the northern Fannica megacephala Fabricius, 1793 Ent Syst 2'361 most and northwest areas ofthe state. P. megacephala, also not P. megacephala £mery 1921. Gen. Insect Pasco 174, p. common, occurs in the southern area ofthe state. In the central 85. - Phillips 1934. (Hawaii Univ.) Expt Sta Pineapple Prod. area ofthe state I was able to find only P. megacephala. At least Coop. Assoc. But 15:5-12. - Smith; 1936. Puerto Rico VOlV., in Florida the two species are not sympatric and the inability of Jour. Agr. 20:843-844. - Broekhuysen. 1948. Union So. Africa either of them to increase must be due to some other cause, Dept Agr. But 266: 1-40. - Smith; 1951. Cat Hym Am: No. of possibly competition '.villi So/enopsis im'ictQ Buren or So/enopsis Mex. U.S.D.A Mon2:803.- Wheeler and Wheeler, 1953. Ent geminata (Fabricius). Soc. Wash, Proc. 55:75. - Brown, 1958. Act Hytn. 1:47. ­ Gregg; 1958, N.Y. Ent Soc. 66.23. - 8rown; 1959. But Ent 14. Pheidole metalleseens Emery Res. 50:523. - Weber, 1960. Ent Soc. Wash, Proc. 62:232.­ Taylor 81m Wilson; 1961. Psyche 68.143. - Kempf 1962. 1'. metaResce/zs Emery, 1895. ZooL Jahrb., Abst of Studia Ent 5:18-19. - Haskins and Haskins, 1965. Ecology of Systetn. 8:289,294. - Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist, 46.737. - Wilson 81m TaylO!, 1967. Pacific. Insects MOIIOg; Bul. 24:476-477. - Smith; 1930. Fla. Ent 14.3. - Wheeler, 14:46-48. - Fluker, Huddleston, and Beardsley, 1968. Jour. 1932. N. Y. Ent Soc. 40:7.- Creighton, 1950. Bull. Mus. Compo ECOIL Ent 61.474. - Flukel aIm Bemdsley, 1970. Ent Soc. ZooL 104:183. Smith; 1951. Cat Hym Am No. ofMex., Amer., Ann. 63:1290-1296. - Kempf, 1972. Studia Ent U. S.D.A Mon 2:803. - Gregg, 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc. 66:23. - 15.196. Wheeler and J)lheeler, 1960. Ent Soc. Wash., Proc. 62:12. Oecophthora pusilla Heer, 1852. Stueck66: 15. - Wheeler, Type locality. St George, Florida Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA ~ruNDI 65

