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RCA Manufacturing Company, Inc., Camden, New Jersey, U. S. A. A Service of the Radio Corporation of America CONTENTS
DECEMBER, 1941
Cover Piciiire: Swiss Soldiers on Training March See page 714
Seven Men on a Flying Carpel By Gay W. Ray 665
Swiss National Defense By Captain H. R. Schmid 668
The Czar, the Baroness and the Holy Alliance By Evelyn Strong 672
The Thomas Jefferson Memorial By Edward Kelly 674
Ada-Kaleh By Sybil Sawyer Smith 677
What’s Wrong with the Consular Service Courtesy The Honorable Wesley Frost 679 BARBADOS RIO DE JANEIRO Editors’ Column 682 SANTOS MONTEVIDEO BUENOS AIRES Fortnightly Sailings from New York News from the Department 688 SANTOS (SAO PAULO) RIO DE JANEIRO CRUISE RATES: $360 TOURIST; $480 News from the Field 686 TRINIDAD FIRST CLASS. ($550 CERTAIN SEASONS)
The Bookshelf Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor 688
A Message from The President 690
A Message from The Secretary of State 691
Foreign Service Changes 694
Service Glimpses 695
Visitors 719
Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.
DECEMBER. 1941 661 The Curtiss SB2C-1 Dive Bomber is representative of Curtiss-Wright’s comprehensive part in the defense program. Powered by a 1700 H.P. Wright Cyclone 14 cylinder engine and equipped with a Curtiss Electric Propeller, it is the hardest hit¬ ting Dive Bomber in the world. Four Curtiss-Wright airplane plants are turning out planes designed for Combat, Dive Bomb¬ ing, Scout-Observation, Cargo Transport and Training. From six plants Wright Aircraft Engines roll at the rate of millions of horsepower per month. Four more plants are devoted to the manufacture of the Curtiss Electric Propeller. Curtiss- Wright, in factories totalling more than 11,000,000 sq. ft. of floor area is in all - out production 24 hours a day.
BUFFALO, NEW YORK ST. LOUIS, M0| PATERSON, N. J. COLUMBUS, OHH CALDWELL—CLIFTON, N. J. INDIANAPOLIS, INDl CINCINNATI,OHIO BEAVER, PENNAI INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS
Allies’ Inn, The . 719 American Export Lines _ ... 702 American International Underwriters Corporation 663 American Republics Line 661 American Security and Trust Company 693
Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 697 Bowling Green Storage & Van Co 704
Campbell Co., W. D. _. : 711 Chase National Bank 716 Clark, Horace F., & Son . 717 Curtiss-Wright Corporation ...... 662
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co 664
General Motors Overseas Operations ... 707 Grace Line 713
International Telephone & Telegraph Co..... 701 Diplomatic Immunity?
Latin American Institute 711 Golf etiquette demands a warning of Leggett, Francis H. & Co 720 danger — but it isn’t always enough. . . Mayflower Hotel . 698 “Fore” in any language might not suc¬ Moore-McCormack Lines 661 ceed in preventing an accident! Our Sports Liability policy provides National City Bank _ 718 National Geographic Magazine . 696 complete protection by covering your lia¬ New’ England Mutual Life Insurance Co 719 bility for bodily injury and property damage resulting from any of the usual Pacific Fisheries, Assn, of 717 sports in which you may engage includ¬ Packard III COVER ing the popular Scotch pastime. Pan-American Airways, Inc ... 715 For more than a score of years the AIU worldwide organization has provided R.C.A. Manufacturing Co., Inc II COVER American insurance for our Government Royal Typewriter Co., Inc 709 personnel in foreign lands. Wherever you Sapp, Earle \V„ C.L.U ; 719 may be, AIU policies offer U. S. Dollar Schenley Products 712 protection in strong, familiar companies Security Storage Company of Washington 693 for practically every type of insurance, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. _ 714 plus usual and unusual coverages. Southern Engraving Company 710 Communicate with us direct about your insurance needs, or apply through your Texaco Petroleum Products 700 own insurance agent or broker. Turner’s Diplomatic School 717 Tvner, Miss E. J 717
Underwood Elliott Fisher Company. 705 Underwriters 663 United Fruit Company 716 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 715 United States Lines 699 United States Steel Export Co 708 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc 719 UNDERWRITERS CORPORATION COVER Waldorf-Astoria Hotel . IV in John Street, New York 340 Pine Street, San Francisco Westinghouse Electric International Company 703 Woodward & Lothrop._ 706 Additional Company Offices in: Havana, Cuba Manila, P. I. Bogota, Colombia, S. A. Shanghai, China Hong Kong Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Representatives in Key Cities throughout the World when writing to advertisers.
DECEMBER, 1941 663 AIRPLANES and armored cars—“blitz track blocks for tanks and reconnaissance cars, buggies” and barrage balloons — cruisers and gas masks, seadrome lighting buoys and hundreds cannons — tanks and trucks — these and countless of other products made from natural or synthetic other weapons now being built for our National rubber for the armed forces of the United States. Defense Program require thousands of different In addition, metallic belt links, bomb cases, shell rubber parts. guard facings and many other non-rubber And they are getting them — on or ahead of munitions are now in production. And if our schedule! country calls upon us for further help, it will be Firestone plants in the United States are busily given cheerfully, quickly, efficiently and engaged in making tires of all types, bullet- intelligently. resisting tubes, bullet-sealing fuel and oil tanks, For Defense is First at Firestone!
MILITARY TIRES ★ TUBES ★ GAS MASKS * TANK TRACKS ★ BULLET-SEALING CELLS PARACHUTE SEATS * HOSE ★ BALLOONS ★ SEA DROME LIGHTS CRASH PADS AND OTHER RUBBER AND METAL PRODUCTS THE
FOREIGN SMI JOURNAL
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION
VOL. 18, No. 12 WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER, 1941
Seven Men On A Fly ins* Carpet
By GUY W. RAY, Second Secretary, Mexico City VISITS to thirty Foreign Service posts in the Harry P. Beam of Illinois, Congressman Vincent F. other American Republics, calls on all the Presi¬ Harrington of Iowa, and Congressman Albert E. dents and Foreign Ministers of seventeen of these Carter of California, accompanied by Mr. Jack K. countries and talks with numerous high officials and McFall, Secretary of the Subcommittee, and Guy W. business men convinced five members of the Sub¬ Ray, Foreign Service Officer, left Miami, Florida, committee on Appropriations of the House of Repre¬ on August 11, 1941, for a tour by air of seventeen sentatives that the Foreign Service of the United other American republics and a visit to Trinidad. States has made the Good Neighbor policy and The primary purpose of the trip was to inspect hemispheric solidarity something more than mere our Foreign Service establishments. Ten Embassies, high-sounding phrases. seven Legations, and thirteen consular posts were Chairman Louis C. Rabaut of Michigan, Con¬ visited. At the capitals where the missions and con¬ gressman John M. Houston of Kansas, Congressman sular offices are not combined, inspections were also
V » * I i IV | £ KU ;i i" jjji t -I 1* 4
Interview with President Eduardo Santos of Columbia. From left to right: Congressman Carter, Foreign Service Officer Ray, President Eduardo Santos, and Chairman Rabault. DECEMBER. 1941 665 made of the latter. Completing an inspection of thrill came on the flight over the Andes from Men¬ thirty posts in a period of less than sixty days re¬ doza, Argentina, to Santiago, Chile. The flight is a quired a pace which was far from easy to follow. short one measured in time, but one hour of bounc¬ Between going to bed in the early hours of the ing about over snow-covered mountains seemed like morning due to the desire of Chiefs of Mission, an eternity to most of the passengers who had never Foreign Service Officers, local American organiza¬ taken the flight before. Several of us remarked that tions, and officials of the various Governments to we looked back on the flight with considerable emo¬ shower us with hospitality, we sometimes almost tion and some pleasure, especially as we knew we met our selves coming out of the hotel to catch the didn’t have to do it again. early morning plane. We’ll probably never catch up The real flying thrill of the trip was furnished in fully on our sleep until after the war is over. a special flight by chartered plane from San Salva¬ Fortunately, the group met with almost uniform¬ dor to Guatemala City. The scheduled plane did not ly good weather during the trip by air of some stop at San Salvador due to the reported condition 18,000 miles. Probably this circumstance might be of the field, and the seven members of the group, attributed to the fact that the Committee in ques¬ accompanied by Foreign Service officer Overton tion is also charged with appropriations for the Ellis, who was leaving San Salvador to attend the Weather Bureau. Certain members of the Commit¬ Foreign Service Conference at Habana, chartered a tee remarked occasionally that they appropriated as special plane to make the trip to Guatemala. We much as $7,000,000 a year to keep the weather right took off at 5:54, arriving at Guatemala about forty and were gratified to see that the money was not minutes later. We circled the field for 42 minutes wasted. Even with the best of weather, such a long before effecting a landing. Minister DesPortes re¬ trip, including about fifty flights, furnishes an oc¬ marked that he had aged considerably during the casional thrill. The most marvelous flight from the short time he was waiting for the plane to land. viewpoint of mechanical perfection was no doubt the The landing was perfect, but the refreshments of¬ trip from Trinidad to Belem (Para), Brazil, by fered by Consul General Williamson were given stratosphere, 8% hours non-stop. The stratosphere more than the usual appreciation. flights are at altitudes varying between twelve or Before undertaking the trip one of the Congress¬ fourteen thousand feet up to twenty-two thousand men had taken a number of Spanish lessons and or more, depending on the weather. If being scared after the trip was well under way he undertook to half to death can be classed as a thrill, our next explain to a waiter in a hotel in one of the larger cities that he wanted two four-minute soft boiled eggs. The waiter said yes, he understood, the gentle¬ man wanted four eggs. It was explained that what was wanted was two eggs left in boiling water for four minutes. That was understood. The two eggs arrived duly fried. In answer to the inevitable pro¬ test, the waiter explained that he had obeyed orders without knowing why, but he had left the eggs in water four minutes and then fried them. In spite of the change in habits of living, getting up as early as three o’clock in the morning to catch planes, changes in weather and altitude, the con¬ sumption of many varieties of foods and drinks in different countries, and the generally strenuous na¬ ture of the trip, all members of the group returned to Washington in the best of health and spirits. This in itself might almost be classed as a miracle. It is most gratifying to report that at every post visited the arrangements were carried out efficiently and not one single untoward incident marred the trip. The Congressmen themselves were the funda¬ mental factor in the success of their trip and the uniformly excellent impression they made. They emphasized that they were not on a purely good-will Congressman Beam (in front) and Foreign Service tour, that they were not out to give other govern¬ Officer Guy Ray feaving plane at Lima, Peru. ments advice on how to run their affairs, but were
666 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Arrival al Havana. Left to right: Foreign Service Officer Ray, Congressman Beam of Illinois, Congressman Carter of California, Congressman Harrington of Iowa, Ambassador Messersmith, Chairman Rabault of Michigan, Congressman Houston of Kansas, and Mr. McFall, Secretary of the Committee. seeking first-hand knowledge in the hope of improv¬ it is faced, but also made a very substantial con¬ ing our foreign service and our relations with our tribution to our relations with our friends and neighbors. However, a great share of the credit for neighbors. The work of the State Department and the success of the trip goes to our own foreign serv¬ its Foreign Service has been greatly facilitated by ice for the way in which it made the required ar¬ this tour of the Committee. The reception which the rangements and established contacts with the various group received in all places visited and conversa¬ governments, local residents and American business¬ tions with various officials can leave no doubt what¬ men. soever that solidarity among the American nations As Chairman of the Subcommittee, Congressman is a reality and not just a theory. Rabaut was responsible for most of the speech¬ It might be interesting to enumerate some of the making, in which he excelled. He made a number points which particularly struck the members of the of speeches and appealed to American organizations Committee during their visit as regards the Foreign or groups of foreign officials to cooperate with the Service and the tasks it is called on to perform: United States in establishing and maintaining bet¬ 1. It was pointed out to the Committee that rep¬ ter relations among the American Republics, de¬ resentation and living allowances granted our diplo¬ fending the ideals of democracy and freedom, and matic representatives and Foreign Service officers working for the defense and solidarity of the Amer¬ in many cases are wholly inadequate. It is probably ican nations. The response to his appeals was in better to leave for the Committee’s own report any every case most enthusiastic. The visit in question expression of its attitude on this point. This ques¬ not only gave the members of the Appropriations tion was especially stressed in Buenos Aires where Committee a first-hand knowledge of the operations the cost of living is high and the salary and allow- of our Foreign Service and the problems with which (Continued on page 708)
DECEMBER. 1941 667 Swisi National Defense By CAPTAIN H. R. SCHMID, Press Offier on the General Staff
SWITZERLAND, with a population of 4,066,400, constantly. All are expert marksmen and the ma¬ maintains proportionately the largest armed jority are also skilled in alpine ski-ing. force in Europe, at the largest per capita military Every able-bodied Swiss citizen is liable to do expenditure of any country in the world. Her army military service from his nineteenth to his forty- now numbers over 500,000 men and half of this eighth year. The Federal forces comprise three number can be mobilized over night. different units, to the so-called “Auszug,” or Elite, When the current World War broke out complete belong the young men up to the age of 32; the mobilization was effected in record time. Later, in “Landwehr,” or First Reserve, includes the soldiers June 1940, when France surrendered the Swiss per¬ from 33 to 40 years of age and the “Landsturm” mitted half of their forces to return to civil life. or Second Reserve, are men from 41 to 48. From However, the General Staff makes it a rule to let 49 to 60 the men are enlisted, according to a Gov¬ soldiers resume their every-day duties at regular ernment decree issued in 1940, for Territorial Re¬ intervals, calling up others to replace them. serve and auxiliary services. While on active duty the men are being trained The young men of 19 or 20 years, after having passed mental and physical examinations, have to attend a Recruit Training School for 116 consecu¬ tive days (cavalry 130 days). Afterwards, as a pri¬ vate, a man is enrolled into a regular unit and is called for 8 repetition courses for 18 days each between the ages of 22-32. From 33 to 40 he be¬ longs to the First Reserve (Landwehr) and is called for another repetition course of 18 days’ duration. In addition every “Landwehr” soldier presents him¬ self for annual inspection, at which time he must acount for the care he has given his entire equip¬ ment. The Second Reserve (Landsturm) from 43 to 48 years of age, is called to the colors only under special orders.
SWISS SOLDIERS NEGOTIATE A DARING DESCENT While about half of neutral Switzerland’s army of over 500,000 men was demobilized at the end of June, 1940, the remainder still keeps watch along the frontier and in the mountains. At intervals men are permitted to return home, while others are re¬ called to duly. Constant training is responsible for Swiss fitness. During the winter the men are drilled by means of alpine ski courses; in summer there are mountain climbing courses. Switzerlan d’s finest alpine guides, also officers and soldiers who are experienced mountain¬ Photo K. Egli eers, supervise thes drillings. In¬ structions include rock-climbing technique, climbing of ice preci¬ pices, crossing of glaciers and their crevasses, etc. Courses last several days and include camping at altitudes of over 13,000 feet, also ascents during the night. Swiss Alpine Infantry troops on the inareh somewhere in the Swiss Alps. Switzerland’s Army ol over 500,. 000 men has been keeping watch at the fro nt since the beginning of September, 1939.
Special courses and training are provided for Swiss soldiers have been drilled in gymnastics Privates who are aiming at and are recommended from early boyhood on and Rifle Shooting Clubs for a higher rank. Thus a private recommended for boys exist in different parts of the country. for advancement will attend a non-commissioned Every soldier is obliged to do a certain amount of Officers’ training course of 18 days or 25 days, de¬ rifle practice each year under the auspices of a pending on the unit to which he belongs. After Rifle Shooting Club and according to military graduation he will be promoted to the rank of Cor¬ regulations. A record of his capacity and results poral. After having served in that capacity in a achieved is kept by the Rifle Club. Those who neglect this test must take a special course without Recruit Training Course and two repetition courses, pay. The Federal Government refunds the cost of he will become a Sergeant and after having served the ammunition used to all those who pass the test as such in two additional repetition courses he is and subsidizes the Rifle Club. There is hardly a graduated to the rank of Top Sergeant. village which has not its own rifle club. Cantonal Men aspiring to become commissioned officers and Federal Shooting Festivals, where all these men are given the opportunity, after they have the rank can show off their skill are consequently a feature of Corporal and have served as such in one Recruit of Switzerland. Training Course and one Repetition course, to The First Federal Shooting Match dates back to become a sergeant and after having served as such 1824 and since then the festival has steadily gained in two additional repetition courses he is graduated in importance. It is held in a different place every to the rank of top sergeant. five years, all notable cities in the Confederation
DECEMBER, 1941 669 Swiss soldiers stationed somewhere in the high Alps adjust a heavy ma¬ chine gun which is buried in the snow. To blend into the landscape they wear white attire over their uniforms.
Photopress, Zurich having been the scene of this event at one time or total of 3,484 received prizes for results showing another, some of them more than once. The mov¬ from 15-35 points. able nature of this gathering tends to lend zest to The cities of Soleure and Berne held Shooting the fete, each hostess vieing with her predecessor Festivals in 1378 and 1380 respectively. Lucerne in the heartiness and splendor of her welcome to established fixed rules for practice for its marksmen competitors and visitors. in 1427 and in 1491 the then small town of St. Gall The history of Swiss marksmanship dates back spent 3,000 Francs for shooting prizes. to the days of William Tell when archery was a fine Particularly memorable is the big Shooting Festi¬ art. Already at this time the vital importance of val of Zurich in 1504 when invitations to attend accurate shooting for national defense had been were not only sent to the different Shooting Asso¬ realized. Ever since it has been the pride of Swiss ciations of the Confederation, but also to all Swab¬ citizens to attain and maintain a high degree of ian towns and to the towns along the Rhine as far as skill in shooting. Voluntary Shooting Associations the Netherlands, and to those as far East as Vienna. were consequently formed first for the practice in Fire-arms, which were first used about 1350 A.D. archery, and in the 15th century for rifle shooting. became more and more prevalent from the 16th In the Middle Ages Swiss boys of 16 were already century on. The first Swiss Military Rules ap¬ required to take their place in the battle line; as a peared in 1817 and from then on rifle training of result, training in shooting started long before. private citizens gained added importance. Records indicate that when the Bernese returned The Shooting Societies vary, of course, in size from the Burgundian War in 1475, they were wel¬ and importance with the town or village they serve. comed by a contingent of 400 boys carrying cross¬ Those in the larger cities possess completely fitted bows, spears and rifles. ranges and clubhouses; the smaller communities do For almost a century it has been the tradition for their shooting in any field backed by a suitable hill. the school boys of Zurich, between 12 and 16 years Every citizen has easy facilities for shooting and of age, to gather in the month of September on the every soldier has his service rifle always in his pos¬ “Albisgiitli,” at the foot of the Zurichberg, and to session. Expenses involved with these shooting compete for honors and prizes with cadet’s rifles practices are covered by the Cantonal Authorities, specially designed for this purpose. Each boy has which on the other hand receive a yearly subvention to fire five times, while kneeling at a target 300 from the Federal Government. meters distant. In a recent contest 2,400 boys of a A fine new Museum depicting the history of
670 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Shooting in Switzerland is located at Berne, the Federal Capital.
