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Pollution Monitoring of Bagnoli Bay (Tyrrhenian Sea, Naples, Italy), a Sedimentological, Chemical and Ecological Approach L

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Pollution Monitoring of Bagnoli Bay (Tyrrhenian Sea, Naples, Italy), a Sedimentological, Chemical and Ecological Approach L Pollution monitoring of Bagnoli Bay (Tyrrhenian Sea, Naples, Italy), a sedimentological, chemical and ecological approach L. Bergamin, E. Romano,∗ M. Celia Magno, A. Ausili, and M. Gabellini Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica Applicata al Mare (ICRAM), Via di Casalotti 300, Roma, 00166 Italy ∗Corresponding author: Fax: +39.06.61561906; E-mail: [email protected] Many studies finalised to a reclamation project of the industrial area were carried out on the industrial site of Bagnoli (Naples). Among these studies, the sedimentological, chemical, and ecological characteristics of marine sediments were analysed. Seven short cores, located in the proximity of a steel plant, were analysed for grain- size, polychlorobiphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. As well, benthic foraminiferal assemblages were investigated. Sediment pollution was mainly due to heavy metals; in particular,copper,mercury and cadmium showed a ‘spot’ (site-specific) distribution, while iron, lead, zinc and manganese showed a diffuse distribution, with a gradual decrease of concentration from coast to open sea. Heavy metals pollution seems to explain some of the variation in the foraminiferal abundance. The combined copper and iron contamination might be the cause for the complete absence of foraminifera in the four shallower cores. Moreover, the ratio between normal and deformed specimens of Miliolinella subrotunda and Elphidium advena could be indicative of heavy metal pollution. In particular, Miliolinella subrotunda could be a potential bioindicator for copper pollution, since the abundance of irregular specimens of this species could be related to copper concentrations. Keywords: steel plant, foraminifers, heavy metals, bioindicators Introduction In the context of the wide interdisciplinary research, a study on seven short cores from the inner shelf, in A recent law (decree n.468/2001—National the proximity of the Bagnoli plant, was carried out. program of remediation and environmental recovery), They were analysed for grain size, polychlorobiphenyls promoted by the Ministry of Environment of Italy, (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and focused attention on the contamination determined heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb by the presence and the activity of some disused and Zn). In addition, qualitative and quantitative studies heavy industrial plants located near the Italian coast. of benthic foraminiferal assemblages were performed. Such a law requires a complete environmental study The aim of this research is a preliminary characteri- before the start of a reclamation project on the marine sation of marine sediments through the analysis of sed- polluted area. A multidisciplinary approach is neces- imentological, chemical and ecological features. The sary to evaluate the chemical-physical and ecological response of individual foraminifera was investigated characteristics of marine sediments in order to plan in order to evaluate the impact of pollution on the the reclamation. The Bagnoli steel plant was the sea-bottom ecological health and to identify possible object of the first research; the related characterisation bioindicators. survey was considered as pilot research for all the Foraminifers are protozoans that belong to contaminated Italian sites. phylum of Reticulosa (reticulopodial amoebae) 293 Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 8(3):293–302, 2005. Copyright C 2005 AEHMS. ISSN: 1463-4988 print / 1539-4077 online DOI: 10.1080/14634980500220866 Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/aehm/article-pdf/8/3/293/885400/293bergamin.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 294 Bergamin et al. / Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 8 (2005) 293–302 (Cavalier-Smith, 1993). Most benthic foraminifers in sites contaminated by heavy metals pollution (Alve, have a mineralised, calcareous or arenaceous, shell or 1991a; Sharifi et al., 1991; Yanko et al., 1994). Most ‘test’ that has a high fossilisation potential. recently, the interest of researchers has been focused on Benthic foraminifers are recognised as useful tools the correlation between specific alterations and single in pollution monitoring because they are ubiquitous in pollutants (Yanko et al., 1998; Alve and Olsgard, 1999; coastal marine environments and they are very sensi- Samir and El-Din, 2001). In cases of moderate pollu- tive to environmental changes, to which they respond tion, percentages of abnormal tests do not exceed the in short periods owing to their brief life-cycle (few natural background, but the distribution of some toler- weeks-some months). The analysis of the foraminiferal ant pioneer species shows a strong correlation with one assemblages may be conducted on a statistical basis, or several contaminants (Debenay et al., 2001). using small sediment samples. Consequently, a study may be conducted on samples