TYDes. None in this country species which has a small blackish female. Its main flight is Range Gulf States usually in July. Several queens may start founding a nest; but P. metallescens (fi~ 16) is a small species usually with before the first brood emerges, the dominant female will have reddish brown head and thorax and black gaster, although killed the othels. completely dark to black specimens have been found It differs The chambers usually are built with small soil or debris from Po gregg; II sp. and Po moerens by the distinct lateral pal tides and have small openings. A colony may have ovel 100 connules on the postpetiole. Italso differs from Po tloridana and majOls and OVel 500 wOlkelS. They feed on seeds and scavenge P. anastasii by the strong reticulation posteriorly on the head and prey on small dead or live arthropods. They forage very and frmn Po dentigula by having a reticulO"punctate propodeal dose to the nesting sites and sometimes a majOl is found fm aging base. The workers display strong, metallic, iridescent bluish along with the workers. leflectimls ovel most of lire body. 16. Pheidole morrisi Forel Discussion P. morrisii Forel, 1886 Soc EDt Belg., Bul 10·46 - P. metat'lescens is vely cOlmnmIinFlmida: Theplefelable Mayr, 1887. Verb: Zoot - Bot Ges. Wlen 37:568. - Fore~ habitat seems to be under the shade of trees or any high 1901. Soc. Ent Bel~, Ann 45:350 - Wheeler, 1904 Amer vegetation Usually it is easy to find sevelal small clatels Mus. Nat Hist, But 21:380. - Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. connected to a central vertical tunnel to the main chamber, Nat Hist, Bul 24:461. - Smitb.1918. Ent News 29:21. Davis rarely o"er40 em deep in the glOund Itis a monogynous species. and Bequaert; 1922. Brooklyn Ent Soc., But 17:8-9. - Smith; The majors usually forage along with the workers. They feed on 1924. Ent News 35:53. - Smith. 1930. Fla. Ent 14:3. - small grass seeds and also scavenge dead arthropods. Wheeler, 1932. N.Y. Ent Soc. 40:7. - Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland Nat 24.44-45. - Creighton; 1950. Bull. Mus. Compo 15. Pheidole moerens Wheeler Zool 104:183-184. - Smith, 1951. Cat Hym Amer. No. of Mex., u'S.D.A Mon 2.803. - Gregg; 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc. P. moerens Wheeler, 1908. Bull Amer. Mus. Nat Hist 66:24. - Wheeler and Wheeler, 1960. Ent Soc. Amer., Ann. 24.136. - Smith; 1936. Fuerto Rico Univ., Jour. A~. 20:842- 53.12. 843. - Smith, 1967. Cat Hym. Amer. No. of Mex. U. S.D.A. P. morrisivar. yancea Forel, 1901. Soc. Ent Belg., Ann Man 2 (Suppt 2).354. - Wheeler and Wheeler, 1972. Gao Ent 45.351. - 'vVheelel, 1904. Ame!. Mus. Nal Hisl, But 20.302. Soc., Jour. 7:244. - Kempf, 1972. StudiaEnt 15:196. - Wojcik. Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist, Bul 24:461. - Smith, Banks, and BUlen, 1975. Coop. EcOll Ins. Rpt u'S.D.A. 1924. Ent News 35.53. - Smith; 1951. Cat IIym. Amel. No. of 25:906. Mex., U.S.D.A. Mon 2:803-804. P. moerens a'vminicensis Wheeler, 1913. Bull. Amer. Type locality. Vineland; New JelSey Mus. Nat Hist 32:241. - Kempf, 1972. Studia Ent 15:197. Types. None in this country NEW SYNONYMY. Range. Southern New Jersey, south to Florida and Type locality. Anlilha Cu1eb13 eastern Gulf states. Types. MC.Z. P. morrisi (fi~ 27) is a pale to darker yellowish species Range Southelll Alabama; F1oIida; West Indies differing from P. dentata and P. rinelandica by the absence of P. moerens (fig. 22) is a small reddish yellow to almost distinct propodeal teeth or spines. Itis largerthan P. yinelandica black species closely lelated to P. greggi It sp., diffeling f10Ill it and has a transverse mesonota! impression. by the absence of the heavily punctate scrobe and in having a carinated shining dypeus. It diffels f10m P. dentigula; 1'. Diseussion anastasi' P. floridana and P. metallescens by the absence of distinet latera! eonIltlles OIl the postpetioie. P. momSI IS another common species in Florida It always nests in the ground and the colonies are quite large. Itis a Diseussion monogynous species and is primarily a scavenger. Several nest founding females displayed singular habits in P. mocrens is a common species inllOrth Florida Its eolor the laboratory vihich may not have been noted previously in this was observed in lab colonies to vary from reddish yellow to genus. In constructing the claustral chamber each female used almost black due possibly to variation in the diet Colonies fed the soil dug from the bottom ofthe vertical passageway to form a 'lAth honey and seeds retained a lighter color than those fed with contiooous plug of the passageway above her rather than freshly killed house flies. Wheeler's subspecies dominicensis brmgmg the soI! particles to the sUrtace. The c1austriil chamber appears to represent only a color variant often found among the at the 20 to30 cm level below groond thus is entirely sealed from normal population I have examined the types ofdomin icensis the surface by a long plug. I mterpret thiS habit as a defense and they appear identical with the types of mocrcns except in mechanism against various predators during the claustral period. color. I do not consider dominiccnsis a valid taxon I he fIrst workers are reared m about 30 days and the hrst majors This species was fOlll1d nesting in various places such as in about 50 days under boards, at base ofoak trees and fence posts, along roots, The colony increases in size rapidly. In 8 months it can under palm leaves, inside wall crevices, and rarely in the ground. have several hundred workers and majors I he workers fiirage Usually small chambers are constructed It is a monogynous alone, although the majors can help to bring food back to the 66 INSECTA ffUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 colony once food is located Workers can forage over 8 m from Dept Agr, Tech Bul 1326'25-26 the nestmg s1te. The spec1es 1S mamly a scavenger but will also P. vmelandlca vmelandlca. Sm1th; 1951. Cat Hym. gather seeds Amer No of Mex US DAMon 2'806