Swiss ALPINE TROOPS AND THEIR TRAINING The organization and training of every army must be adapted to the type of country in which it will have to fight in case of war. For the Swiss army this type of country is given; it is identical with Swiss territory, for the army has no other duty than to defend the nation’s independence. Long before the outbreak of the present war the Swiss military authorities recognized the importance of training the Swiss army for winter warfare in High-Alpine regions. Circumstances, however, were not favorable to the introduction of compulsory training in this respect, so that everything was left to voluntary methods and personal initiative. Apart from a series of short training periods (so-called “repetition courses”) held in the mountain in sum¬ mer or in winter, many voluntary courses took place which served directly or indirectly to improve the efficiency of officers and men in Alpine warfare. But the formation of special mountain regiments, their training and equipment, made it more and more imperative that special training grounds should be found in High-Alpine regions. More¬ over, in the course of the years immediately pre¬ ceding the outbreak of war many army units or¬ Photo Paul Senn ganized ski-ing competitions which enabled their Swiss patrol engaged in rock climbing. organizers and commanders to obtain an idea of the efficiency of their troops in this important sphere. rope technique were trained. Then these instruc¬ When, on the outbreak of war, Switzerland de¬ tors handed on their newly acquired knowledge to creed a general mobilization in September, 1939, specially selected troops. both the necessity and possibility of training large During the winter of 1940-1941, too, an extensive sections of the Swiss army in Alpine and winter training program has been carried out, so that the warfare were recognized. During the winter of efficiency of the Swiss Army in mountain warfare, 1939-1940 many courses were held in the high ski-ing and fighting in winter conditions is steadily mountains. First of all the most suitable officers improving. for instruction in ski-ing and fighting in the snow- The value of an army that can move, recon¬ covered Alps were mustered. They formed a corps noitre and also fight in any part of the High-Alpine of instructors to convey the experience gained to regions both in summer and in winter is most obvi¬ especially selected troops. Simultaneously, courses ous for Switzerland. And today, it can be claimed on avalanches were held at the Weissfluhjoch Re¬ without exaggeration that there are no places in the search Institute, so that each unit was provided mountains where Swiss troops cannot move or with the necessary number of men familiar with fight. Every peak, every crest—however inacces¬ the intricacies of avalanche conditions. These ex¬ sible it may appear—can be ascended and defended perts were trained and equipped for a special by our troops today. Every rock, every snowfield, weather and avalanche service organized within every ledge can be protected and held by a machine- the army. gun. Supplies, too, have been organized. The aim In the course of 1940 there followed the training of training the Swiss army in mountain warfare in Alpine warfare of whole sections of the army. consists not only in equipping a certain number of The same methods as those used for training in patrols capable of reconnoitering in the mountains, winter warfare were employed for this purpose. but to enable complete units and army corps to be First of all the instructors in snow, ice, rock and employed in the defense of the Alps.
DECEMBER, 1941 671 The Czar, the Baroness and the Boly Alliance
By EVELYN STRONG
THE year 1815, in which the Holy Alliance was contact with her and had felt her personal mag¬ born, saw Europe in as great a turmoil as it is netism, admitted her sincerity and her piety. In¬ today. Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies tensely interested, the Czar read every word of this were on the move to crush Napoleon, who had es¬ report. caped from his first exile on the Island of Elba. Outwardly he was a typical carefree man of the Leader of Napoleon’s foes was his former greatest world, such as Tolstoi has described so marvellous¬ admirer, Czar Alexander I of Russia. ly. Actually he nursed a hidden sorrow—a very Alexander I, Czar of all the Russias, presented real and terrible one. His father, Czar Paul, had one of the most interesting enigmas in history. been assassinated. This crime took place not exact¬ Grandson of Catherine the Great, he had neverthe¬ ly with the connivance of Alexander, or with his less been educated by a Swiss tutor, La Harpe, in consent, yet certainly with his knowledge. And it the most liberal principles. Although La Harpe re¬ was the recollection of this guilty knowledge of his mained the Czar’s lifelong friend, yet Alexander father’s murder that he was powerless to prevent, later fell into the hands of reactionaries, who undid which tormented Alexander. It was his one aim much but not all of La Harpe’s work. and hope to penetrate beyond Death, and be as¬ On the momentous night that saw his first meet¬ sured of his father’s forgiveness. ing with the extraor¬ Repentance turned dinary woman, Bar¬ Alexander into a re¬ oness Kriidner, who ligious mystic. His inspired the Holy friend, Prince Galit- Alliance, the Czar zine, built a private and his armies had chapel where the reached Heilbronn, Czar prostrated him¬ where they were en¬ self before a cross, camped. He had re¬ and a heart-shaped tired to his private red crystal vessel. apartments, giving At the Czar’s in¬ strict orders that he was not to be dis¬ stance, the Bible was turbed. translated into Rus¬ The Czar sat down sian, and Prince at a small table and Galitzine undertook read a few letters by its distribution to the light of candles the peasantry that burned clearly through Bible socie¬ in the warm, still ties. Thus Alexan¬ air. There was a re¬ der’s mind was fer¬ port from his secre¬ tile soil for a new tary about a Russian evangel. That night, noblewoman from Alexander was at the Baltic Provinces the crossroads of his — Baroness Kriid¬ destiny. With the ner. A woman of inclination of his the world, widow of race for going to a Russian diplomat, extremes in every¬ she had forsaken so¬ ciety to conduct re¬ thing, he might be ligious meetings and either a liberal mon¬ preach the gospel as arch, a despot, or she understood it. the apostle of a new All who came in Alexander I of Russia. faith.
672 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL As he turned the last pages of his secretary’s re¬ sian Mass, held to give thanks for victory before an port, an apologetic knock sounded at the door, and assembled army of 150,000 men. Priests in gor¬ his aide de camp entered. The Czar frowned. geous robes, stiff with gold, sewn with jewels, held “I gave orders I was not to be disturbed.” services before portable altars. At the elevation of the Host, the great multitude sank to its knees, bow¬ “Sire, there is a lady here, who demands admit¬ ing as a field of grain before the wind. And the tance—a very great lady.” chanting of priests and soldiers boomed across the “Tell her I have retired. Whatever she has to wide plain. say to me must wait until morning.” “It will NOT wait,” said a soft voice. All Europe was amazed at the ascendancy Baron¬ Amazed, the Czar turned his eyes towards the ess Kriidner had gained over the most powerful door. At the threshold stood a small, slender wom¬ sovereign in the world. The Czar’s ex-tutor, La an dressed in trailing robes of grey. A sort of Harpe, the statesmen, Metternich and Freiherr von hood covered her head and partly shaded her face. Stein, could make nothing of this strange friend¬ It was a nunlike garb. Swiftly she crossed the ship. As cynical men of the world they were in¬ room, and stood before the Czar. clined to put only one interpretation upon it. But “Sire, I am Juliette Kriidner, and I have come—” whatever beauty of face Julie might have had in The Czar dismissed his aide with a nod of his her youth, had been sacrificed to her restless life, head. He rose and bowed formally. The Baroness and the passions that consumed her. She was much threw back her hood. Her intense, very living blue older than the Czar, and looked all of her fifty eyes, deeply sunken in her small, pale face, regard¬ years. There remained only grace of movement, ed him with a calm scrutiny. and a bearing of distinction that lent the elegance In person the Czar was tall and handsome, with of a great lady even to the plain, nun-like garments light brown curly hair, and the typical Russian she habitually wore. Yet the aura like a pale flame pink and white skin. His small, well-shaped, very that always surrounds a woman who has been sensual mouth, ready smile and charming man¬ loved by many men, still remained to Julie. So ners made him very popular with women—even if perhaps— his high rank had not already done so. Yet at this Most people concluded that the Czar and the moment the mask of debonair man of the world, Baroness spoke the same language—that of mysti¬ lover of many women, fell away from him. His face cism—and it was on this their comradeship was was drawn, almost anguished, his lips set in stern based. Alexander indeed was thoroughly familiar lines. with mystical literature. St. Theresa, Thomas a “Please be seated, Madame, I will hear what you Kempis, Francis de Sales—he knew them all, and have to tell me.” vainly sought solace in their writings. Such conso¬ The Czar forgot his fatigue. They talked for lation as they contained was not for him. Only the hours. It was three in the morning when Baroness woman who had come to him so strangely, brought Kriidner stole like a ghost past the sleepy sentries, him peace. out through the encampment. From then on, their And there was a third supposition then current association was of the closest. When the Czar left to explain this relationship. Julie as a mystic might for Heidelberg, the Baroness went also. At Heidel¬ also have been a medium. Perhaps she had been berg, he visited her nearly every night. They talked able to persuade the Czar that she could pierce the of Life and Death, and the things that lie beyond veil of Death, and bring him the communion with either. his father for which he longed. Had the voice of Came the Battle of Waterloo—the definite de¬ the murdered Emperor Paul spoken through Julie, feat of Napoleon, who went to exile—final this time assuring his son of forgiveness? —on St. Helena. Europe breathed freely once more, During the months that succeeded Waterloo, began to take stock of its losses, and pick up the Baroness Kriidner and the Czar in their daily meet¬ pieces. ings, evolved a plan for the betterment of Europe. After Waterloo, the Czar went to France, and Out of their prayers and mystical conversations, the thither Julie de Kriidner presently followed him. remarkable Holy Alliance was born. In September, As she passed through still smoking ruins of towns 1815, Alexander presented the Treaty of the Holy and villages, she stopped her coach and preached Alliance to the Emperor of Austria. from its steps. “Repent ye, repent ye, for the King¬ Put briefly in concrete form, it bound Russia, dom of Heaven is at hand,” she cried in ringing Austria and Prussia to “base their conduct on the tones to the dazed peasantry. sublime truths concerned in the eternal religion of On the plain of Montmirail, she stood at the Christ, our Saviour.” The monarchs of the three Czar’s right hand during the celebration of the Rus¬ (Continued on page 717)
DECEMBER, 1941 673 Courtesy National Path Se; vice Thomas Jefferson Memorial Superstruclure, Tidal Basin, Washington, the South face looking North. September 8, 1941.
The Thomas Jefferson Memorial By EDWARD KELLY Administrative Officer, National Capital Parks THE low-domed, circular edifice of white mar¬ Independence, First Secretary of State and Third ble glistens in the autumn sunlight, competing President of the United States, has taken its de¬ for distinction and attention with its own reflection served top ranking among the Capital’s architectur¬ in the waters of the Tidal Basin. Working men are al achievements. Soon, its beauty and its signifi¬ silhouetted against this alabaster background and cance will capture the hearts of the millions of lib¬ technicians glance at unrolled blueprints as they erty loving persons from all parts of the world who study close details. A puffing tugboat in the nearby will make pilgrimage to this shrine of Freedom in Potomac whistles its shrill demand for an open tribute to the man whose memory is here honored. bridge and Virginia bound traffic on the adjacent The Pantheon Scheme for the Memorial to Thom¬ street plunges to a sudden halt. The indefatigable as Jefferson consists of a marble lined central cir¬ Washington sightseeing bus lecturer, happy for the cular chamber 80 feet in diameter beneath a great momentary suspension of commotion, lowers his domed ceiling. In the center of this room will be megaphone as he says: placed an heroic standing figure of Jefferson. On “On the right—the new Thomas Jefferson Memo¬ the frieze of the main entablature which encircles rial—almost completed. . . the room is the inscription—“I Have Sworn on the Magnificent as Jefferson’s character, simple as his Altar of God Hostility to Every Form of Tyranny democracy, courageous as his statesmanship, beau¬ Over the Mind of Man.” tiful as his humanitarianism, aesthetic as his thought On the four diagonal points are panels, excellent¬ and daring as his championship of the rights of man ly arranged and large enough to permit the immor¬ —this Memorial to the author of the Declaration of talization of other inspirational quotations from the
674 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL writings of Jefferson, or for bas reliefs. Final de¬ ture is 165 feet in diameter and 103 feet high to the cision with regard to the use of these features, rests exterior of the dome. The 26 ionic columns are with the Memorial Commission. each 5 feet 3 inches in diameter and 44 feet high. The exterior of the structure is surrounded by a The portico is 102 feet wide, 45 feet deep and 62 peristyle of ionic columns, each 43 feet high. The feet high. The interior columns are 5 feet in diam¬ entire order from the base of the columns to the en¬ eter and 42 feet high. circling entablature is 52 feet. The flat domed ceil¬ The sculptor for the Statue of Jefferson to be ing which surmounts the Memorial is 100 feet above placed in the great rotunda, has not been finally the floor at its apex. selected. At present three of the foremost young A portico eight columns wide and two bays deep, American sculptors, noted for their interpretation surmounted by a low pediment, dominates the prin¬ of character, are working upon models to be pre¬ cipal facade of the Memorial which is located on the sented to the Commission for selection. It is hoped north side and looks across the Tidal Basin toward that the statue may be completed to permit unveil¬ the Washington Monument and the White House. ing on the occasion of the two hundredth anniver¬ A symbolic sculptural group will be emplaced in sary of the birth of the Virginia Farmer Statesman- the center of the tympanum. President, in April, 1943, but at present this ap¬ The complete composition is posed on a stylobate pears to be a serious uncertainty. consisting of steps and broad terraces. From the In the design of the portrait-statue, the sculptors portico the main steps lead down to the plaza in will be guided by the description written by Jeffer¬ front of the building and to the Tidal Basin Sea¬ son’s first major biographer, H. S. Randall who, wall. aided by the reminiscences of Jefferson’s own fam¬ In their choice of a scheme for the Memorial, the ily, wrote of his appearance during middle life as architects were largely influenced by Jefferson’s follows: much evidenced admiration for the pantheon type “His face, though angular, and far from beauti¬ of structure. John Russell Pope, in presenting his ful, beamed with intelligence, with benevolence, and original design to the Memorial Commission ex¬ with the cheerful vivacity of a happy, hopeful spirit. plained that: His complexion was ruddy, and delicately fair; his “Immediate consideration is given to the evi¬ reddish chestnut hair luxuriant and silken. His full, dence of Jefferson’s aesthetic leanings as shown in deep-set eyes, the prevailing color of which was a works executed under his direction and also in his light hazel (or flecks of hazel on a groundwork of writings and drawings. grey), were peculiarly expressive, and mirrored, as “In the works that have been left to us two forms the clear lake mirrors the cloud, every emotion of the classic type of building seem to have met with which was passing through his mind. He stood six his approbation as inspiration for building in ex¬ feet two and a half inches in height, and though ceptionally important locations. The great proto¬ very slim at this period, his form was erect and type of these forms are probably best illustrated by sinewy, and his movements displayed elasticity and two buildings that he seemed to be most familiar vigor. He was an expert musician, a fine dancer, a with,—the Pantheon in Rome, and the Villa Rotunda dashing rider, and there was no manly exercise in near Vicenza. which he could not play well his part. His manners “Jefferson’s beautiful design of the Rotunda as were unusually graceful, but simple and cordial. His the head of his plan of the University of Virginia conversation already possessed no inconsiderable was inspired by his familiarity with ancient classical share of that charm which, in after years, was so architecture as typified by the Pantheon.” much extolled by friends, and to which enemies at¬ The Thomas Jefferson Memorial, however, with tributed so seductive an influence in moulding the its circular peristyle surrounding the Monument, young and the wavering to his political views. There presents a modified version of the basic type con¬ was a frankness, earnestness, and cordiality in its sidered by Jefferson as the “perfect model” of a tone—a deep sympathy with humanity—a confi¬ circular building. To insure adequate interest from dence in man, and a sanguine hopefulness in his every direction the circular colonnade was added, destiny.” the main approach accented by the portico and the In selecting the site for the Memorial grave con¬ treatment of the interior was made to conform with sideration was given to the importance of the the simpler era of which the Patriot was an out¬ structure in its relation to the plan of Washington. standing exponent. In its deliberations the Commission of 1901, ap¬ The exterior of the Memorial is constructed of pointed by President William McKinley to revive Imperial Danby Vermont marble. Georgia White Marble is used for the interior. The entire struc¬ (Continued, on page 716)
676 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Ada-Kaleh, showing ihe Turkish mosque and house of the Caid, or Pasha, who governs the tiny settle¬ ment. Sketched from a Danube steamer by Margit Hayek-Streicher. Ada-Kaleh
By SYBIL SAWYER SMITH
IN the midst of a curve in the Danube, between tioned, threfore it does not exist!” Naturally this is Hungary and Serbia, lies the almost mythical is¬ all in the island’s favor. It gives the casual visitor land of Ada-Kaleh. Seen from the river, from the the feeling of a real explorer. Later on, however, deck of a Danube steamer, the most striking thing just before outbreak of the present war, a Rumani¬ about Ada-Kaleh is the beautifully slender white an passport was required for admission to this “non¬ tower of its minaret rising from amid tree tops. existent” paradise. Here worship its population, a thousand or so, all A primitive craft, that looks as if it might have devout Moslems and descendants of subjects of the been new and watertight about the time Vienna was Ottoman Empire. besieged by the Turks, ferries visitors from Orsova Everything about Ada-Kaleh is fantastic and un¬ to Ada-Kaleh. It lands on the pebbly beach, right real. Who could imagine an island, which up to the outside the crumbling walls of the fortress. Small present war, apparently belonged to no one, al¬ houses along the water’s edge, very spick and span though inhabited and once strongly fortified? Who with tiny gardens carefully fenced off, give the im¬ could imagine a place without taxes or customs pression of a toy village. It might also be the stage duties, a place whose jail, unused for years, is setting for a musical comedy laid in the Balkans. falling into ruins? Ada-Kaleh means “island fortress.” It is sur¬ So little known, so almost mythical is Ada-Kaleh rounded by ancient walls, although these are now that inquiry of a Central European travel agency, in ruins. The citadel in the center of the island is and later of a Central European Consulate, drew only a memory, but traces of the bastions called the positive affirmation that no such place existed! after Emperor Charles VI of Austria and Prince The attitude in both offices was: “We have never Eugene of Savoy, are plainly visible. Once the been there, we have never even heard it men¬ scene of desperate conflicts between Turks and
DECEMBER, 1941 677 Europeans, the deepest peace now enfolds the is¬ banks of the Danube. On account of its location, land. Ada-Kaleh was greatly prized by the Moslems, who A beautiful, tree-bordered road leads from the fortified it strongly. Yet when Prince Eugene of landing beach into the interior, past small houses Savoy won his famous victory over the Turks at all encompassed by gardens. Trellised grape arbors Belgrade, Ada-Kaleh was abandoned without a blow provide a delightful shade. From this road, a low and went to Austria. And during the 18th century, gateway opens into a tunnel passage, the so-called the island passed like a tennis ball back and forth Belgrade gate of the ancient citadel. between Austria and Turkey. Inside, in the courtyard of the old fortress, is a The Pasha of nearby Widin on the mainland laid Bazaar like a scene from the Arabian Nights. Port¬ siege to the Austrian garrison of Ada-Kaleh, which ly Turkish merchants wearing a fez, offer their held out so stubbornly that the siege lasted a year. wares — fruit, tobacco, embroideries, carpets and Perhaps the island would have proved impregnable copper work. They all praise their goods at the top had not disease laid the ranks of its defenders low, of their lungs in a mixture of German, French, Ser¬ and they capitulated finally—not to the Turks, but bian and Turkish. Tobacco sellers are the most pop¬ to typhus fever. Every inch of the ground, where ular, since the absence of duty or monopoly makes now bazaars are held and merchants sip coffee, was cigarettes very cheap. In the center of the bazaar, fought over. The death struggle in Europe between under a brightly striped awning, is a typically Moslem and Christian had found its repercussion Turkish cafe, where coffee thick and fragrant, is here. poured out of a long spouted copper pot, and there Yet the Turks were generous foes, valuing cour¬ are sherbets and Turkish sweetmeats. age above all other qualities. Their admiration of The street beyond the bazaar looks like that of a the heroic defense by Austrian Colonel Kehren- small Turkish town but much cleaner, as though berg’s soldiers was so great, that they granted full the inhabitants wish to make as good an impres¬ honors of war to the beleaguered garrison when it sion as possible. They all appear prosperous— finally capitulated. All officers were allowed to re¬ neither poverty nor unemployment are known here. tain their arms. With drums beating and colors It seems as if here among these strict Moslems, the flying, the little army marched past their enemies, fez and turban are making their last stand against who stood at salute. Western civilization. A camera is viewed askance, Fifty years later, the scene was repeated though and women, mostly dressed in black, avoid the eyes in reverse when the Austrians retook Ada-Kaleh. of a stranger. Faithful to a tradition of gallantry and chivalry A little apart from the village stands the most im¬ inherent in the island, the victors in their turn per¬ portant building in Ada-Kaleh—the beautiful and mitted the Turkish garrison to pass out with full essentially Eastern house of the Mudir, ruler of the honors. island. From this roof once flew the crescent ban¬ A treaty gave Ada-Kaleh back to Turkey, and for ner of the Ottoman Empire—long after it had dis¬ a full hundred years it was under Moslem domina¬ appeared from the surrounding countries. tion. At last, by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, Next door to the Mudir’s house is the Mosque, the Turks withdrew and the island was occupied flanked by its slim minaret—a landmark visible by Austro-Hungarian troops. From then on, it was from afar to passing river steamers. The Mudir forgotten. receives his occasional visitors with solemn Oriental Nominally, Ada-Kaleh was Turkish territory, but politeness. Even the Inman does not object to do¬ under the protection of the Austro-Hungarian Em¬ ing the honors of the mosque to those who wish to pire. The fortifications were razed, and the troops enter, although its bare, whitewashed interior is like withdrew, all save a handful. Never did the Aus¬ that of thousands of its kind all over the Moslem trians interfere in any way with the liberties of the world. Ada-Kaliotes who practiced their religion, paid no A visit to the little cemetery, with cypresses and taxes and were not liable for military service. In turbaned headstones, located at the extreme eastern addition, they enjoyed certain rights, such as point of the Island, exhausts the sights of Ada- “plucking osiers and harvesting grass” along the Kaleh. It is time to return over the darkening wa¬ banks of the Danube, also ferrying travellers back ters of the Danube to Orsova, leaving the island and forth between the island the the mainland. wrapped in a dreamy peace that not even the First Control in the island was always vested in the World War was able to shatter. Mudir, a Turk by descent if not by birth. He was If the island has a placid present and an uncer¬ assisted by a couple of Musselmen police and a tain future, it certainly has had a stormy past. It baker’s dozen of soldiers. It was provided that became Turkish at the end of the 14th century, when criminals, after a preliminary hearing before the Ottoman rule extended to Belgrade, and along the (Continued on page 715)