from cores, which of- The study area fer a picture of environmental evolution (Yanko et al., 1999). The study area is included in the eastern part of the The first research on foraminifers as related to pol- Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), located between Nisida lution were conducted in the early 1960s (Watkins, Island and the town of Bagnoli. It belongs to the Phle- 1961). In the last decade a great number of studies grean Fields volcano-tectonic system (Figure 1a,b). have reported effects of many types of pollutants on The geology is very dynamic and related to intense the structure and composition of benthic foraminiferal and relatively recent volcanic activity. Bradyseismic assemblages and on the morphology of tests. Chemical movements, land and underwater gas emissions are as- pollution may determine a decrease of species diver- sociated to the volcanic activity. The Pozzuoli Gulf is an sity and faunal density. Frequent aberrant specimens area of recent volcanic collapse (12–10 kyr BP), char- and/or assemblages with stunted specimens were found acterised by four morpho-structural units: the coastal Figure 1. a) Gulf of Naples with the main lithological types (after Scandone et al., 1991, simplified); b) Bagnoli Bay: location map of sampling sites c) Bagnoli beach: the eastern part of the steel plant. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/aehm/article-pdf/8/3/293/885400/293bergamin.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Bergamin et al. / Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 8 (2005) 293–302 295 shelf (up to 50 m depth), a central collapse area, the Table 1. Geographic location of cores and depths of overlying water. volcanic submarine banks (Nisida, Penta Palummo and Miseno Banks) and the external shelf (De Pippo et al., CORE Latitude Longitude Water depth 1984). F1 40◦48.670 N 14◦09.880 E 1.2 m Sediments from Bagnoli were recognised to reflect F3 40◦48.630 N 14◦09.850 E 4.4 m the industrial activity in the region due to the high G4 40◦48.489 N 14◦09.610 E 12.2 m concentrations of Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn found in H4 40◦48.300 N 14◦09.630 E 17.2 m the littoral areas, near industrial centres (Damiani et al., R1 40◦48.320 N 14◦10.310 E 3.0 m 1987). Industrial and agricultural activity is also re- T1 40◦48.180 N 14◦10.330 E 2.5 m flected through elevated concentration of PCBs, PAHs T3 40◦48.201 N 14◦10.068 E 7.2 m and DDT. Sharp and Nardi (1987) found anomalous high values for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn mainly between the two long piers of the Bagnoli ficulty of sampling by hand the sandy sediment in the plant. A correlation analysis revealed the presence of sub-marine environment. two major suites of associated elements: the first one Granulometric parameters, heavy metals (Al, As, is constituted by Pb, Cd, Zn, As, Cu, Co and Ag and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), 15 PAHs and the second one by Ni, Cr, Co and Ag. The authors esti- PCBs were determined for all the samples. Samples −1 mated for this area a sedimentation rate of 0.4 cm y , for grain-size analysis were treated with a 30% H2O2 deducing that the time of maximum pollution occurred solution and separated by wet sieving. The >0.063 mm about 70 years ago. fraction was dried and fractionated by ASTM series The industrial activity of the steel plant started in sieves, while the lower fraction was analysed by X-ray 1905 and high steel production levels were maintained sedigraph (Romano et al., 1998). They were classified from 1913 to 1943 (Figure 1c). In 1930 two long piers according to Shepard (1954). were built in order to allow the berthing of large tonnage Heavy metal analyses were performed on aliquots boats. At the northern pier, raw materials such as fossil of whole homogenised sample and analysed by Atomic coal and iron ores were discharged while at the south- Absorption Spectrometry according to Giani et al. ern one, finished products were loaded on boats. In- (1994). dustrial production was interrupted from 1943 to 1946 Analyses of PAHs were performed by a preliminary due World War II activities. In the early 1960s, con- extraction and successive purification on silica gel; the taminated soil from the industrial area was used to fill determination by high performance liquid chromotog- part of the sea stretch between the two piers to allow for raphy with spectrofluorimetric detector was carried out widening and the development of the industrial activ- (Ausili et al., 1998). Determinations of PCBs were by ity. Consequently, the natural coastline was altered and preliminary extraction and subsequent purification by the new spaces so obtained were utilised for the con- Florisil R . The determination was carried out by ECD struction of industrial buildings and the storage of coal. gas chromatograph. From the comparison of bathymetric maps of different For foraminiferal analyses, the seven cores were di- historical periods it may be deduced that the sea-bottom vided into 5 cm thick (F1, H4, T1) or 3 cm thick (F3, morphology, especially near the piers, was modified by G4, R1, T3) samples (bottom samples were thicker the fall of materials during loading and unloading op- in some cases).
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