17. Pheidole tysoni Forel R ge. Soue~te~nd Gulf States and along the east Po tysoni FOIe~ 1901. Soc. Eot Belg;, Am}; 45.348. ­ coast to New Jersey. Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist 20:302. - Smith, 1918. P. vinelandica is a small yellowish species differing from Ent News 29.22. - Smith; 1924. Ent News 35.78. - Dennis, P. bicarinala by having the basal face ofpropodeurn in the major 1938. Ent Soc. Amer. 31:282, 304. - Wesson and Wesson, largely punctate (fig. 60) and having a longitudinal striation on 1940. Amer. Midland Nat 24:92. Cole, 1940. Amer. Midland the flontal al ea(fig: 63). Itdiffel s from Po I ysoni by tire absence Nat 24:42,45. - Creighton, 1950. Bull Mus. Compo Zool of teeth on the anterior ventral margin of the head 104.191. - Smith, 1951. Cat Hym Amer. No. of Mel£., U.S.D.A Mon. 2:805. Gregg, 1958. N.Y. Ent Soe. 66:32. Discussion Type locality. Mt Mitchel~ North Carolina Types. A.M.N.H., M.C.Z. I hadthe opportunityto study specimens ofP. vinelandica Range. North Florida, Georgia, western North Carolina, from New Jelsey, North Calolina; South Calolina; Geolgia; south'westem Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Alabama, and Texas. I have also collected this species at Tall P. tysoni is a small yellowish species closely related top. Timbers Research Station as well as in Putnam Co., Florida I 1!inelandica, differing from itby the teeth on the anterior ventral have compared these with specimens of P. bicarinata (fig. 24, margin ofhead The minor has the propodeal pleurae largely free 61, 62) from Illinois in the M C. Z. I also have studied specimens from sculpture and strongly shining. of bicarinata collected at Colorado Springs, Colorado, Ames and Lewis, Iowa; Devils Tower, Wyoming; Ortonville, Minnesota, Discussion and Corinne, Utah. It was evident that the two forms are not conspecific and have constantmorphologicaldifferences, empha­ P. t)'soni was collected once in a soYbean field at Tall sizing that P. vinefantiica deserves full speeies rank. Gregg Timbers Research Station in 1973. The colony was quite large (1958) included the var. nebrascensis Forel and the var. and the mam chamber was abOut 50 cmdeep m the ground Only huachucana Smith as synonymus of vinelandica. I haye not minors were foraging. This is the only record known for the state studied the types of these taxa but am doubtful about their and I am assummg that P. tyson! 1S rare m Flonda inclusion under vinelandica rather than hicarinata. Records of vinelandica from North Dakota and Colorado also seem doubtfu~ 18. Pheidole vinelandica F'orel and seem much more likely to be misdetermined records of bicarinata. P. vinelandica is found nesting in grassy areas at Tall P. bicarinata race vinelandlca Foret 1886. Ann Soc. Timbers Research Station. The minors and majors are ea~ily Eat DdS 30:45 seen foraging close to the nesting site. The nest has several eXIts. P. vinelandica Mayr, 1886. Verb. Zool - Bot Ges. Wien They were obsenred carrying seeds and small dead arthropods 36'458 - Emery, 1895 Zoot lahrb Syst 8'292 - Fore!, 19111 Ann Soc. Ent Belg. 45:348. - Wheeler, 1904. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist,Bu! 24·458 -Smith, 1918 Ent News29·2J -I)avlsand SPECIES NOT PROPERLY INCLUDED IN Bequaert, 1922. Brook. Ent Soc. 17:9. - Smith, 1924. Ent THE FLORIDA PHEIDOLE FAUNA News, 35'54 - Hayer, 1925 Ent News 36'42 - Cole, 1940 Amer Midland Nat 24'42 - Wesson and Wesson, 1940 19. Pheidole pilifera (Roger) Amer. M1dland Nat 24:92-93. P (Allopheidole) vinelandica Forel, J912 - Mem Soc Leptothorax pilifera Roger, J863 Berl Eot Zeitschr, Ent Belg. 19:237. 7:180. P vinelandica laeviuscula Emery, 1895 Zool Jahrb. P. pilifera var simulans Wheeler, 1908 Bull Amer Syst 8:292. - Smith; 1951. Cat Hym. Amer. No. of Mex. Mus. Nat H1St, 24:436. US DAMon 2'805 P. pili/era subsp seDtentrionalis Wheeler, 1908. Bull P. vinelandica subsp. buccalis Wheeler, 1908. Bull Amer. Mus. Nat Hist 24:436. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist 24:454. - Smith; 1951. Cat Hym; Amer. Po Dennsvlvanica Roger; 1863. Bert Ent Zeitschr., No. ofMex. U.S.D.A Mon 2:805. 7:199. - Mayr, 1870. Verb. Zool-Bot Ges. Wien, 20:981. ­ P. vinelandica longula var. castanea. Wheeler; 1915. Mayr; 1886. Vern: Zorn-Bot Ges. Wien; 36.455. - Mayr; 1877. Amer. Mus. Nat Hist 34:405. - Cole, 1937. Ent News. 48: 100. Verb. Zool-Bot Ges. Wien, 37:588. P. bicarimala buccalis Creighton; 1950. Bult Mus. P. piljfera EmelY, 1895. Zoot Jahrb. SysL 8.290. - Compo Zoo!. 104:171. - Cole, 1953. Tenn. Ac. Sc.28:297. Creighton, 1950. Bull Mus. Compo Zoo!. 104:184-186. - Van P. bicarinala vinelandica Cleighton, 1950. Bult Mus. Pelt; 1956. Amel. Midland NaL 56.377, 834. - Smith, 1958. Compo Zool 104:17a - Cole, 1956. Tenn. Acad Sc. 31:114.- Cat Hym. Amer. No. of Mex., U. S.D.A Mon. 2 (Suppl Glegg; 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc. 66.18, 36. - Reid and Nagata; 1).123. - Glegg; 1958. N.Y. Ent Soc., 66.24-25. 1961. Jour. Parasitology 47:885-889. - Smith, 1965. U.S. Type locality. Pennsylvania Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA ~roNDI 67