678 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL What’s Wrong with the Consular Service?
From “Harper's Weekly” of June 29, 1889 Courtesy The Honorable Wesley Frost, Minister to Paraguay
June 29. 1889 pensation of which riches or a few pleasant years OUR CONSULAR SERVICE abroad may be given to a party worker. But the fact THE consular service of the United States is of very is that if an American consul does his full duty to his little benefit to the country. It needs reformation country, under its peculiar system of commercial law, from top to bottom. For years it has been a refuge for he will have an office very far from easy, and just now politicians and the friends of politicians. Sometimes an very unpleasant. He will be very likely to pass his administration does itself credit by appointing a trained days in the performance of tasks which are not con¬ business man to a foreign commercial post. Occa¬ genial, and his evenings in solitude, or in the society of sionally a consulate is bestowed upon a literary man in whatever stray Americans may visit him. And this is order that he may accumulate a competence which will largely due to the fact that both he and the people enable him to pursue his art undisturbed by res angusta among whom he must live know that his office and rank domi. Hawthorne was sent to Liverpool not because he are temporary. He is the servant of a government understood the commercial relations between England whose policy is to discourage foreign trade. In order and the United States, but because he was President to protect its own manufacturers from competition, it Pierce’s classmate, and in need of the money which he sets up barriers against their rivals. The result of the undoubtedly deserved. Hawthorne remains the most protective system must be constant war between the conspicuous literary man who has ever held an Ameri¬ customs officers of the government which undertakes to can consulate. When the grateful republic desires to maintain it, and the men whose profits lie in securing pay homage to a man of genius, the victim of her an entry into the market from which it is attempted to bounty is usually appointed to a diplomatic position exclude them. This is an unequal contest when it is where the expenses are greater than the income. Haw¬ waged between small politicians who have never been thorne made a good consul. educated in commercial matters, and the keen intellects “Sitting in a dismal office, of the business men of Europe. Nearly all foreign Full of mates and full of captains.” commerce is engaged in the effort to outwit the govern¬ He was in office at a time when the treatment of Ameri¬ ment of the United States, and whether protection is a can sailors by their commanders was so savage and sound or an unsound policy is not the question. So long brutal as to arouse the energies and awaken the indig¬ as it is maintained, it is essential to meet, and if possi¬ nation of the philanthropic on both sides of the water. ble to overcome, attempts to make it inoperative. It is, of course, a question whether it is within the power of Hawthorne did a good deal to mitigate the evils to which sailors were exposed. He was active in their the public officers of any government to overmaster the behalf, and he knew their story. Salem was full of knowledge, skill, and cunning of the craftsmen of the seafaring men, and there was an especial fitness in the world, or whether the best official training and the selection as their champion of the man who used to say longest official experience can ever match the training that he had pirate blood in his veins, and whose great¬ and experience acquired in the life-long practice of a grandfather, “Bold Daniel,” was a privateer in the war mechanic or a business art. But this is a matter with of the Revolution. When he retired from the service which the administrative part of our government has he was thanked by Secretary Cass for the information nothing to do. Its solution lies with the legislative on commercial topics which he had furnished to the branch, and at present the decree has gone forth that State Department. Other less important literary men the French manufacturers of silk and the English have been consuls at less important posts than Liver¬ makers of woollens must be met at our customs fron¬ pool, and it is pleasant to record the fact that they have tier, to be overcome by careful watchfulness and in¬ served the country much better than the average heeler telligence whenever they undertake to play the tricks of their trade. and worker, who is supposed to be more practical than [he mere writer of books. And yet it is not a sound Our customs frontier is not conterminous with our policy which permits the appointment of literary men geographical frontier. The most important function of to consular offices merely because, on general princi¬ a large majority of our important consular officers is in ples, they deserve well of their country. No man should connection with the execution of the tariff law. The be a consul, and, of all countries, a consul of the consul who goes to Liverpool or Manchester or Lyons United States, who has not been bred to the profession or Havre is sent into the land of the stranger to spy out by a long course of training. the cunning thereof. He ought not to discover methods That a consul of this country especially requires by which the commerce of his country may be in¬ training is a proposition that may astonish a good many creased, but in what manner it may be restricted. His easy-going people who have been taught to regard for¬ reports ought not to tell of people to whom American eign appointments as plums of patronage, by the dis¬ goods might be sold, but to those who are wickedly try-
DECEMBER, 1941 679 ing to sell to Americans goods that are cheaper than against the social arts and blandishments of the com¬ their home-made articles. Such ought to be the effort munity to which he is sent. He must be as offensive as is of the American consul, and if he does not perform necessary to thwart designs upon the laws of the coun¬ that task it is because he does not understand the na¬ try which he represents. Occasionally a man may be ture of the duties which our customs laws imposes upon found so persuasive, so inductive to confidences, that he him, or else he is incompetent. He ought to be the out¬ may lead those who cultivate the art of concealment to post of the custom-house, the spy and informer of the betray to him the inmost secrets of their trade; but collector and his inspectors and appraisers. men like him are so rare that it would be the height of Under our law the consul ought to know the market folly to found a public service on the theory that they value of every piece of goods exported to the United would constitute its personnel. The average man who States from the district over which he has jurisdiction. undertakes to catch another in misrepresenting the When invoices are presented to him for his certification value of his goods must have the strength of character he ought to know whether the declared value is or is and the ability to command the respect of his antag¬ not the price which the American importer paid to the onist, but he cannot hope to be liked foreign manufacturer or merchant. There is no one Many of the men who go abroad have never been to aid him in his enterprise. He must work alone, and engaged in a commercial transaction, and are abso¬ in the face of all the obstacles that acute men can in¬ lutely ignorant of the trade laws of the country that vent and throw in his way. . . . they represent. In view of the peculiar task that must Another fact is true. Trade having worn itself a devolve upon many of our consuls, it may not be well channel around the obstacle which government has to make too much of a point in favor of the selection of placed in the way, they who are familiar with its new men who are acquainted with the ordinary and decent windings prefer them to the old and natural course. customs that obtain in polite society. Under the cir¬ So far as importers are concerned, the protective sys- cumstances, we may feel ourselves obliged to forgive term is as much the bulwark of established houses with the consul who returned the call of an admiral of a large capital, and of foreign manufacturers and ex¬ United States squadron by sending his card by the porters, as it is of the domestic manufacturer. When a admiral’s orderly. We may be forced to overlook the duty is based upon the price of an article at the place social crime of our representative who, on a warm day of export, it is very easy to declare a low nominal price in the Riviera, made a round of formal visits clad in an to the agent or partner of the exporter. If an Ameri¬ unpleasantly moist linen duster, a straw hat, and a can capitalist is desirous of trying this effect of the palm-leaf fan. We do not pay men to refrain from tariff law, let him engage in the enterprise of importing these solecisms, and the truth is, many of the gentle¬ silks or woollens or cutlery. He will not be long in the men who are in the consular service are there largely business before he will discover that his most danger¬ because the interests of the American manufacturer ous competitors are not American importers who buy, are not cared for with the zeal and industry that the as he is obliged to, in the open foreign markets. They laws of the country contemplate. There was a time, are the agents and representatives of the people who many years ago, when no country had a service, and sell him his goods. The tariff law kills competition in when the office of consul was held by a merchant, se¬ a variety of ways. Its operation is not confined to pro¬ lected by his colleagues in trade, and commissioned by tecting the domestic manufacturer and the American the government. The world has outgrown that time, working-man from the rivalry of cheap goods and however, and this country, of all others, needs trained, pauper labor. It hampers and restricts trade in such diligent and incorruptible officers. When it has such foreign articles as may be imported. It steps in to men, good manners will follow. defend those who can make satisfactory arrangements The history of our consuls abroad indicates how with their foreign correspondents. little value they are to the business interests of the The prevalence of the practice of undervaluing country. Many of them go, first, for the purpose of dutiable goods is familiar to all readers of the daily obtaining a social position. Probably not one-tenth of newspapers. For several years the undisputed evidence them understand that their office bars them from pres¬ has been in the possession of Congress, and bills have entation at court. The chief burden of many of the com¬ been pending providing certain remedies for whatever plaints that are addressed by American consuls to the is corrupt or careless at the custom-houses. A good State Department is that the salaries paid by the gov¬ deal of the success of undervaluations is due, however, ernment are not sufficient to enable them to maintain to the insufficiency of our consular service, if that can a suitable social position, although the social position of be called a service which offers no promotion or per¬ the average consul is not one that demands the expen¬ manency of tenure to those who enter it as a temporary diture of very much money. An orderly and decent cure for the ills of poverty, or for a brief vacation in a life and good manners are quite sufficient. If there foreign country. From the character of the service de¬ were permanency of tenure in the service, with very manded of an American consul in a foreign commercial little increase of salaries, and that here and there, we port it is clear that a representative of this government should undoubtedly have consuls possessing all the who does his utmost to make its peculiar laws as effec¬ character and social position that the government needs tive as possible must have commercial training, the and ought to require. shrewdness and distrustfulness of a detective, and abso¬ The first ambition of a new consul is to be on terms lute integrity and independence. He must be proof with the people among whom he is to live. He sees no
680 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL reason why he should sacrifice his comfort or pleasure Department in an official report, but the report was sup¬ for the government. He is sure of his office only dur¬ pressed. It cannot be obtained. In the language of ing the administration of the President who appointed the office, it was treated as a private communication. him. Even if his own party is again successful in the Two American boys were robbed on a ship of this com¬ following Presidential election, some one else’s personal pany. Redress was sought of the American vice-consul, friend may desire four years at the particular post who, as agent of the line, declined to entertain the com¬ upon the enjoyment of which he is now entering. plaint. So he seeks at once the agreeable side of life. He ac¬ The government and the country look somewhat cepts the courtesies of the men whose trade interests are contemptuously upon the consular office. There is no directly hostile to the policy of his government. He service with its prospective reward for merit, and those becomes a member of the local clubs, and he is depend¬ who are made consuls are neither trained men, nor are ent on his dinners and his game of whist for his com¬ they led to believe that they must do their best to up¬ fort and amusement. If the trade of the place with the hold the country’s protective system. They soon realize United States is important, he becomes a social lion. that the best and most comfortable way to get along He is in demand at banquets and civic festivities. The is to be Roman in Rome, and if they feel compelled to wit of his after-dinner speeches and the splendor of his do anything at all for the American system, they con¬ annual Fourth of July party are themes for the panegy¬ tent themselves with making an occasional exposition rics of the local newspapers. An American consul sta¬ of foreign pauper labor. tioned in an important foreign manufacturing city may There is an enormous inequality of salary. The be always popular if he will. His reception of favors Consul-General at London receives $6000 a year: the extends beyond the rites of hospitality. The government salary of the office at Paris is the same. The incumbent allows him a certain sum for office rent; a well-dis¬ at London, however, has an income from his place con¬ posed merchant, with a shrewd eye to the extensive siderably more than twice as large as is enjoyed by our market of the United States, kindly offers him a place representative at Paris. The former place has been in his own establishment, and the American consul puts worth from $40,000 to $60,000 a year. The Liverpool the money allowed for rent into his own pocket. An¬ consulate is nearly as profitable. All posts in the other sum is allowed for clerk hire. It is easy to save United Kingdom are more valuable than those in other some of this by making use of the kindness of the same countries on account of the peculiar national laws of friend, who, as likely as not, finds that he has more the British Empire. Some consuls are undoubtedly clerks than the necessities of his business demand. underpaid, but those who are so fortunate as to secure Everything possible is done to unite the personal inter¬ the prizes receive more than the consuls of any other ests of the American consul with the commercial inter¬ country in the world. New York is the principal port ests of the people to whom he is accredited. He is made with which British merchants deal, and to the British to realize that if he does his full duty he will be un¬ Consul-General stationed there is paid a salary of popular. If he tells the whole truth as to what he £3660, less than half the profits of the American Con¬ sees, his office will be decidedly unpleasant. If he re¬ sul-General at London, and considerably less than the ports that the invoices of foreign manufacturers in income of the consul at Liverpool. At other ports and dealing with their agents are not honest, life in a for¬ cities whose trade is valuable the representative of eign country will not have for him the joys that he Great Britain is better paid than our own. The subject anticipated. of salaries was fully discussed in an elaborate report For his own comfort, he must become one of the prepared in 1884 by Assistant-Secretary of State John community in which he lives. It is not an uncommon Davis, and submitted to Congress by President Arthur. practice for American consuls to appoint as vice-con¬ With the report the draft of an act was submitted, and suls natives of the place where the office is situated. Congress was urged to abolish fees, to revise the salary An American Consul-General in an Eastern country list, and to appoint a commission for the remodelling of once chose as his vice-consul a Greek whose business the consular service, which remains about as it was was smuggling. The two were partners. For many established in 1856, nearly forty years ago. The only years the office of the American consul in an important intelligent attempt to improve the organization is em¬ European city has been in the building occupied by a bodied in acts of 1864 and 1874, providing for the ap¬ transatlantic steamship company. The vice-consul, a pointment of thirteen consular clerks. These clerks native of the city, has been in the employ of the com¬ hold office during good behavior, and are only remov¬ pany as its agent, and the consul has depended almost able on charge which the President must report to entirely on his subordinate in certifying invoices. The Congress. They are appointed after it has been satis¬ sign of the American consulate is at one window of the factorily shown to the Secretary of State, “after due examination and report by an examining board, that office; the sign of the agent of the company, and vice- consul. is at the other. A picture of this interesting the applicant is qualified and fit for the duties to which building has been lithographed and distributed he shall be assigned.” They receive a salary of $1,000 throughout Europe. It is a splendid advertisement for a year for the first five years of their service; after that the company, for he who runs may read, from the they receive $1,200. It was the purpose of the authors juxtaposition of the signs, how easily goods shipped of this legislation that the clerks should be young men to America by that line may be undervalued. These desiring to enter the consular service. They were to be facts have been called to the attention of the State (Continued on page 714)
DECEMBER, 1941 681 hemisphere is being expanded week by week and the fields in which it works are likewise being broadened to an unprecedented degree. In Wash¬ ington a dozen of the most important agencies of FOREIGN SERlpOE JOURNAI, the Government are concerning themselves with the needs and the friendship of Latin America. The Ctt V..1- 18 DECEMBER. 1941 N<>. 12 S3 Economic Defense Board under the direction of the Vice President is taking drastic steps to see that PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN essential United States supplies reach our southern SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. neighbors, SPAB and OPM are cooperating by The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription making those supplies available, the Federal Loan in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or Agency is buying vast stocks of commodities from 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. the other Americas, cultural and educational bonds Copyright, 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association between North and South are being knitted in a score of ways, the whole Administration is con¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the scious to an unexampled extent of the vital impor¬ editors. tance of our kinship with the other American re¬ publics. JOURNAL STAFF At such a time it is most appropriate and grati¬ fying that the Congress, in spite of the countless HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman CHARLES W. YOST preoccupations of an emergency period, should HERBERT S. BURSLEY Editorial show its intimate concern with the situation by send¬ LEO D. STURGEON Board ing members of one of its most important commit¬ EDWARD PAGE, JR. tees on a tour of the other Americas. It is espe¬ HOMER M. BYINCTON, JR. JANE WILSON, Managing Editor cially gratifying from a Foreign Service point of GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manage) view that the primary aim of this tour was to ex¬ WILLIAM E. DECOURCY Treasurer amine the problems of the Service in these try'ing times and to determine the extent to which it is able to meet its ever-growing responsibilities with exist¬ The American Foreign Service Association ing facilities and means. All that the Service is attempting to do in the HERSCHEL V. JOHNSON President other American republics is ultimately dependent LELAND B. MORRIS Vice-President ANDREW B. FOSTER Secretary-Treasurer upon the cooperation of the Congress and nothing could be more desirable from our point of view EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE than that members of Congress should visit us at HOWARD BUCKNELL, Chairman our work, learn to know what we are doing and find JAMES H. KEELEY, JR., Vice-Chairman out what we need in order to do better. It is earn¬ FLETCHER WARREN, GEORGE ATCHESON, JR., PAUL C. DANIELS estly to be hoped that these tours will be multiplied Alternates and that the Service will spare no pains to show its Congressional visitors all it has done and all it RUSSELL W. BENTON, ANDREW B. FOSTER aspires to do. If the first tour has been a success, as we judge it has been, it should inaugurate a series which will, we can hardly doubt, be to the mutual EDITORS’ COLUMN advantage of the Congress, the Service and the other American republics. On other pages of this issue is recounted the his¬ tory of the whirlwind tour recently made by five members of the House Subcommittee on Appropria¬ The Editors of the JOURNAL take great pleasure tions through seventeen of the other American re¬ in announcing the election of Mr. Homer M. By- publics. Though the trip was speedy, as it had to ington, Jr., to the Editorial Board. Mr. Byington be in these days when Congressional recesses are will assume the position left vacant by the departure brief and uneasy, both the purpose and the accom¬ for the field of Mr. Reginald P. Mitchell, who dur¬ plishment are of the highest significance. ing his term of service in the Department has been The concern of the Executive branch of our Gov¬ a valued member of the JOURNAL’S editorial staff. ernment in maintaining and developing neighborly The thanks and appreciation of the Board are ex¬ relations with the other American republics is mani¬ tended to Mr. Mitchell, and its best wishes accom¬ fested daily. Foreign Service representation in the pany him to his new post.
682 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department Cabot Coville, until recently on duty in the Di¬ Landreth M. Harrison, Second Secretary and vision of Far Eastern Affairs, left Washington on Consul at Berlin, arrived at New York City on Oc¬ November 7 by plane en route to Manila to assume tober 27 on the S. S. Excambion from Lisbon en his new duties on a special detail in the Office of route by train via Geneva and Barcelona from Ber¬ the High Commissioner to the Philippines. From lin. He arrived in Washington on October 31 and October 20 until his departure, he was on a tem¬ remained about two weeks on consultation before porary detail in the Office of Philippine Affairs. proceeding to his home in St. Paul, Minnesota, on For the time being Mrs. Coville and their two sons, home leave. Bert, 12 years old, and Kim, 9 years old, will re¬ James B. Pilcher, Consul at Amoy, registered at main in Washington. the Department on November 5 upon arrival from Robert Y. Jarvis, until recently Consul at Han¬ his post on home leave. He spent about three weeks kow, visited the Department on October 28 and 29 in Washington and left with Mrs. Pilcher to spend following his arrival at San Francisco on October leave at their home in Cordele, Georgia. 23 on the S.S. President Coolidge from Shanghai Carlos J. Warner, Second Secretary and Con¬ en route from Hankow. He was met at San Fran¬ sul at Berlin, arrived at New York City on October cisco by Mrs. Jarvis, who has been residing in 27 on the S.S. Excambion from Lisbon en route Vancouver for some months since leaving Hankow. from Berlin. He visited the Department for several He planned to spend home leave with Mrs. Jarvis days in early November during home leave which at Chicago prior to proceeding to his new post as he has been spending principally at his home in Consul at Vancouver. Westport, Connecticut. George L. Brandt was on consultation in the De¬ Paul Churchill Hutton, until recently Consul at partment until mid-November following the ter¬ Mexico City, reported for duty on November 15 in mination of his duties on October 8 as Chief of the the Division of Current Information. He arrived Special Division and prior to sailing from New York in Washington several days earlier with Mrs. Hut¬ City on November 21 on the S.S. Excalibur for Lis¬ ton and their two sons, Paul, Jr., 5 years old, and bon en route to his new post as Counselor at Berlin. Cuthbert Powell Hutton, 3 years old, by car from Mrs. Brandt and their three daughters, Daphne, 20 Pass Christian, Mississippi, where they had been years old, Eleanor, 17 years old, and Joan, 11 years spending leave. old, remained in Washington. Reginald P. Mitchell, until recently in the Divi¬ Vinton Chapin, until recently Second Secretary sion of Current Information, concluded this assign¬ at Dublin, left Miami with Mrs. Chapin on Novem¬ ment of approximately four years on November 29 ber 25 by plane for his new post as Second Secre¬ and left by train for Miami with Mrs. Mitchell and tary and Consul at Port-au-Prince. their two sons, Reginald, Jr., 4 years old, and
DECEMBER. 1941 683 Bruce, 2 years old. They planned to spend leave S.S. Excalibur for Lisbon en route to his new post at Miami Beach and to depart on December 10 by as Third Secretary at Berlin. plane for his new post as I hird Secretary and Vice Christian M. Ravndal, Assistant Chief of the Di¬ Consul at Port-au-Prince. vision of American Republics, left Washington Sidney K. Lafoon, Vice Consul at Shanghai, who by plane on November 24 to visit the missions of has been on duty temporarily at Chungking recent¬ this Government in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, ly, reported to the office of Dr. Stanley K. Horn- Chile, Peru and Ecuador on official business. He beck, Political Adviser, on October 31 for a detail of planned to be away from the Department for five about three weeks after which he planned to resume weeks. home leave at his home in Richmond, Virginia. George C. Cobb, Vice Consul at Tahiti, began a Edward M. Groth, until recently Consul at Cal¬ temporary detail in mid-November in the Visa Di¬ cutta, reported to the Department on November 3 vision following extended sick leave and home leave, for a detail of from six weeks to two months in the the final part of which was spent at his home in Office of the Geographer while on home leave which Americus, Georgia. He left Tahiti in the Spring he has been spending in part at his home in New and proceeded aboard the U.S.S. Savannah to Pearl Rochelle, New York. Harbor and later continued his journey to the Nathaniel P. Davis spent the greater part of Oc¬ United States on the U.S.S. Relief. tober on consultation in the Department following Edward Page, Jr., F.S.O. on duty in the Division leave taken at the conclusion of four years’ service of European Affairs, served as a member of the as Chief of the Division of Foreign Service Admin¬ American mission led by W. Averell Harriman istration. He left Washington on November 1 for which participated in U. S.-British-Soviet conversa¬ the Far East on the first leg of his tour as Foreign tions held in Moscow in October. He proceeded Service Inspector. from the United States to Moscow on a U. S. Army Bernard C. Connelly, who has been on duty tem¬ bombing plane. On returning he traveled in a porarily for several months as a “watch officer” in similar plane to the United States via Baghdad, the office of the Secretary, concluded his duties on Singapore, Port Darwin, Wake Island and Hono¬ November 30 and left by train to join Mrs. Con¬ lulu, arriving at Washington on October 30. nelly, who has been spending some time with her E. Allan Lightner, Jr., Third Secretary and Vice parents at Tiverton, Rhode Island. They planned Consul at Moscow, was on a temporary detail in to sail from New York City on January 3 on the the Department from September 15 to December 1. S.S. Santa Elena for his new post as Third Secre¬ He left Washington on the latter date to resume tary and Vice Consul at Lima. home leave in Maine. Frank A. Schuler, Jr., who has been on duty John H. Lord, until recently Consul at Amster¬ temporarily for several months in the Division of dam, began a temporary detail on November 10 in Far Eastern Affairs, concluded his duties on No¬ the Division of Foreign Service Administration fol¬ vember 15. He and Mrs. Schuler left Washington lowing leave taken at Plymouth, Massachusetts. to take leave prior to sailing from New York City Alvin T. Rowe, Jr., until recently Vice Consul at on November 27 on the S.S. Evangeline for Antigua, Shanghai, concluded a brief detail in the Division Leeward Islands, where he will establish an Ameri¬ of Foreign Service Administration on November 19 can Consulate and serve as Vice Consul. and left on the following day by plane from Wash¬ William C. Afield, Jr., who has been on duty for ington en route to his new post as Third Secretary several months in the Passport Division, concluded and Vice Consul at Managua. his duties there on November 12. He and Mrs. Halleck L. Rose, Third Secretary at Berlin, vis¬ Afield sailed from New York City on November 14 ited the Department on October 18 on home leave on the S.S. Antigua for Puerto Barrios en route to en route to his home in Omaha, Nebraska. his new post as Third Secretary at Guatemala. George M. Abbott, until recently Consul at Mar¬ Walton C. Ferris, until recently Consul and Sec¬ seille, visited the Department for several days in ond Secretary at London, assumed his new duties mid-October. He left to spend part of his home on October 20 as an assistant to Max W. Thorn¬ leave in Cleveland preparatory to sailing from San burg, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary. Francisco on November 6 for his new post as Con¬ Gardner Richardson, until recently Commercial sul at Colombo. Attache at Istanbul, left New York City on Novem¬ Peter K. Constan, Vice Consul at Cairo, visited ber 21 on the S.S. Excalibur for Lisbon en route to the Department for 10 days during the latter part his new post as First Secretary at Berlin. of October preparatory to sailing from San Fran¬ Harrison Lewis, who has been on duty recently cisco on November 9 on the S.S. President Grant in the Department after concluding a study detail, for his post. sailed on November 21 from New York City on the (Continued on page 708)
684 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
News From the Field
, - - , , ;.V.V>V,V/. AV. .V,W.V.Vi'^A . W FIELD CORRESPONDENTS ALLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa ROBINSON, THOMAS H.—British Columbia BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa COOPER, CHARLES A.—Japan LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq COUDRAY, ROBERT C.—Hong Kong Area LYON, CECIL B.—Chile CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain LYON, SCOTT—Portugal FISHER, DORSEY G.—Great Britain MCGRECOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada POST, RICHARD H.—Uruguay HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya !*uvwwwwwwsv LIMA ing Mr. Philip W. Bonsai and Mr. Donald Hiss as The Embassy at Lima had the pleasure of being representatives from the Department. In response host to a regional conference of Foreign Service to an invitation from the Department to send ob¬ Officers from October 20 to 25. The countries rep¬ servers to the conference, army officers attended resented were Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, from Peru and Bolivia, and naval or marine corps Bolivia and Chile. We were very fortunate in hav¬ officers were present from Washington, the Canal FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS’ CONFERENCE, LIMA, OCTOBER 20-25, 1941 Seated, left to right: Lt. Comdr. Forrest Tucker (Balboa); Merwin L. Bohan (Bogota); Lt. Comdr. Joseph W. Fowler (Navy Department, Washington) ; Philip Wr. Bonsai (Department); Ambassador R. Henry Nor- web; Lt. Col. Byron F. Johnson USMC (Bogota); Donald Iliss (Department); Lt. Col. Clarence W;. Bennett (La Paz); George D. Andrews (Panama); and Alfred T. Nester (Guayaquil). Standing: Arthur R. Williams (Cali) ; Donald R. Heath (Santiago) ; Gerald A. Drew (Quito) ; Jefferson Patterson (Lima) ; Lt. Col. Uzal G. Ent (Lima) ; Clarence C. Brooks (Santiago) ; Lt. Comdr. Dwight H. Day (Santiago) ; Andrew E. Dono¬ van (Bogota); Lt. Comdr. Alvord J. Greenacre (Quito) ; John C. Pool (La Paz) ; Lt. Comdr. Willard R. Gaines (Lima) ; George H. Butler, David M. Clark, Holland Welch, and Richard F. Boyce, all of Lima. The following also attended the Conference but are not included in the picture: Julian C. Greenup, Hartwell Johnson, William P. Snow, and Milton K. W^ells, all of Lima; and Charles F. Knox (Santiago). 686 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Zone, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile. Greater Moffat addressed some 300 members of the Canad¬ interest resulted from the participation in some of ian Club at a banquet in the Royal Connaught the meetings of the chiefs of the naval, aviation, and Hotel. Consul General North Winship and Consul military missions of the United States in Peru; Mr. Samuel H. Day of Toronto, and Consul Lynn Frank¬ J. Parker Van Zandt of the Federal Loan Agency, lin of Niagara Falls were guests. who contributed an excellent talk on the aviation On the morning of the 24th, Mr. Moffat, together situation; Mr. Julian Smith, local representative of with Clay Merrell, was officially welcomed to Ham¬ the Metals Reserve Company; Professor Arthur P. ilton by Mayor Morrison. He later visited the Army Whitaker of the University of Pennsylvania; and Trades School, and certain industrial plants where representatives of other agencies of our Government war supplies are being produced. Mr. Moffat and who are stationed in Peru. Mr. Merrell were later guests at a luncheon given Work was the order of the day. The Department’s by Consul Franklin at the General Brock Hotel at suggestion that social events be kept to a minimum Niagara Falls. This was attended by the Mayor of was observed and met with general approval. Ex¬ Niagara Falls and some thirty of the leading citi¬ cept for a reception at the Embassy Monday evening zens of the city. Mr. Moffat was given a scroll and a farewell buffet dinner at the home of Mr. and symbolic of the freedom of the city. Mrs. Patterson on Sunday evening, the visitors were In the evening of the 24th, Mr. Moffat and Mr. entertained informally. There was a little time for Merrell were dinner guests at the Tamahaac Club, sightseeing, but the conference met each morning at near Hamilton. This was attended by some thirty- nine o’clock and each afternoon at 2:30 from Mon¬ five of the leading industrialists and business men day to Friday. All of this sounds very strenuous, of this section. but we managed to find time for many get-togethers While in Hamilton, Mr. Moffat was the guest of and all members of the Lima staff thoroughly en¬ Mr. and Mrs. Merrell at their home, Number one joyed the opportunity to greet old friends and wel¬ Markland. come new ones. Peruvian officials, as always, were most courteous and cooperative. A similar regional conference was HAVANA held in Lima during January, 1939. There is much to be said in favor of Lima as a convention city. The first Regional Conference of Foreign Service The work of the conference came under the prin¬ Officers from the Caribbean area was held in Ha- cipal topics of (1) United States policies in the bana from October 6 to 11. There were 26 visit¬ present emergency, (2) the United States defense ing Foreign Service Officers present from Central program, (3) inter-American subjects, (4) Ameri¬ America, Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, can political questions, (5) commerce and transpor¬ the Caribbean island republics and British, Dutch, tation under war conditions, and (6) administrative and French possessions in the area, making it the problems. It was of great value to officers in the largest of these regional meetings that has been held so far. In addition, there were seven visiting naval field to have the benefit of the very able and clear attaches present as observers. presentations made by Mr. Bonsai and Mr. Hiss concerning these subjects. This direct contact be¬ The Conference was under the general chairman¬ tween the Department and the field, the opportunity ship of Ambassador Messersmith, who presided for officers from many posts to discuss common over nearly all of the sessions throughout the week. problems, and the friendly and helpful personal re¬ The meeting was also fortunate in having as the lationships established, are among the important representatives of the Department Mr. Laurence factors which make these regional conferences well Duggan, who led the discussions on many of the worth the time and expense involved in holding topics on the agenda, and Mr. Donald Hiss, who them. It is believed that the Lima conference fur¬ handled the presentation of certain of the national nishes another evidence of the soundness of the defense subjects.. Department’s policy in this respect. Dr. Jose M. Cortina, Minister of State of Cuba, GEORGE H. BUTLER. was the guest of honor at the opening session of the Conference, and on that occasion delivered an in¬ formal address of welcome. Various Cuban offi¬ HAMILTON, CANADA cials indicated much interest in the fact that the Conference was being held in Habana, and the The Honorable Jay Pierrepont Moffat, American Cuban Government was most hospitable in all re¬ Minister to Canada, visited Hamilton on October spects. 23rd and 24th. On the evening of the 23rd Mr. (Continued on page 692) DECEMBER. 1941 687 The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor THE CHINA OF CHIANG K’AI-SHEK, by Paul M. A. Line- Linebarger undertakes a discussion of the Chinese barger, World Peace Foundation, 1941, 281 pp. $2.50 draft constitution. He then surveys in some detail (cloth edition) $1.00 (paper edition). the political, consultative and administrative organs Mr. Linebarger states at the outset that his work of the National Government. Provincial, local and is not a biography of General Chiang but is instead special area governments (such as the communist “a delineation of the institutions, the parties and zone in northern Shensi) are then dealt with. The movements, and the armies which today determine Kuomintang is discussed in sympathetic terms and the Chinese destiny.” In his analysis of these factors the Chinese Communist Party is examined with the author inclines to be preoccupied with the struc¬ marked skepticism. Mr. Linebarger devotes a chap¬ ture rather than the living organism of Chinese gov¬ ter to the so-called “puppet regimes” and is more ernment. Mr. Linebarger’s work therefore tends to indulgent of Mr. Wang Ching-wei than most Amer¬ have the character of a political reference book ican writers on the Far East. rather than of an independent appraisal of the vari¬ A brief biographical sketch of General Chiang ous factors which go to make up the Chinese Gov¬ Kai-shek reveals the author’s admiration of the great ernment. The book is liberally supplied with charts and highly complex character of China’s leader. The showing the structure of the central and local gov¬ author feels that western estimates of General ernments and the Kuomintang, and with a generous Chiang hitherto failed to give a true picture of the documentary appendix. Generalissimo, partly because they have not encom¬ passed the full evolution of the Generalissimo’s per¬ This is, however, not to say that the author does sonality. Mr. Linebarger sees in General Chiang the not offer any independent opinions. Interspersed qualities of tremendous moral force and will power, with the documentary material and what appear to great political skill and a keen awareness of his be excerpts from Publicity Board releases are his own historical importance and responsibility before own comments. These appear sometimes to strain history. He concludes that “General Chiang gives after an epigrammatic effect as, for example, his ob¬ every indication of maturing in office, and of rising servations that “the Confucians have gone; the se¬ in stature in proportion to the responsibilities which rene mandarins are dead. Methodist soldiers, Bap¬ are thrust upon him.” tist bankers—such Chinese control China.” Such In his discussion of extra political forces the au¬ statements as this are obviously more witty than thor touches upon a significant political force in accurate. China and one which is usually underestimated. He In his discussion of Chinese political inheritances recognizes that the lao-pai-hsing, the Old Hundred Mr. Linebarger is on sounder ground. He notes that Names, the common people of China are China has been preeminently Confucian and that “the ultimate arbiters of this war, and of “This has meant an ordering of classes in so¬ all future wars in East Asia: to this degree they ciety based on the ideal of scholarship and public are a superlative force in the world. Hundreds administration, rather than on ideals of valor, of millions strong, adept, flexible, trained in a piety or acquisitiveness. By setting the require¬ culture which has flowed under (but not through) ments of the examinations, and through concealed literacy for centuries, hard-working, patient, and but sharp discouragements of heterodoxy or wil¬ physiologically sound, they are perhaps the great¬ ful originality, the governing mechanism made est unified human group. Upon their anger of itself a vast machine of scholars which—be¬ against Japan depends the future of that Empire; cause its authority rested in tradition, in language, if the lao-pai-hsing are determined to resist, in social usages—was able to ride out domestic Chiang could go, Chungking fall, the government revolution and foreign invasion, and was in a po¬ scatter, the Communists collapse, and there would sition to ensure its own perpetuation despite po¬ yet be war—restless, bitter, implacable, with the litical or military interruption.” ferocity of a sane man employing violence as a The author concluded that by Confucian standards, last defense against violence not sane. Leaders Occidental governments, whether democracies or exist aplenty in that sea of men, waiting for cir¬ not, “are capricious, despotic and nonmoral; by cumstance to cast them forth. Intelligence, in¬ Western standards, Chinese society was unrespon¬ formation, cunning, power, and patience are all sive, sanctimonious and amorphous.” at hand.” Turning to his main theme, modern China, Mr. JOHN DAVIES. 