Type. None in this conntry inspired me during every phase of this research I also wish to Range. Massachussetts to North Carolma and West to acknowledge my smcere mdebtedness to Dr. George E. Allen, Iowa and Nebraska Dr Francis W Zettler and Dr Clifford S I.ofgren, for their P. pllijera differs from P. CarrOnl n. sp. and P. lIttoralls constructive cnticlsms and gUidance. Cole by having the occipital mgae ofthe majornotably reticulate I sincerely thank Mrs T Cadysle for providing me witb and often coarse; Its OCCipItal lobes are not well rounded and scanmng electron micrographS. pronounced I also wish to thank Dr lohn F Carroll, Dr ICE Nickerson, and Dr. D. P. Wojcik, for continuing assistance, and DiSCUSSion to Dr Edward () Wilson and Dr David R Smith for their permission to study ilie collections at the Museum ofComparative Attempts were made by the author to find P. pl/ifera in Zoology and U S National Museum, respectively Florida as reported by Van Pelt(1956). Dr. Van Pelt, however, This research was also aided in part by Tall Timbers expressed some reservations about the correctness of this Research Station, Leon Co., Plonda, through the kindness of identification. No voucher specimens ofP. pilifera arepresently Dr. E. V. Komarek, Directorofthe Station, and the sponsorship available from Dr. Van Pelt's work Although it seems possible ofDr. Willard H. Whitcomb. The supportofEmpresa Brasileira that P. pilifera occurs in Florida. I am unconvinced that there is de Pesquisa Agropecuaria is also acknowledged wiili gratitude. mly dhect evidence. I believe all reported specimens were To my wife, Lucilia; my utmost thanks and appreciation probably P. carrolli n. sp., P. /ittora/is Cole, or oilier species. for her patience and support