688 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? by Charles E. Merriam. The of orderly and just human interrelationship resting University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1941. 115 pp. on certain basic assumptions which flow from “the $1.00. laws of nature and nature’s God.” Much of the DEMOCRACY IN AMERICAN LIFE, by Avery Craven. criticism of democracy relates not to essential de¬ The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1941. 150 mocracy but to some part of the mechanism which pp. $1.00. has been devised to carry out democracy. This A frequent criticism of the democratic form of mechanism can be adjusted and has been in a con¬ government is that the average individual does not stant process of finer adjustment since the beginning know or understand enough about government to be of our history. able wisely to determine how he should be governed. After reading either of these books, one is left This criticism is sound only to the extent to which with the impression that while the democratic form the average individual in uninformed or misin¬ of government may not be a perfect institution, yet, formed about Government. A true believer in the for Americans, it is the closest human approach to democratic form of government will therefore favor that ideal and the one offering the best opportunity as much information as possible about government. for constant betterment. In that spirit, it is believed that What is Democ¬ A. LEBEL. racy? and Democracy in American Life were written, and in that spirit they are recommended as useful and informative reading matter. They pos¬ sess the virtues of brevity, directness of approach YOUR FOREIGN POLICY: HOW, WHAT, AND WHY, by and simplicity of language. Robert Aura Smith, New York. The Viking Press, You could not make a complete study of American 1941, pages XVI, 274, Index. $2.75. constitutional history in these volumes, but their method of approach to the subject of democracy The author, of the Foreign News Department of versus other forms of government will be found new the New York Times, begins his preface with the and perhaps unusual. The reader is spared much of statement that “This book is the direct outcome of the idealistic or sentimental generalization too often simple questions asked by citizens of the United resorted to in works of this nature. States who make no pretension to profundity.” How¬ The treatment in Democracy in American Life of ever, even experts will find value and interest in the the original conception of democracy, its subsequent courageous expression of the author’s judgment on gradual evolution and its elasticity and adaptability, familiar questions of national and international sig¬ is realistic. By the expedient of numerous quota¬ nificance, while persons who do not usually give tions, the American statesmen themselves are made considerable thought to foreign policy will find a to help the author depict the vicissitudes of Amer¬ wealth of intelligently treated information. ican life in its most important aspects and during In discussing the concept of the foreign policy of the most significant periods in our history. While the United States in general, the author defines it as this treatment is not exhaustive, it is sufficient to the mode of behavior towards other nations, em¬ give the reader a very useful insight into the nature phasizing that one treaty or even one war does not of our form of government, as it developed, of the make policy. The policy is the sum total of “our struggles which attended its evolution and the adap¬ history, our character, and our intelligence” and, tation of its mechanism to rapidly changing condi¬ for that reason, it does and should change slowly. tions. Its consistency and solidarity are the result of this In What is Democracy? the reader will find a historical foundation but do not prevent its im¬ very frank discusion of a number of specific issues plementation and application from being changed currently involved in debates on the pros and cons to meet new conditions. To implement it, however, of democracy. Merriam appears to have endeavored the public must believe in it, and for that reason, especially to show that in a large number of cases policy makers in a representative form of govern¬ the relative importance of charges made against de¬ ment are subject to public opinion. mocracy is magnified beyond reasonable propor¬ In the second part of the volume the author deals tions, that these charges are not founded in fact, or with the machinery for policy-making: the Depart¬ that the corresponding processes in other forms of ment of State, the Foreign Service and certain spe¬ government are no better and frequently are far cial representatives, the President and the Congress. worse. With respect to the President it is pointed out that Merriam’s book brings to the reader’s attention the “crux of the problem is not what powers the the very important fact that democracy is not in its President has and does not have, but the degree of essence a mechanical set of rules but a philosophy (Continued on page 713) DECEMBER, 1941 689 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON To the Foreign Service: I am glad to have this opportunity to send a message of appreciation and good cheer to every member of the Foreign Service. No branch of the Government has been free from the added strain which another year of war has brought, but you who serve in foreign lands have perhaps been tried most severely of all. You have contributed in no small measure to our country's determined effort to meet fully and honorably its responsibilities in the field of international relations, For that and for your fine spirit of loyalty and devotion I am deeply grateful. Although we cannot escape a consciousness of mankind's sorrow, we still may know the joy of the true spirit of Christmas. My wish for all of you is that you may find such joy and that you will face the New Year with faith and a high resolve to strive for better days. I am confident that they will come. 690 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE SECRETARY OF STATE WASHINGTON To the Foreign Service ; I am fully conscious of what this year has meant to each of you in anxiety and grave respon¬ sibility. Many of you have been subjected to hardship, physical danger and separation from your families; yet through it all your devotion to duty has been unflagging. The entire Service — officers, clerks, and other employees — has responded to the heavy demands made upon it in a manner of which we all may justly be proud. I congratulate you and I thank you. I hope that we may all find in this season some of the joy of other Christmas days, and in the coming year a greater measure of happiness. DECEMBER, 1941 691 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued, from page 687) Their Excellencies, the Soviet Ambassador, M. A. S. Paniush- kin, and the American Ambassa¬ dor, C. E. Gauss, confer at Chungking, China. (The Amer¬ ican Ambassador on the left, the Soviet Ambassador, third from left, with hat in hand.) The others are members of the So¬ viet Ambassador’s staff. CUIDAD JUAREZ embarrassment. In fact it is still causing embarrass¬ ment. Guests at luncheon at which Commissioner L. The Consulate General had no warning of com¬ M. Lawson, International Boundary Commission, ing trouble until Consul Herve L’Heureux looked United States Section, was host at Hotel Cortez, El out of the window and saw a crowd of hurrying men Paso, Texas, on August 27, 1941, honoring R. converging on the Consulate General. They were Fernandez MacGregor, newly appointed Commis¬ dressed in the brown uniforms of Lisbon streetcar sioner of the Mexican Section of the International conductors. Some still had their coin bags slung Boundary Commission, United States and Mexico: over their shoulders, as though they had jumped off C. M. Ainsworth, Consulting Engineer, J. L. Burk¬ their cars in the middle of the run in order to come holder, Senior Engineer, M. B. Moore, Chief Clerk sprinting to the Consulate General. They crowded and Secretary, Frank B. Clayton, Counsel, United into the Visa Division. Soon seventy-five excited States Section, International Boundary Commis¬ Portuguese were in the halls and jammed up on the sion; R. Fernandez MacGregor, Commissioner, J. C. sidewalk at the front door, demanding visas for Bustamante, Consulting Engineer, Jose Hernandez America. Ojeda, Secretary, H. G. de Partearroyo, Assis¬ Someone had told them that the United States tant Secretary, Jesus Franco Urias, Consulting was very short of skilled men; so short that the Engineer (Water Division), Mexican Section, Inter¬ Government had offered to pay the steamship fare national Boundary Commission; American Consul for Portuguese streetcar conductors and motormen General Wm. P. Blocker; Mexican Consul General who would come to America, and the passage for Raul Michel; Col. George M. Edwards, M. C., Wm. their families also. Strong denials from the Con¬ Beaumont General Hospital, Ft. Bliss, Texas; Grover sulate General staff only aroused suspicion in their C. Wilmoth, District Director, Immigration and Nat¬ excited minds. They thought that the staff was try¬ uralization Service; Adrian Pool, Collector, U. S. ing to send them away in order to save the plums Customs; L. R. Fiock, Superintendent, Rio Grande for their friends. Project, Bureau of Reclamation; M. P. Shaner, They remained in muttering groups in the hall¬ Legal Assistant, Agrarian Claims Commission; E. ways resisting the efforts of the doorman to get C. Heid, Maurice Schwartz, Jake Miller, and An¬ them to leave. Some of them had quit their jobs in tonio Bermudez, prominent business executives of order to hurry to the Consulate, and they did not El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico. want to surrender their priority. Outside the side¬ WILLIAM P. BLOCKER. walk was blocked with gesticulating men, telling the story to late arrivals. Only when the Consulate closed did they finally begin to drift away. This morning there was a persistently hopeful LISBON group at the door wrhen the Consulate opened. The August 22, 1941. visa waiting room is still jammed with brown-clad The hardworking Lisbon rumor-smiths turned out men. Suggestions as how to kill this rumor will be a particularly effective piece of work recently. 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Baggage Insurance Policies. 4. Jewelry and Fur all-risk policies. £ TRUST COMPANY Main Office: Fifteenth St. and Pennsylvania Ave. (Opposite the United States Treasury) £mirttg j&oragp (Jompang WASHINGTON, D. C. Capital $3,400,000.00 of UJashingfron Surplus $4,400,000.00 a safe depository for over 50 years at 1140 FIFTEENTH STREET MEMBER: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION District 4040 FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Affiliated with the American Security and Trust Co. DECEMBER, 1941 693 Foreign Service Changes The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Alexander Heard of Washington, District of Co¬ eign Service since October 4, 1941: lumbia, has been appointed American Vice Consul Thomas M. Wilson of Memphis, Tennessee, at Quito, Ecuador. American Consul General at Calcutta, India, has Robert B. Harley of Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, been designated Commissioner of the United States has been appointed American Vice Consul at Per¬ of America at New Delhi, India. nambuco, Brazil. Lester L. Schnare of Macon, Georgia, who has Glenn R. McCarty, Jr., of Des Moines, Iowa, has been serving as American Consul at Milan, Italy, been appointed American Vice Consul at Bogota, has been assigned American Consul at Rangoon, Colombia. Burma. Alfred W. Wells of Brewster, New York, has been The assignment of Dayle C. McDonough of Kan¬ appointed American Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, sas City, Missouri, as American Consul General at Argentina. Keijo, Chosen, has been cancelled. In lieu thereof, Philip G. Cottell of Louisville, Kentucky, has been Mr. McDonough has been designated First Secre¬ appointed American Vice Consul at Guayaquil, tary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ Ecuador. sul General at Santiago, Chile, and will serve in Herman Moss of New York, New York, who has dual capacity. been serving as American Vice Consul at Genoa, Fayette J. Flexer of Joliet, Illinois, First Secre¬ Italy, has been assigned American Clerk at Rome, tary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ Italy. sul at Santiago, Chile, has been assigned American The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Consul at Dakar, French West Africa. eign Service since October 11, 1941: Burton Y. Berry of Fowler, Indiana, who has Hiram A. Boucher of Minneapolis, Minnesota, been serving as Second Secretary of the American now serving in the Department of State, has been Legation and American Consul at Athens, Greece, assigned American Consul at Auckland, New Zea¬ has been designated Second Secretary of the Ameri¬ land. can Embassy at Rome, Italy. William H. Beach of Concord Wharf, Virginia, The assignment of Archer Woodford of Paris, formerly American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium, Kentucky, as American Consul at Calcutta, India, has been assigned American Consul at Johannes¬ has been cancelled. In lieu thereof, Mr. Woodford burg, Transvaal, Union of South Africa. has been assigned American Consul at Bombay, Joseph G. Groeninger of Baltimore, Maryland, India. American Consul at Auckland, New Zealand, has Knowlton V. Hicks of New York, New York, been assigned American Consul at Bradford, Eng¬ American Consul at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, land. has been assigned for duty in the Department of M. Williams Blake of Columbus, Ohio, American State. Vice Consul at Basel, Switzerland, has been assigned Elizabeth Humes of Memphis, Tennessee, Ameri¬ American Vice Consul at Rangoon, Burma. can Foreign Service Officer at Copenhagen, Den¬ The assignment of William L. Krieg of Newark, mark, has been designated Second Secretary of the Ohio, as American Vice Consul at Dakar, French American Legation at Copenhagen, Denmark. West Africa, has been cancelled. In lieu thereof, Roswell C. Beverstock of Los Angeles, California, Mr. Krieg has been assigned American Vice Con¬ American Vice Consul at Belfast, Northern Ireland, sul at Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa. has been assigned American Vice Consul at Caracas, Albert George of New York, New York, has been Venezuela. appointed American Vice Consul at Marseille, The assignment of Sherburne Dillingham of Mill- France. burn, New Jersey, as American Vice Consul at Ha- Terry B. Sanders, Jr., of Edinburg, Texas, Amer¬ bana, Cuba, has been cancelled. In lieu thereof, ican Vice Consul at Riohacha, Colombia, has been Mr. Dillingham has been designated Third Secre¬ appointed American Vice Consul at Puerto de la tary of the American Embassy at Caracas, Vene¬ Cruz, Venezuela. zuela. (Continued on page 696) 694 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Service Glimpses The Minister and Mrs. Jenkins photo¬ Mrs. IVeddell in her study. Photo by graphed at La Paz Howard Bucknell, Jr. The Bogota Embassy clerks gave a Mrs. William Ailshie, Charles Bay and Bowery Brawl. Left to right: “Maizie” Mrs. Bay enjoying refreshments at the Mallory, “Sadie” Bannerman, “Tillie” Field Events which were part of the 4th Thorpe and “Birdie” Bird. of July celebrations in Mexico City. Visit of the Regent of Iceland and Mrs. Sveinn Bjornsson to the Kuniholms on July 4, 1941. YOU BE THE AUTHOR You may be a constant reader of the NATIONAL GEOCRAPHIC MAGAZINE’S many articles on travel observations and ad¬ ventures. But have you ever thought of yourself as the author? You could be. As a Foreign Service Officer, with first¬ hand knowledge of geography, you are well equipped to prepare such articles in your spare time. Your personal nar¬ ratives and human-interest photographs would help The Magazine in its educa¬ tional service to millions of readers. For all material accepted you would receive liberal payment. Before pre¬ paring a manuscript, first submit a brief outline. If your proposed article seems to have possibilities, you will be urged to complete it and to pro¬ vide photographs for illustration. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor WASHINGTON, D. C. Right: Gufas, tub-shaped boats, used in Iraq since Jonah’s day, photographed by Maynard Owen Williams for The National Geographic. FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES George R. Merrell of St. Louis, Missouri, Amer¬ ican Consul General at Calcutta, India, has been as¬ (Continued from page 694) signed, in addition to his assignment at Calcutta, Lewis E. Leonard of Corpus Christi, Texas, American Consul General at Kabul, Afghanistan. American Vice Consul at Puerto de la Cruz, Vene¬ Orsen N. Nielsen of Beloit, Wisconsin, First Sec¬ zuela, has been appointed American Vice Consul at retary of the American Embassy at Berlin, Ger¬ Riohacha, Colombia. many, has been assigned for duty in the Depart¬ David K. Newman of St. Louis, Missouri, Ameri¬ ment of State. can Vice Consul at Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, C. Porter Kuykendall of Towanda, Pennsylvania, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Cairo, formerly American Consul at Konigsberg, Germany, Egypt. has been assigned American Consul at Karachi, Coert du Bois of San Francisco, California, India. American Consul General at Habana, Cuba, has George R. Canty of Boston, Massachusetts, for¬ been assigned for duty in the Department of State. merly American Gonsul at Amesterdam, Nether¬ Rudolf E. Schoenfeld of Washington, District of lands, has been designated Assistant Commercial Columbia, Counselor of the American Embassy near Attache at the American Embassy, Buenos Aires, the Governments of Poland and Belgium and First Argentina. Secretary of the American Legation near the Gov¬ Vinton Chapin of Boston, Massachusetts, Second ernments of Norway and The Netherlands now es¬ Secretary of the American Legation at Dublin, Ire¬ tablished in London, has, in addition, been desig¬ land, has been designated Second Secretary of the nated First Secretary of the American Legation American Legation and Consul at Port-au-Prince, near the Government of Yugoslavia and near the Haiti, and will serve in dual capacity. Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia now es¬ Harry L. Troutman of Macon, Georgia, now serv¬ tablished in London. ing in the Department of State, has been desig- 696 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL nated Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Ankara, Turkey. Russell M. Brooks of Salem, Oregon, American Consul at Johannesburg, Transvaal, Union of South 1 Africa, has been assigned American Consul at Casa¬ blanca, Morocco. Franklin C. Gowen of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, rlCRP Second Secretary of the American Embassy near the Governments of Poland and Belgium and Sec¬ ond Secretary of the American Legation near the Governments of Norway and The Netherlands, has, A good neighbour... in addition, been designated Second Secretary of the American Legation near the Government of Yugoslavia and near the Provisional Government and a good mixer! of Czechoslovakia now established in London. W. Quincy Stanton of Great Falls, Montana, American Consul at Casablanca, Morocco, has been assigned American Consul at Nairobi, Kenya, East Si senor! For BACARDI is not only an Africa. outstanding example of Pan-American William C. Affeld of Minneapolis, Minnesota, American Vice Consul at Caracas, Venezuela, has solidarity in the realm of good taste, been designated Third Secretary of the American but the most congenial and versatile Legation and Vice Consul at San Salvador, El Sal¬ of all the great liquors of the world. vador, and will serve in dual capacity. H. Bartlett Wells of North Plainfield, New Jersey, It mixes readily and superbly with all American Vice Consul at Reykjavik, Iceland, has been designated Third Secretary of the American fine ingredients, from the sparkling Legation at Reykjavik, Iceland, and will serve in simplicity of a highball to the compli¬ dual capacity. cated art of a Coronation Cocktail... Overton G. Ellis, Jr., of Tacoma, Washington, Third Secretary of the American Legation and Vice And it gives a new thrill to the old Consul at San Salvador, El Salvador, has been des¬ ignated Third Secretary of the American Legation drinks with its unique, delectable at Guatemala, Guatemala. flavour. Edward A. Dow, Jr., of Omaha, Nebraska, for¬ merly American Vice Consul at Brussels, Belgium, has been designated Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ can Legation and Vice Consul at Cairo, Egypt, and 0nd 1 will serve in dual capacity. d BACARDI Ho* en- Robert J. Cavanaugh of Rock Island, Illinois, fl Tthe highest reputation 0yed American Vice Consul at Montreal, Quebec, Cana¬ ' ’ (he most exact,ng Dm°n9 « of Ho,h Con- da,has been assigned American Vice Consul at Mex¬ connotsseu ree quarters ico City, Mexico. ,inen sf ' °:::IX* •»iM Peter K. Constan of Boston, Massachusetts, for¬ f merly American Vice Consul at Belgrade, Yugo¬ ° "VO ond ds slavia, has been appointed American Vice Consul -visile quality- at Alexandria, Egypt. Dwight Hightower of Chicago, Illinois, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Bogota, Co¬ lumbia. root dealers. William H. Bruns of Washington, District of Co¬ lumbia, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Panama, Panama. John H. Frank of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has COMPANIA "RON BACARDI," S. A. been appointed American Vice Consul at Cartagena, Santiago de Cuba Colombia. Schenley Import Corp., N. Y. Copr. 1941 DECEMBER, 1941 697 The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since October 24, 1941: 0. Gaylord Marsh of Wenatchee, Washington, American Consul General at Keijo, Chosen, will re¬ tire from the American Foreign Service effective February 1, 1942. Winfield H. Scott of Washington, District of Columbia, formerly Consul at Tenerife, Canary Is¬ lands, has been assigned American Consul at Singa¬ pore, Straits Settlements. Robert P. Chalker of Pensacola, Florida, former¬ ly American Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Berlin, Germany. M. Gordon Knox of Baltimore, Maryland, for¬ merly American Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, has been designated Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ can Embassy at Berlin, Germany. William R. Morton of Brooklyn, New York, American Vice Consul at Quebec, Canada, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Mazatlan, Mexico. The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since November 1, 1941 : Leland B. Morris of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Counselor of the American Embassy at Berlin, Ger¬ many, has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. S. Pinkney Tuck of New Brighton, New York, Washington's Counselor of the American Embassy at Buenos Aires, Argentina, has been designated Counselor of the American Embassy at Vichy, France. George L. Brandt of Washington, District of Finest Hotel Columbia, now serving in the Department of State, has been designated Counselor of the American ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ Embassy at Berlin, Germany. eign Service men in the Nation’s H. Freeman Matthews of Baltimore, Maryland, Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ First Secretary of the American Embassy at Vichy, partment of State. Convenient to France, has been designated Counselor of the Ameri¬ all points of interest in Washing¬ can Embassy at London, England. Edward L. Reed of Wayne, Pennsylvania, now ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ food. Coffee Shop. Gay Cocktail nated Counselor of the American Embassy at Buenos Lounge. Air Conditioned in the Aires, Argentina. summer. Gardner Richardson of Woodstock, Connecticut, Single Rooms from $4 Commercial Attache at Istanbul, Turkey, has been Double Rooms from $6 designated First Secretary of the American Embassy at Berlin, Germany. Austin R. Preston of Buffalo, New York, formerly American Consul at Guadalajara, Mexico, has been assigned American Consul at Mexico City, Mexico. Walton C. Ferris of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sec¬ ond Secretary of the American Embassy and Ameri¬ C. J. MACK, General Manager can Consul at London, England, has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. 698 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Cabot Coville of Los Angeles, California, now _ serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ ★ = ★ signed to Manila, Philippine Islands, to serve in the office of the United States High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands, under commissions as Ameri¬ can Consul and Second Secretary in pursuance of Called the provisions of Section 8 of the Act of August 7, 1939. George M. Abbott of Cleveland, Ohio, American to the Colors! Consul at Marseille, France, has been assigned American Consul at Colombo, Ceylon. Sidney A. Belovsky of Hornell, New York, former¬ AMERICA’S three greatest liners, the ly American Consul at Bremen, Germany, has been Washington, Manhattan and America, assigned American Consul at Windsor, Ontario, Canada. are now serving their country as Navy Harvey Lee Milbourne of Charles Town, West auxiliaries. Virginia, American Consul at Windsor, Ontario, Canada, has been assigned American Consul at Before being called to the Colors, these Calcutta, India. three American flag liners were the largest, The assignment of Stanley G. Slavens of Austin, fastest and most luxurious passenger ships Texas, as American Consul at Osaka, Japan, has ever built in this country. been cancelled. Donald F. McGonigal of Troy, New York, former¬ When our Government called its nationals ly American Vice Consul at Amsterdam, Nether¬ home from danger zones in Europe and lands, has been assigned American Vice Consul at the Orient, thousands of Americans re¬ Glasgow, Scotland. turned to the United States aboard these The assignment of William C. Afield, Jr., of Minneapolis, Minnesota, as Third Secretary of the ships. American Legation and American Vice Consul at Every American should rejoice in the San Salvador, El Salvador, has been cancelled. In lieu thereof, Mr. Afield has been designated Third vision of the Maritime Commission and Secretary of the American Legation at Guatemala, the United States Lines in sponsoring the Guatemala. great shipbuilding program that made pos¬ Leon L. Cowles of Salt Lake City, Utah, American sible the building of these three great liners. Vice Consul at Barcelona, Spain, has been assigned They served our country ably in peace, and American Vice Consul at Vigo, Spain. Freedrick J. Mann of Brooklyn, New York, Amer¬ will do their part during this national emer¬ ican Vice Consul at Kobe, Japan, has been assigned gency. American Vice Consul at Osaka, Japan. Wells Stabler of New York, New York, has been Until such time as these ships can return to appointed American Vice Consul at Bogota, Co¬ peace-time occupations, their less glamor¬ lombia. ous sisters, the many sturdy freighters of Edwin L. Smith of Hamburg, Arkansas, has been the United States Lines, will continue to appointed American Vice Consul at Moscow, ply the seven seas, carrying on our world U. S. S. R. commerce and bringing the essential ma¬ Robert F. Corrigan of Alexandria, Virginia, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Rio de terials for America’s great defense program. Janeiro, Brazil. William P. Shockley, Jr., of Dover, Delaware, formerly American Vice Consul at Dresden, Ger¬ many, has been appointed American Vice Consul at UNITED STATES LINES Lisbon, Portugal. ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK The following changes have occurred in the For¬ eign Service since November 8, 1941: Austin C. Brady of Santa Fe, New Mexico, Amer- * ^ DECEMBER, 1941 699 ican Consul at Rangoon, Burma, has been assigned American Consul General at Rangoon, Burma. Lester L. Schnare of Macon, Georgia, assigned as American Consul at Rangoon, Burma, has been as¬ signed American Consul General at Rangoon, Burma. Angus I. Ward of Chassell, Michigan, American Consul at Vladivostok, U. S. S. R., has been as¬ signed American Consul General at Vladivostok, U. S. S. R. Frank A. Schuler, Jr., of North Muskegon, Michi¬ gan, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Tokyo, Japan, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Antigua, Leeward Islands, British West Indies, where an American Consulate is to be estab¬ lished. Richard W. Byrd of Norfolk, Virginia, American Vice Consul at Calcutta, India, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Jerusalem, Palestine. W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr., of Miami, Florida, American Vice Consul at Hamilton, Bermuda, has been assigned to the Department of State for duty in the Foreign Service Officers’ Training School, This trade-mark effective November 3, 1941. hi view of the unification of the American Diplo¬ matic and Consular offices at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, is a symbol of effective on November 1, 1941, the following changes are announced: quality petroleum George P. Shaw of San Diego, California, Amer¬ ican Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated First Secretary of the American Embassy products. There is and American Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. a Texaco Product Charles A. Bay of St. Paul, Minnesota, American Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been desig¬ nated First Secretary of the American Embassy and for every purpose. American Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. Raleigh A. Gibson of Decatur, Illinois, First Sec¬ retary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated First Secretary of the The Texas Company American Embassy and American Consul at Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. Manufacturers of Harold D. Finley of Saratoga Springs, New York, First Secretary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated First Secretary TEXACO of the American Embassy and American Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual Petroleum Products capacity. Edward G. Trueblood, of Evanston, Illinois, Sec¬ ond Secretary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Second Secre¬ tary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ sul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. 700 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL via dll dmerica to CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES The advantages of the “Via All America” route to Central and South America and the West Indies are well known to business men everywhere in the United States. With its own direct facilities from New York to 67 Company-owned and operated offices in 24 countries and islands in the West¬ ern Hemisphere, the closest attention to transmission and delivery of all international telegrams is assured. Cablegrams “Via All America” may be sent from the Company’s head office at 67 Broad Street, New York, or from any Postal Telegraph office anywhere in the United States. For fast, accurate and secret service to Central and South America and the West Indies, send your messages “Via All America.” ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. DECEMBER, 1941 701 Robert G. McGregor, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York, Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Sec¬ ond Secretary of the American Embassy and Amer¬ ican Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. Guy W. Ray of Wilsonville, Alabama, Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Second Secretary of the American Embassy and American Vice Con¬ sul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. John Willard Carrigan of San Francisco, Cali¬ fornia, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. William C. Trimble of Baltimore, Maryland, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Mex¬ ico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Third Sec¬ retary of the American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. Morris N. Hughes of Champaigne, Illinois, American Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Second Secretary of the American Embassy and American Consul at Mexico, D. F., PASSENGER SERVICE Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. BETWEEN NEW YORK AND William K. Ailshie of Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has LISBON, PORTUGAL been designated Third Secretary of the American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. By the F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. EXCAMBION EXCALIBUR Forrest K. Geerken of Minneapolis, Minnesota, EXETER American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been designated Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ can Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, Fare $350 D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. From Neutral Portugal connections can be Kenneth A. Byrns of Greeley, Colorado, American made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, has been Detailed information on application designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ bassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., THE SECURITY OF Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. AMERICAN SHIPS J. Jefferson Jones, 3d, of Newbern, Tennessee, ALWAYS IMPORTANT American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mexico, TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER has been designated Third Secretary of the Ameri¬ The demand by relatives and friends here for prepaid can Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico, tickets for Americans to America from all Europe demonstrates it. D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. Ernest V. Siracusa of Huntington Beach, Califor¬ AMERICAN EXPORT LINES nia, American Vice Consul at Mexico, D. F., Mex¬ ico, has been designated Third Secretary of the 25 Broadway, New York American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Balto. Office: 203 Kerser Bldg. CAlvert 0340 Mexico, D. F., Mexico, and will serve in dual capacity. 702 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BUSINESS IS NOT “AS USUAL” FOR WESTINGHOUSE OVERSEAS A state of National Emergency exists in truly a host of loyal friends in many the United States of America. For the countries. The discharge of that obli¬ duration of that emergency, we have gation, in the face of increasing diffi¬ pledged our productive energy, capac¬ culties, is second only to the require¬ ity and skill to defense purposes. ments of national defense in its claim upon our will and energy. WEST¬ The needs of our Government, and of INGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTER¬ Foreign Governments, for the purpose NATIONAL COMPANY, MANU¬ of national and hemisphere defense are paramount. These needs will steadily re¬ FACTURER OF ELECTRICAL quire more and more of our production. PRODUCTS, 40 Wall Street, New But remaining supplies are being divided York, U. S. A. between the requirements of overseas WESTINGHOUSE PRODUCTS customers and civilian requirements in Refrigerators • Radios • Ranges • Water Heaters Fans • Irons • Washers • Ironers • Vacuum Cleaners the U. S. A. Air Conditioning • Commercial Refrigeration Lamps and Lighting Equipment • Switches and Sockets Consistent with our responsibilities Elevators • X-Ray Equipment • Meters • Relays for national and hemisphere defense, Lightning Arresters • Circuit Breakers • Generators Steam Turbines • Motors • Transformers • Insulators we are devoting our efforts to obtaining Rectifiers • Transportation Equipment Arc Welding Equipment an equitable share of these supplies for the benefit of Westinghouse Overseas Westinghouse short-wave Station WBOS, Distributors, and Westinghouse Cus¬ Boston, U. S. A., broadcasts world news seven tomers. In spite of great changes, the times daily, first 15 minutes of every hour—11.870 KC. 25.27 M. obligation still remains to serve well and Westinghouse y ESTABLISHED 1886 “WESTINGHOUSE IS ON THE JOB” 703 DECEMBER, 1941 WHAT’S IN A NAME— COMPLETE SAFETY IF IT’S SPANISH' u\ ] OW tell me your real name, the one you’re 1 N known by,” the man with the Texas drawl says to the Latin-American draftee, adding with weary finality: “Since so many of you Spanish fel¬ lows more often than not prefer your mother’s maiden name to the regular family name.” There, stalking again before one of my people, was perhaps the most obstinate among the many misconceptions that have gone to build such a prick¬ ly fence between our two races. For nothing else, not even the reverse grammar we see in each other’s tongue, shows so plainly some of our opposite points of view as does the way we sign our names. It no doubt has lengthened by hundreds of man-hours the FOREIGN and DOMESTIC time spent both at the draft desk and in every reg¬ istration office for the aliens in explaining why we REMOVALS in safe steel lift use this name or that. vans, wooden vans or cases. “You just told me,” the flustered official recites again and again, nailing with his eye some dark- skinned youth, “that your full name was Jose An¬ tonio Carmona Lagunas, and now this letter of dis¬ charge you show me refers to someone called Jose A. Carmona. Why did you drop your father’s sur¬ name? And then take your middle name?” The man taken to task swallows with a grimace, and then tries to explain meekly: “It isn’t a middle name, mister. It isn’t my mother’s name either. My family name is Carmona, but since you asked me my full name I added La¬ gunas, which was my mother’s maiden name.” “Then, why in the world do you come and stick it in the end?” “That’s the way we do in Spanish countries, sir.” The man at the desk sighs, and rubs his temple with the tip of his pen, still unconvinced. “But that does not explain why you play hide- STORAGE of household effects, and-seek with your middle name.” Works of Art, furniture, office “I have no middle name, I assure you. We have no use for middle names.” records and private automobiles. “And this one, initialed and everything?” “Well, that’s my second given name, nothing more.” Just then the official turns from pink to crimson, and explodes: “How could you expect US to know that riga- marole?” “You will have to consult one of our almanacs,” ventures the poor fellow in utter despair. *The Christian Science Monitor, March 27, 1941, page 14, Vol¬ ume XXXIII, No. 102. 