ABSTRACT LITERATURE CITED

) Jnt11 recently only twelve species of Pheidole were Brown; W. L. 1973. A comparison of the Hyleml and Congo- reported from Florida, P. anastasii Emery, P. bicarinata West African rain forest ant faunas, p. 161-185. In B. 1. vIne/andka Forel, P. dentiguta M R Smdh, P. flavens Roger, MeggelS, E. S. Ayensu; mId W. D. DuckwOlth (ed). P. megacephala (Fabricius), P. moerens Wheeler, P. morrisi Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: Porel, P. pllifera (Roger), P. dentata Mayr, P. flOridana A cOlnpalative leview. SmitllsOllian InstitutiOll Pless; Emery, P. metallescens Emery andP. sitarches littora/is Cole. Washington, D.C. The last four have Plonda as the type localIty. BUlen; W. F. 1942. New ants {10m Mimlesota; Iowa; and P. pili/era (Roger) is believed to have been erroneously Wisconsin. Iowa State College Jour. ScL 16:399-40. reported from Plonda and has been excluded from the Plonda Bmen, 'N. F. 1944. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College fauna. P. flavens (Gregg, 1958, nec Roger) is considered a Jour. SeL 18:277-312. misidentification and to be an undescribed species, P. greggi n. sp. BUlen; W. F., MA Naves, and T. Carlysle. False phragmosis In addition to P. greggi n. sp., 2 additional new species of and apparent specialization for subterranean warfare in ?he/dole are described from Florida: P. adrianoi n. sp., P. Pheitiole lamia Wheeler(Hymenoptera: Formicidae).ln carrolti n. sp. An exotic species, P. fallax obscurithorax ( P. press. fallax arenicola var. obscurithorax Santschi) probably introduced Cole, A C. 1952. A new Pheidole(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from South America; is also added to the North American ant From Florida Ana Ent Soe. Amer. 45:443 444. fauna. Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. ?heidole crassicornis Emery mnl? diversipilosa Wheeler Compo Zool, Harvard, 104:1 585. are recorded for ilie first time in Florida. The latter species is Emery, c., 1895. Beitraege zurKenntnis dernordamerikanischen lesulIected flOIll synoIllyIlly and is elevated to full species. ,h..meisenfauna II Zool. Jahrb. Syst 8:257 360. Two additional taxa are elevated to full species: P. Fluker, S. S., and1. W. Beardsley, 1970. Sympatric associations vinelandica ( P. bicadnata vinet'andica FOlel) mIdP. littolUlis ofthree ants: lridemyrmex humilis, Pheidele megaeephala, (= P. sitarches littoralis Cole). and Anoplolepis longipes in Hawaii. Ent Soc. Amer., The two new species, P. adl ianoi n. sp., P. calloitiIt sp., Ann. 63:1290 1296. plus the introduced species P. fallax obscurithorax Santschi and Gregg. R E.1958. Key tothe species o Pheidole(Hymenoptera: the recognized species I'o divelSipit'osa 'vVheelel inclease the Fonnicidae) in the United States. Jour. New York Ent. total Pheidole fauna of North America north of Mexico to Soc., 66:7-48. seventy-five. The FloridaPheidole fauna is increased to eighteen Gregg. R E. 1969. New species ofPheidole from Pacific Coast species and Pheido[e is now the largest ant genus in the state. Islands (Hymenoptera: Fonnicidae) Ent. News 80'93- Keys for the identification ofboth majors andworkers are 101. provided Scanning eleetron micrographs are also provided as Kempt: WW 1972. Catalogo abreviado das Formigas da identification aides. The ecological behavior and biologyofeach RegJao Neotroplclil (Hymenoptera: Formlcldae). Studia species is discussed lint 15'3-344 Kmg, R L. 1949. Mixed colomes III ants. Iowa Acad SCI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 56'367-370 King, R L, and R M Sallee. 1951. More mixed colonies in I 'Nish to express my gratitude to Dr. William F. Buren, ants Iowa Acad Sci 58·487-489 Advisory Committee Chairman, who patiently guided me and Liebergurg, I., P. M Krans, and A Seip. 1975. Bermudian ants 68 INSECTA }IDNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, }iareh 1985