704 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Spanish and Portuguese peoples are until today governed in this important matter of family affairs by the cenluries-old tradition of naming each newly- born child after the saints and martyrs listed under UN DERWOOD that particular date. So, even before the baby can sport an amber necklace, there you have dangling Types from his tiny person a whole string of given names. Our children share in this way with royal families Better of Europe the privilege of signing to their name half a dozen or more appellatives, which often are Letters a tribute to the memory of their ancestors, but as a rule correspond primarily to the saints and martyrs who happened to be canonized on the same date the child was born. As is the custom, before the infant comes into the world, the prospective father seeks relaxation in studying closely the day’s batch of names in the almanac, with a view to having a full set ready for use, even though a corresponding number of gar¬ ments may not be waiting for the newcomer. The tyranny of the almanac is totalitarian: Names usu¬ ally reserved for one sex are given to another when none else appears. So we have male creatures called Rosario, or Mercedes, or Margarita. Many a humble father takes advantage of the refulgent con¬ stellations of Greek martyrs, Roman saints, and me¬ dieval doctors of the church to call their progeny • Of course you want your letters to be good Crisostomo, Teofilo, Evaristo, Sinaforosa, or Dei- looking, distinguished and representative of damia. Then the medieval “Santoral” comes to you. But are they? their help with Olorpucios, Getulios, and Austri- gesilos. Right now you can take the first step to¬ But, as if all that were not enough, pious men ward finding the true answer to this ques¬ and women have lifted bodily from the almanac the tion. Just say to your secretary: "Telephone symbolical feasts of the church, and this is why we have so many people called Encarnacion, Angustias Underwood and ask them to send over a (Tribulations), Dolores (Sorrows), Soledad (Soli¬ newUnderwood Typewriter and show what tude), and the rest of the Via-Crucis of Passion the Underwood will do in a Letter-for- Day, and many others that often sound even blas¬ Letter Test with our present machine.” phemous to the literal-minded reader of the Bible. We do not mean disrespect, but entirely the opposite Underwood has specialized on the job of when we call a child Juan de Dios (John or God), producing better letters. That is why Under¬ or Jesus Maria, or Deogracias, which means noth¬ ing more nor less than 6od-be-thanked, or Thanks¬ wood has created many features that insure giving, if you please. precision type alignment, clean-cut and uni¬ * * * form type impressions. But, to satisfy your¬ self, ask for the Letter-for-Letter Test today. The real trouble begins, however, when a Span¬ ish-named person enters an English-speaking coun¬ try. Should he carry along with his string of given UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY names both his father’s and mother’s appellations, Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines trouble will start right away at the immigration de¬ Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies partment. He might have wriggled out unscathed Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets from the snares of the questions like “Are you a Washington, D. C. communist?” “Do you admit polygamy?” or “Do you believe in overthrowing the government by Sales and Service Everywhere force?” Three centuries of Spanish Inquisition in DECEMBER, 1941 705 the Old and the New World have hardened the race against that after all. But let the matter of names WOODWARD & LOTHROP come to the forefront, and you have the man stumped right there. 10th, 11th, F and G Streets We Spanish people believe we have shown a Washington, D. C., U. S. A. deeper respect for the personality of women than "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” the world credits us with, by preserving the moth¬ er’s maiden name as a secondary family name for the issue—a second surname, that is, one that goes after the father’s, and therefore the one with which our full name usually ends. Not always, of course, because people already overloaded with given names, and especially the ones living in English- speaking countries, make haste to drop their moth¬ er’s cognomen, seeing that outsiders are wont to call them by that last name only, ignoring the father’s. The real trouble for people who are not familiar with Spanish lands or people comes when they try to spot which may be the surname or merely an¬ other given name. Spanish, as any other language, has a good many ambiguous, tricky names that sometimes stand for a first name, but often are sur¬ names also. Take, for instance, Elias, or Julio, or Ramon, or Gaspar, which ordinarily are given names, but which also happen to be the family names of some individuals. The English custom of leaving the family name for the last place is conse¬ quently more logical, a safer one. But logic does not come out too well when running against senti¬ zA True Christmas Story ment and tradition. ERNESTO MONTENEGRO. about Your Gift to Her WHAT’S IN A NAME? In connection with the location of the United That expectant, wondrous time of Christ¬ States Naval and Air Base in the Bahamas there mas, in the dark-of-the-morn. Beneath has been much scanning of maps and charts. the lighted tree her package glistens in Here are some of the odd names encountered: Holiday array. She spies it—tears apart the red ribbons, the tissue—and stops, Cooling Temper Bay, Little Abaco. wide-eyed, breathless—there in the fes¬ Set and be Damned, Grand Bahama. tive box rests the perfect gift—the one Far for Nothing, Andros. thing she has secretly desired for years. Mamma Rhoda Rock, Berry Islands. She turns to you. Face and Eye Bay, Eleuthera. Pudding Cut, Exuma. But how did you know —? You smile Labour-in-vain, Cat Island. wisely, silently .... Deadman’s Cay, Long Island. She need never know we told you. Hard Bargain, Long Island. Granny Lake, San Salvador. PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE. Double Breasted Cay, Ragged Island. For further information, telephone Dis¬ Number Two, Crooked Island. trict 5300 in Washington, D. C. or ad¬ Mira-por-vos Pass, Acklins Island. dress your communications to Woodward and Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.; Troublesome Hill, Mayaguana. attention Personal Shopping Service. Mount Misery, Inagua. Courtesy Consul John W. Dye. 706 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BU\CK 1 Whether you are home on leave or abroad at your post, General Motors is ready to serve your personal transportation needs. CADILLAC > Our dealers in every important city and town have spare parts for your car and skilled mechanics prepared to service it... In addition, CHEVROLET General Motors has assembly plants or warehouses at: LIMA PORT ELIZABETH ADELAIDE LISBON BATAVIA SAO PAULO QLDSMOB'LE MANILA SHANGHAI BOMBAY MELBOURNE BIENNE STOCKHOLM MEXICO CITY BUENOS AIRES SYDNEY OSAKA WELLINGTON PONT'AC HONG KONG PERTH 1 Our products have won many friends in the Service. We are proud G.^.C.TRUCK to help make their motoring a pleasure. GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS OPERATIONS 1775 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY A LUNCHEON GIVEN BY AM¬ BASSADOR BOWERS FOR CAR¬ DINAL DOUGHERTY OF PHILA¬ DELPHIA ON HIS VISIT TO SANTIAGO Seated, left to right, are: Mon- signor McGee of the Cardinal’s suite; the Archbishop of Santiago; Ambassador Bowers; the Cardinal; the Papal Nuncio, Monsignor Laghi; Bishop Leech of the Car¬ dinal’s suite. Standing directly behind the Ambassador is Mr. Farley; continuing to the right from him in same row is the Brazilian Ambassador, the Colom¬ bian Ambassador, the British Am¬ bassador, the Argentine Ambas¬ sador and the Rector of the Catholic University. DECEMBER. 1941 707 EST. IN A SYMBOL OF QUALITY IN STEEL KNOWN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD NEWS FROM THE MY LORD THE CONSUL DEPARTMENT American Consulate General, Keijo, Chosen. (Continued from page 684) DEAR MY LORD: Please excuse to ask my position unto you so tire- Ellis A. Bonnet, until recently Consul at Amster¬ somely, but should you be wiling to pick me up to dam, began a temporary detail in mid-October in trial at the vacant, I will be able to make myself the Division of Commercial Treaties and Agree¬ useful in some day at any post. ments in the Department of Commerce building. Yours respectfully. David McK. Key, Second Secretary at Rome, vis¬ ited the Department in mid-November while on (Courtesy Vice Consul Arthur B. Emmons, III.) home leave which he is spending in part at Essex, Connecticut. SEVEN MEN ON A FLYING James E. Brown, Jr., Second Secretary at Lon¬ CARPET don, visited the Department for a week in early No¬ (Continued from page 667) vember while on home leave which he planned to ances of the Ambassador inadequate for his neces¬ spend in large part at his home in Sewiekley, Penn¬ sary expenditures. This is just as true in many other sylvania. places. Lester L. Schnare, until recently Consul at Milan, In an impromptu speech, Congressman Houston visited the Department in late October while on recalled that Chairman Rabaut frequently “boasted” home leave which he has been spending at his home of being from Detroit, the city where automobiles in Baltimore. He sailed from San Francisco on are made. Congressman Houston remarked that it November 7 on the S.S. President Grant for his seemed to him the least the Chairman could do new post at Rangoon. He was assigned there as would be to arrange for the State Dept, to give Consul and subsequently was designated Consul Ambassador Armour an automobile to ride in. The General. problem of compensation was not approached from 708 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the angle of salary, so far as diplomatic represen¬ tatives and Foreign Service officers are concerned. However, there was much discussion of the question of representation allowances and it is possible that the report of the Committee will deal with this subject. 2. The question of salaries was raised in many cases with regard to clerks and it is believed that the Committee will make definite recommendations regarding salary scales for clerks. 3. The Committee, I believe, is sincerely con¬ vinced that the cultural and cooperative programs are accomplishing much. On all sides the Commit¬ tee heard protestations of friendship for the United States and many local officials, residents, and Amer¬ icans commented on the improvement during the llow about an past year or two in feeling towards the United armored typewriter? States. This sentiment was voiced so often and so emphatically that it is impossible not to be im¬ pressed by it. I IKE ANY battleship or tank, the inner J parts of a Royal are protected from 4. One of the fears frequently expressed by for¬ eign officials and citizens was that the United States dust and dirt and damage by a rigid would relax its warm courtship of South America as steel shell. soon as the crisis was over and that we would only Small hoods inside the Royal Port¬ be having a wartime honeymoon. The other Ameri¬ able further shield delicate parts from can republics want something really lasting. grime and erasure, keep the machine 5. Another plaint heard concerned the lack of from "gumming up” with long use. credit facilities for purchases in the United States. These are only two Royal features Many Latin American importers and officials re¬ that help make Royal a more durable marked that the United States now has a de facto Portable, the machine that stands up monopoly of sales to the other American republics better. but that this situation will not continue indefinite¬ ly. They pointed out that Germany and England THE Standard Typewriter in Portable Size granted long credit terms, whereas many American importers demanded cash on the barrel-head before even shipping from the United States. Numbers of suggestions were made regarding a possible credit institution in the United States which would ease the burden on importers of merchandise from the United States. 6. The Committee devoted considerable attention to the activities of other agencies of the Govern¬ ment abroad and appeared to feel that all activities of the U. S. government abroad should be closely coordinated. 7. The committee felt that American Foreign Service officers should be even more zealous, not only in promoting the sales of American goods abroad, but also in finding non-competitive prod¬ ucts which could be exported to the United States. They frequently remarked that possibly more em¬ phasis should be placed on our commerce and business. Royal Portable The Committee will make a report on its trip Copyright 1941, Royal Typewriter Company, Inc. DECEMBER, 1941 709 Photo Courtesy National Aeronautics BEAUTIFUL illustration faultlessly reproduced requires a printing plate perfect in every detail. We submit this as an example of the skill and experience of our craftsmen. SOUTHERN ENGRAVING (0. * ~ * WASHINGTON, D. C 710 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL which, I understand, will deal almost exclusively with its findings regarding our Foreign Service es¬ tablishments. The report will make certain recom¬ mendations, and there will no doubt be a few well placed criticisms. However, I feel certain that I will not be in conflict with the Committee’s report by saying that its impression of the Foreign Service as a whole was extremely good. The Committee objects strenuously to persons in the Service who seem to have lost their typically American charac¬ teristics. Fortunately, it encountered very little of such tendencies. Members of the Committee fre¬ quently remarked that during the past eight or ten years there had been an astonishing improvement in the caliber of Foreign Service officers and our diplomatic representatives abroad. They felt, how¬ ever, that there is still room for improvement and would not like the members of our Foreign Service to feel that they are good enough to sit on their laurels and cease endeavors to improve. There are a few places among those we visited where the organization of a Foreign Service establishment elicited some criticism, but these instances were fortunately few and far between. The effective way in which smooth running arrangements were made for the Committee’s visits probably did much to convince them that we have a well organized For¬ eign Service. The Department owes much to its representatives and Foreign Service officers who FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL contributed so effectively to the success of this trip undertaken by a group of Congressmen. SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS Those Foreign Service officers who are stationed in the other American republics at the present time Your relatives and friends will welcome should consider themselves most fortunate. In many this intimate news about the Service, other parts of the world, especially in Europe and the people in it and its work. Asia, the best the Foreign Service can hope for at Send them a subscription at our special rate present is to assist in holding back the avalanche of destruction. However, in the American republics HE JOURNAL offers to each active and as¬ there is room for really constructive action. There sociate member of the American Foreign Serv¬ is ample room for personal initiative, and every ice Association the privilege of subscribing Foreign Service officer in the other American re¬ for the JOURNAL for or on behalf of rela¬ publics has his own chance to show that he has the tives and friends at the rate of $2 per year. required initiative. The recent trip of members of Each member may use up to five of these the Committee on Appropriations gave them a pic¬ special subscriptions. Please use the coupon ture of our Foreign Service in the other American below. republics which they will not soon forget and which SPECIAL OFFER should render it much easier in the future to make AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, the Committee understand our needs in accomplish¬ Care Department of State, ing the tasks we are called upon to perform. Washington, D. C. It is understood that the Committee will make a Please send the JOURNAL for one year report on its trip through the other American re¬ To publics which, if we may judge by what happened in the past when similar but less extensive trips Send bill for $ were made in Europe, will be published as a Sup¬ To plement to the hearings on Department of State appropriations. DECEMBER, 1941 711 * * * * * * * ******* ***** * * * * * * * * * * * . • * * * * * GOOD TASTE DICTATES ****************** * y ********* ★ ★ ★ ★ * ; L tea A? Here’s a time-honored American tradition that’s always at home abroad . . . OLD SCHENLEY American Rye and Bourbon Whis¬ kies. Made of premium American grains . . . selected especially for Americans living in foreign countries . . . OLD SCHENLEY Rye and Bourbon have been famous for their light-bodied flavor since the 1880’s. Diplomatic hosts distinguish their foreign “service” by serving OLD SCHENLEY American Whiskies. They’re Good Taste ... in any language. OLD CHENLEY The whiskey advertised here¬ AMERICAN RYE OR BOURBON WHISKEY with is intended only for SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK, N. Y. export distribution in bond. 712 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 689) accuracy with which he interprets the wishes of the public that put him in office.” Policy may also be enunciated in the form of presidential messages to Congress, the most famous, of course, being the Monroe Doctrine in the message of December 2, 1823. In regard to treaties the President and the Congress exercise joint functions while the latter may, through statutes and resolutions, give expres¬ sion to its will as to particular problems. The third part of the volume is devoted to the substance of policy. It is refreshingly rich in exe- getic analysis of what are the fundamental policies of the United States. Important issues are discussed in an honest and readable manner without any at¬ tempt at dramatization. To indicate the guiding principles of American diplomacy the author treats such subjects as respect for treaties; necessary limi¬ NORTH AMERICA tations of the general principle of no entangling alli¬ ances; the Monroe Doctrine; and the principle of nonaggression in relation to the right of self-defense SOUTH AMERICA which includes defense not only of territorial integ¬ rity but also of channels of trade, of nationals, and CENTRAL AMERICA finally of the integrity of the policy or mode of be havior of the United States as a nation. CARIRREAN The last part of the discussion relates to the dy¬ namics of policy, the manner of applying the various principles to the problems that arise in the life of PANAMA CANAL the nation and how policy has been modified to meet new conditions. Enforcement of treaties, pro¬ Consult your Travel Agent or tection of nationals, the Open Door policy and re¬ ciprocal trade, the growth of the Monroe Doctrine, resistance to aggression and the relation of the citi¬ GRACE LINE zen to the formation of policy are discussed here 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or with lucidity and without technicalities. An appendix 10 Hanover Square, New York contains certain treaties and other important docu¬ 9I4-I5th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. ments. Agents and Offices in ail principal cities The author has succeeded in making a realistic approach to the idealism underlying the foreign policy of the United States. Students of international affairs will find very valuable information in this volume. JOHN MAKTOS. Through an inadvetence the name of Mr. Parker T. Hart was omitted at the end of the review of “The Redemption of Democracy” in the November issue of the JOURNAL. Mr. Hart was the author of the review and the editors regret this omission. DECEMBER, 1941 713 COVER PICTURE Swiss soldiers on a strenuous training march CONFIDENCE somewhere in the high alps. Photopress, Zurich. WHAT’S WRONG WITH THE IN A NAME CONSULAR SERVICE (Continued from page 681) distributed among the various consulates, at the pleas¬ ure of the President, in order that they might become familiar with the duties which they would eventually be called upon to perform. But the government does not secure their services as consuls, because the law offers them a premium to remain clerks. A consul has a short life, however merry it may be, and the consular clerk has permanent employment. The consequence is that the clerk declines promotion, and justly prefers his modest stipend and certainty of tenure to a slight advance in salary and a post which is every four years regarded as the quarry of a hungry pack of yelping “boys.” Moreover, the first consulate that would be given to a clerk would not pay to its incumbent much more salary than a $1,200 clerkship. It is not at all likely that a clerk would be promoted to a better than a $1,500 consulate; but it is not so much the question FOR the past 75 years, America’s lead¬ of salary as of tenure of office with the consular clerks, ing machine and equipment builders and the fact that they are unwilling to accept promo¬ tion illustrates the value of permanency of employment. have recommended the use of Gargoyle If there were a consular service the clerkships would Industrial Lubricants. naturally be its basis, and having once entered upon a career, a competent man would be as certain of pro¬ Important, too, is the fact that plant motion to the grade of Consular General as a midship¬ engineers the world over specify Gargoyle man is of becoming a rear-admiral. The prizes of the foreign service are awarded as favors, and this is es¬ Lubricants for the valuable equipment pecially injurious to the consular branch, of it, which in their care. Today, Socony-Vacuum is by far the more important. products protect leading plants in more We have been considering consular duties from a very disagreeable point of view. Unfortunately the law than 100 different industries! compels us to regard them in that way. So long as we This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants continue to enjoy the blessings of our present commer¬ cial law, shrewdness, alertness, cunning, and absolute by technical men—builders and engi¬ indifference to surrounding opinion would carry their neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ possessor to the highest places. There are consulates in tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in which these qualities are not demanded. When our government ceases to taek an active part in business, Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ an dits consular offices are simply charged with the dence in the name, duty of looking after the interests of American seamen ^ 7 Socony-Vacuum. This and citizens who may find themselves in foreign places, and of reporting, for the benefit and spreading of our confidence is Socony- commerce, wherein trade in American commodities Vacuum’s most may be promoted, different qualities will be evoked, and a different order of men will come to the front. valued asset. In both bases, however, the duty of the government is the same, and that is the establishment of a service where rewards, both in the matter of compensation and in permanency of employment, shall be sufficient to SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. command, of those who enter it, the best they have to give. HENRY LOOMIS NELSON. 