revisited The status and interaction of Pheidole mega- Synoptic Catalog, IT SD A, Agr Mon 2 (SuppL 2)'343- cephala andlndomynnexhumllis. Ecology. S6:473-478. 474. Mayr, G L J886 Die Fonnicidin DerVereinigten Staaten Von Van Pelt, A F, If 1956 The ecology oftbe ants ofthe Welaka Nordamencana Verhandlungen Der. Zoo~8ot Gesell. Reserve, Flonda(Hymenoptera: Fonnlcldae). Amencan Wein, Verb. 36:419-464. Midi Nat 56'387 Smith; M It 1930. A list ofFlorlda ants. Florida Ent 14.1-6. Wheeler, W. M 1904. Three new genera of mquIlme ants from Smitb; M It 1933. Additional species of Florida ants, with mah and Colorado Bull American Mus Nat Hist remarks. Florida Ent 17:21-26. 20:1-17. SmUb; M It 1941. The discovery of the worker caste of all Wheeler, WM 19111 Ants, their stnlctllre, development and inquilinous ant, Epipheidole inquilina Wheeler. Proc. behavior, Columbia University Press, 663 pp. Ent Soc. Washington 24.104-109. Wheeler, WM 1932. A list of the ants of Florida with Smith, MR 1944. Additional ants recorded from Florida, with descriptions of new fonns. Jour. New York Ent Soc. descriptions of two new subspt:cies. Elmida EIll 27.14- 40:1-171 17. Wilson, E. 0 1975 Enemy specification in the allUl1rrecruitment Smith; M It 1951. Emmicidae. In l{; V. KlOmbein and B. D. system of the ant Science 190:798-800. Burks, eds., Hymenoptera ofAmerica North ofMexico, Wojcik, D. P., W. A BanksandW. F. Buren, 1975. First report Synoptic Catalog; U.S.D.A, AgI. MOD; 2.799-806: ofPheidole moerens in Florida(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Smith, MR 1958. Fonnicidae. In K V. Krombein and B. D. U. S.DA Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt 25(49-52):906. Bwks, eds., Hymenoptela ofAmeriea North ofMexieo,

PLATE 1

Figure 1. Head of major of P. lamia Wheeler (33x)

Figure 2. Scape of a major of the P. Cf'USSiCOf Ilia complex (Six)

Figure 3. Head of major of P. divef'sipilosa Wheeler (45x)

Figure 4. Gaster of major of P. diversipilosa Wheeler (47x)

Figure 5. Head of major of P. crassicornis Emery (43x)

Figure 6. Gaster of major of P. crassicornis Emery (58x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 69 70 INSECTA HUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, Hareh 1985

PLATE 2

Figure 7. Scope of major of P. faUaa: obseurithoraa: Santsehi (Slx)

Figure S. Head of major of P. fallax obseurithorax Santschi (Slx)

FIgure 9. Head of maJor of P. megacephala (FabrICIUS) (40x)

FIgure ro. PedICel of maJor of P. florldana Emery (128x)

FIgure 11. Propodeum, pedICel and gaster of maJor of P. metallescens Emery (74x)

Figure 12. Postpetiole of major of P. littar'aUs Cole (119x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 71 72 INSECTA froNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985

PLATE 3

Figure 13. Head of major of P. dentigula M. R. Smith (64x)

Figure 14. Head of major of P. carroW n. sp. (29x)

FIgure 15. PedICel of major of P. metallescens Emery (l63x)

FIgure 16. Head of major of P. metallescens Emery (68x)

Figure 17. Head of major of P. anastasZl Emery (6Sx)

Figure 18. Postpetiole and gaster of P. anastasii Emery (62x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 73 74 INSECTA }fUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, l1areh 1985

PLATE 4

Figure 19. Head of major of P. {loridana Emery (72x)

Figure 20. Head of major of P. littoralis Cole ( 37x)

FIgure 21. Head of major of P. greggi n. sp. (68x)

FIgure 22. Head of major of P. moerens Wheeler (58x)

FIgure 23. Clypeus and frontaI area of major of P. vinelandica Forel (186x)

Figure 24. Head of major of P. bwarmata Mayr (53x) Vol. I, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 75 76 INSECTA UUNDI Vol. 1) no. 2, March 1985

PL"~.. TE Ii

Figure 25. Head of major P. adrianoi n. sp. (72x)

FIgure 26. Thorax, pedIcel, and gaster of maJor of P. adrlano1 n. sp. (50x); white legs are artifacts due to electron overcharge

Fi gllre 27 Head of major of P morrisi Fore] (37x)

Figure 28. Thorax of major of P. morrisi Fore] (56x)

Figure 29. Head of major of P. dentata MayI' (48x)

Figme 30. Teeth all the aIlterioI velltral head margin of P. anastasij Emery (123x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 77 78 INSECTA JlmNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985

PLATE 6

Figure 31. Head of worker of P. lamia Wheeler (97x)

Figure 32. Dorsal view of worker of P. vinelandica Forel (62x)

Figure 33. Dorsal view of worker of P. adrianoi n. sp. (95x)

Figure 34. Worker of P. megacephala (Fabricius) (36x)

FIgure 35. Thorax and pedlCel of the worker of P. fal/ax obscurithorax Santschi (41 x)

Figure 36. HeaB of worker of P fOliar obscurithorax Santschi (86x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 79 80 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, Uareh 1985

PLATE 'l

Figure 37. Thorax of the wor}wr of P. morrisi Forel (72x)

Figure 38. Head, thorax, and pedicel of the worker of P. dentata Mayr (72x)

Figure 39. Thorax of the work of P. dentata Mayr (79x)

FIgure 40. Head of the worker of P. craSSLCorms complex (54x)

FIgure 41. Thorax of the worker of P. metaLLescens Emery (I06x)

Figure 42. Head of the worker of P. littoralis Cole (113x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 81 82 INSECTA HUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, ~iarch 1985

PLATE 8

f'igure 43. Worker of P. carroW fl. sp. (40x)

Figure 44. Head of worker of P. macrcns Wheeler (102x)

Figure 45. Head of worker of P. greg{Jl n. sp. (102x)

FIgure 46. MermItfUd parasItIzed worker of P. anastasn Emery (45x)

FIgure 4'(. Dorsal VIew of parasItized worker of P. anastassl Emery (103x)

Figure 48. Propodeum, pedicel, and gaster of worker of P. dentigula M. R. Smith fl02x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 83 84 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1 t no. 2 t March 1985

PLl\TE 9

Figure 49. Dorsal view of thorax of P. dentigula M. R. Smith, worker (115x)

Figure 50. Head of worker of P. anastasii Emery (109x)

FIgure 51. Head of worker of P. floridana Emery (1l5x)

FIgure 52. PedICel of worker of P. j10rldana Emery (l93x)

FIgure 53. Dorsal thoracIc hall's of worker of P. adrzanol n. sp. (l,401x and 5,] 74x, respectively)

Figure 54. Dorsal thoracic hairs of worker of P adrianoi n sp ( I, 411 Ix and 5, 174x, respectively) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 85 86 INSECTA ~ruNDI Vol. 1. no. 2. Uareh 1985

PLATE 10

Figure 55. Head of major of P. f1avens Roger (95x) Figure 56. Head of major of P. f1avens sculptior Forel (87x) Figure 57. OCCIpital lobes of P. greggi n. sp. (250x) figure 58. Postpetiole of the major of P. flavens sGulptior Fore! (l58x) Figure 59 Head and thorax of the minor of P. flavens Roger (83x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 87 88 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985

PLATE 11 FIgure 60. Dorsum of propodeum of major of P. vinelandica Forel (272x) Figure 61 Thoracic dorsum of P. bicarinata Mayr (186x) Figure 62 Postpetiole of P bicarinata Mayr (186x) Figure 63. Head of P. vinelandica (66x) Vol. 1, no. 2, March 1985 INSECTA MUNDI 89 90 INSECTA ~ruNDI Vol. 1, no. 2, ~4areh 1985

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