714 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ADA-KALEH (Continued from page 678) Mudir and the sergeant, should be conducted to Orsova on the mainland for sentence. But there never seem to have been any criminals, the jail waited in vain for an occupant, and waiting rotted with disuse. In 1896, when the canal passing through the Iron Gates of the Danube was formally opened, Ada- Kaleh knew a moment of excitement. The Turkish Ambassador visited the island, and received the re¬ spectful homage of his fellow Moslems. At the same moment, the Austro-Hungarian flag—the black and gold Hapsburg eagle—was hoisted over Ada-Kaleh. \\S m Ytt YYX After the Balkan War in 1913, Ada-Kaleh was suddenly remembered. Vienna became afraid the Save Days or Weeks by Pan American Serbs might seize the island and by fortifying it, • The Flying Clipper Ships get you there sooner, again dominate the Iron Gates and the Lower Dan¬ let you stay longer, get you back quicker. On duty ube, as well as the Hungarian border. or on pleasure, you can reach 5 5 countries and : colonies 3 to 30 times faster. You gain whole Accordingly, Hungarian officials landed one day days, even weeks, just in travel time saved by Pan : at the Ada-Kaleh and announced to the astonished American. Each flight, too, is a unique and exhila¬ Mudir Eddin-Bey that they had come to take pos¬ rating experience. Use the Clippers for mail and session in the name of “the King of Hungary.” I packages, too! Rates are moderate. Eddin-Bey stated that in the absence of instructions from the Sublime Porte he could do nothing. Much AIRWAYS REST AMERICAN SYSTEM disturbed, he went to Vienna to consult the Turkish : Ambassador, but that gentleman was too much oc¬ cupied with other matters to bother about the tiny island. An “Army of Occupation” comprising about fifty soldiers under a Lieutenant was quartered in the tiny houses along the waterfront. They didn’t To the Joreign Service Officers bother the inhabitants, and life went along much as usual in spite of the “Army.” of the United States Serbians professed indignation and Austrians sur¬ prise at the action of the Hungarians. Who was the ♦ “King of Hungary?” they asked, and what had he THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ to do with Ada-Kaleh? They argued back and forth and nothing was done. Gradually the “Army ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ of Occupation” melted away. And with the coming ice in writing your bond. Special attention of the World War, Ada-Kaleh passed completely is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ from the minds of men. The World War passed ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes Ada-Kaleh by, leaving it scatheless to dream of past in this service. glories of the Ottoman Empire. In post-war years there was talk of opening a ♦ gambling casino there—even of fortifying it and UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND placing a strong force of soldiers on the island. All GUARANTY COMPANY this came to nothing. No one knew to whom Ada- Kaleh belonged, and possibly no one really knows Chris. A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager to this day,* in spite of passport regulations. 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. During this present war, no word has come from Telephone—National 0913 *Editors’ Note: Foreign Service Officers who have recently re¬ turned from Yugoslavia know nothing of the present status of Ada-Kaleh. Since it is surrounded by territory dominated by the Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide." Axis Powers, the conclusion is reached that the island has been occupied if any way has been found to make it serve a useful purpose. DECEMBER, 1941 715 the tiny island that lies nestled so lovingly amid a wide curve of the river. It is probably too much to hope that it could continue in its state of dreamless peace during the present conflict so much more ter¬ rible than the First World War. Yet, who knows? A MAN OF HIS WORD Shanghai, Hongkew, 12th Mai 1941 To American Consulate General, Shanghai File No. 811-11-JSS/Z I beg you for a tourist-viza for the United States of America for six month. LONG active in promoting commerce I am not a rich man. among the peoples of the Americas, But if I say: “I go after six months away from the United States of America” then I go, too. the Chase National Bank today is in the Please, give me the tourist-viza. vanguard of those institutions which ere Yours faithfully, Jakob fostering Pan-American relations by the promotion of trade and travel. THE THOMAS JEFFERSON MEMORIAL THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK (Continued, from page 676) OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation the L’Enfant plan and to plan for the future of the National Capital. This Commission, headed by Sen¬ ator McMillan of Michigan and including on its membership such outstanding architects and artists as St. Gaudens, McKim and Burnham, had reported as follows: Where the axis of the White House intersects the GREAT axis of Maryland Avenue a site is found for a great memorial. Whether this Memorial shall take the form of a pantheon, in which shall be grouped the statues of illustrious men of the Nation, or whether FLEET the memory of some individual shall be honored by a monument of the first rank may be left to the fu¬ ture; at least the site is ready.” This site was chosen for the Jefferson Memorial. It is located on the south shore of the Tidal Basin and its relation to the Washington Monument and the White House on this cross axis of the Mall, cor¬ responds to the location of the Lincoln Memorial in its relation to the Washington Monument and the AMERICAN FLAG LINERS Capitol on the principal Mall axis. It occupies the same position with relation to the Capitol in an imaginary extension of Maryland Avenue, that the HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA White House does on Pennsylvania Avenue, and completes L’Enfant's cardinal principle of a 5- COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA pointed composition for the central area. GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS The plan for the landscape treatment of the Me¬ For information apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or morial grounds emphasizes simplicity, in harmony UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, with the classic architecture of the Memorial and 1514 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in the character of the man whose memory is here en¬ New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston shrined. In the selection of plant materials, how¬ ever, Jefferson s native Virginia and the foreign 716 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL shores on which he served his country, have not been overlooked. SHOP BY PROXY In the main groupings which will flank the por¬ IN NEW YORK CITY tico to the east and west exotic Yews, English, Irish PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE NO CHARGE and Japanese, in several varieties will be associated. Let me shop for your wearing apparel for men, women, or chil¬ Large American Holly trees will be planted at both dren, table delicacies, drugs, books, cigarettes, toilet articles, house¬ hold goods, etc. Magazine subscriptions placed. Orders forwarded sides of the steps leading to the portico and the by pouch or according to shipping directions. Reference within the Foreign Service. Mail your shopping list. Use my shopping service Firethorn Winter Jasmine, Flowering Dogwood and when in New York. A time saver and the most economical way Little Leaf Japanese Holly will be used to accent the to buy. Hotel accommodations arranged. principle features of the whole composition. Single MISS E. J. TYNER Flowering Japanese Cherry trees which have Murray Hill Hotel, Park Avenue, Cor. of 40th Street, New York City brought widespread fame to the Tidal Basin, will TELEPHONE CABLE ADDRESS flank the water approach on both sides of the Me¬ CALEDONIA 5-5479 TYNERPOIL morial, blending into the general park setting. John Russell Pope, architect for the Memorial, was born in New York City in 1874. He completed * X- his studies at the American Academy in Rome, We will Bond you 1895, and The Ecole de Beaux Arts, Paris, 1900. * Bonds executed hereafter by the * His fame was international, his works including the GENERAL CASUALTY COMPANY OF AMERICA design for the Scottish Rite Temple, Washington; X- For Foreign Service Officers and Vice Consuls X- + Baltimore Museum of Art; American Battle Mu¬ seum, Montfaucon, France; the National Gallery of at 20% DISCOUNT X * From Prevailing Rates Art, Washington, and many other public and pri¬ X- vate buildings. Untimely death in 1937 deprived * HORACE F. CLARK & SON him of the opportunity of witnessing the completion General Agents X- of his last work. * 917 - 15TH STREET, NORTHWEST Frederick Law Olmsted, Brookline, Mass., Dean WASHINGTON, D. C. X- of American Landscape Architects, is the designer ★ of the planting plan. THE CZAR, THE BARONESS \ Canned Salmon AND THE HOLY ALLIANCE (Continued from page 673) An Appetizing, Nu¬ tritious, Easily Kept contracting countries were to be united by the bonds of a true and indissoluble brotherhood. The prin¬ and Transported ciple of mutual service was to be the law governing Sea Food their conduct towards each other, and towards their ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC subjects. However, the Holy Alliance was not to be FISHERIES limited exclusively to these three. Any other powers SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE who wished, might join, and would be received with \ joy, if they solemnly vowed to abide by the sacred bases on which the Alliance was founded. Offhand it looked as if the millenium had arrived TURNER’S DIPLOMATIC SCHOOL in distracted Europe. Well-meaning, unthinking A fully equipped institution devoted exclusively idealists shed tears of joy. All would now be sweet¬ to the preparation of college graduates for the writ- * ness and light, and such a state of terror as had ten examination for the Foreign Service. Teaching jf prevailed under Napoleon was ended forever! Nat¬ staff of 15 experienced university instructors. X- ★ Next regular session for September X urally, nothing of the kind happened. Metternich examinations, begins February 2, 1942 read the Holy Alliance and shuddered. He did • X much more than shudder, however, he changed its For bulletin and folder, address: provisions so that the famous Treaty became a mod¬ X * COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director x el for all that was reactionary and despotic in Gov¬ * (Formerly a diplomatic officer in Cuba, Mexico, Turkey, J ernment. Under a specious pretext of preserving Spain and Uruguay) law, justice and peace, the Alliance was actually a * 215 N. WASHINGTON ST. ALEXANDRIA, VA. * deadly weapon directed against political progress. DECEMBER, 1941 717 There was no questioning the good faith of those who evolved the Holy Alliance. The mystical Bar¬ oness and her devoted convert undoubtedly meant all they said. Every word of the Holy Alliance was the result of their prayers and tears. That it was simply unworkable was not their fault, but due rather to defective human nature. Alexander’s character was as unstable as shifting sands. He suffered from what someone has called “Russian indecision.” All his early acts were lib¬ eral. He freed the serfs in Livonia and Courland, and gave the Poles a Constitution. Yet he made a giddy turn at the crossroads of Life and retraced his steps, becoming a violent reactionary. Perhaps the ingratitude of those whom he helped may have had much to do with his about face. Professing a dislike, even horror of war, he yet built up a large army, and as one cannot sit upon bayonets, he was obliged to use this army. It was, in his later years, at the service of those rulers who wished to dis¬ courage liberal aspirations among their subjects. When the Czar left France and returned to Rus¬ sia, his associations with Baroness Kriidner came to an end. He had set his steps in another direction, where she could not follow, even had he wished— and he did not wish. It is said that they met once again in secret, but that is far from certain. The Baroness continued her prayer meetings and exhortations. What she actually taught was a kind of Christian Socialism. Metternich said her teach¬ ings were a challenge to the entire social order, when she preached equality between rich and poor. She was barred from Austria and hunted across Europe. At last she applied to the Czar for per¬ mission to enter Russia, and take refuge on her estate near Riga. In reply to this request, in a last flareup of his former tolerance, Alexander wrote to the Governor of the Baltic Provinces, who had tried to bar her out: “Why trouble the peace of those who merely pray to the Lord, and do no harm to anyone? . . . Each must satisfy his own conscience. It is better for Community branches throughout Greater men to pray in any manner, than not to pray at all.” New York; overseas offices, affiliates Restless to the last, Julie went to the Crimea, and correspondent banks in every com¬ where she died on Christmas Eve, 1824, aged sixty. With her ended one of the strangest careers in his¬ mercially important city in the world. tory. Nearly a year later, Czar Alexander visited her THE NATIONAL CITY BANK tomb and prayer there. Shortly afterwards he died OF NEW YORK —on December 1, 1825. Yet his end was no less "Your personal representative throughout the world" strange than his life. It was said that a nameless man lay in the Imperial coffin, that Alexander him¬ Head Office: 55 Wall Street self had slipped away secretly from the pomp and Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation power of which he was so weary, that as a pilgrim he became a wanderer over all of Holy Russia. 718 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL VISITORS October Specializing- in systems, methods and equipment Willis C. Armstrong- Moscow 6 for Government Offices. John James Meily—Guadalajara 6 Philip S. Cheney—Moscow 6 Charles A. Hay—Mexico City 6 John A. Embry—Cairo 6 Hartwell Johnson Lima 6 TELKEE KEY CABINETS Hiram A. Boucher -Auckland 6 Eugene Pressly—Moscow _ 6 E. S. Coleman—Moscow 6 Edmund B. Montgomery—San Luis Potosi 6 Thaddeus H. Chylinski—Warsaw ... 7 THE WALCOTT-TAYLOR CO., INC. Herbert C. Meade—Dept of State 8 MILLS BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. Hiram Bingham, Jr.—Buenos Aires 9 Jerry S. Kralicek—Moscow ._ 9 H. II. Dick—Dept, of State. 9 G. R. Canty—Buenos Aires 9 Austin Roe Preston— 9 IT MAY NOT BE TOO LATE Hugh Millard 9 Sylvia A. Nelson—Bogota 9 FOR YOU TO ACT We can assist many officers in service in the Western J. Klahr Huddle 9 Hemisphere in obtaining further insurance protection at this William E. Flournoy, Jr 9 time. Many years’ experience with the conditions and re¬ George Platt Waller 9 quirements of Foreign Service have enabled us to cooperate effectively both in extending coverage and in best arranging D. F. McGonigal 9 present policies, in whatever company, to meet particular Clifton P. English—Buenos Aires 9 needs. Ralph J. Blake—Tokyo 10 Under present world conditions, we wish especially to emphasize the advisability of prompt action in keeping life Jack A. Gilmore—Dept, of State 10 insurance programs in order. We shall welcome your corre¬ Harry E. Carlson Helsinki 10 spondence, or a call when you are in Washington. Philip G. Cottell—Guayaquil 10 Sidney A. Belovsky—Lisbon 13 Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U., General Agent Julian S. Duncan—Dept, of State . 13 Henry A. Hirsh, Associate Edward A. Dow, Jr.—Cairo 13 New England Mutual Life Insurance Company 405 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. David M. Maynard—Lima ... 13 Phone NAtional 3211 Arnlioth G. Ileltberg—Reykjavik 13 Philip P. Williams—Rio de Janeiro 13 Carl F. Norden—Parmaribo 13 Claude E. Hobbs, Jr.—Quito 13 C. H. Hall, Jr.—Trinidad 14 Stuart Allen—Georgetown, B. G. 14 Minister J. C. White—Port an Prince 14 Sofia P. Kearney—Lisbon 14 C. Denby Wilkes—Casablanca 14 A. John Cope, Jr.—Lisbon 14 Marcel E. Malige—Martinique 14 Ursula Hosang—Suttgart 15 Richard F. Lankenan—Dept, of State , 15 Karl L. Rankin—Cairo 15 Erik W. Magnuson Dept, of State 15 John H. Marvin—Habana 15 Bertel E. Kuniholm—Reykjavik 15 Ellis A. Bonnet—Amsterdam 15 Walton C. Ferris—London 15 Stuart E. Grummon—Tokyo 15 George M. Abbott—Marseille 16 George S. Roper—Caracas 16 H. Armistead Smith—Windsor 16 The All'es Inn 1703 New York Ave¬ Samuel Hamilton Wiley—Lisbon 17 nue. One short block from the White Mary Shepard Rio de Janeiro 17 House and across Seventeenth Street Peter Constan—Alexandria 17 from the State Department. Offers delici¬ Stuart Allen—Georgetown 18 ous food amid delightful surroundings T. Ogletree—Berlin 18 which has earned for it a national reputa¬ Halleck L. Rose—Berlin 18 tion. In season a charming garden adds J. B. Neathery—Caracas 18 to the pleasure of dining. Buffet service: William C. Afield, Jr.—San Salvador 18 7:30 to 9:15 a. m., 11:30 a. m. to 2 p. m., Minister Hugh G. Grant—Bangkok 18 and 4:45 to 7:30 p. m. Sundays and holi¬ Charles B. Parker--Mexico City 20 days 12:30 to 7:45 p. m. continuously. Joseph T. Touchette—Montreal 20 Attractive guest rooms. Gardner Richardson—Istanbul 20 DECEMBER, 1941 719 Edward B. Murray—Guatemala 20 Marie Peters—Habana 20 J. Klahr Huddle—Bern 20 Woodruff Wallner—Vichy 20 Robert S. Chamberlain—Guatemala 20 Leen Koopman—Rio de Janeiro 21 j)ren?ier Reginald S. Kazanjian—Florianopolis, Brazil 22 Robert T. Cowan—Zurich 22 Herschel Brickell—Bogota 22 r FOOD Lester L. Schnare—Rangoon 22 Jack G. Gilmore—Lisbon ...... 23 PRODUCTS E. A. Dow 23 R. M. deLambert—Tahiti 23 John C. Schillock—Tangier. 23 Minister Douglas Jenkins—La Paz 23 HEREVER you go through¬ John D. Johnson—Dept, of State 23 M. M. McKenzie—London 23 out the world you can enjoy Walton Ferris—London _ 23 Walter W. Orebaugh—Nice 25 PREMIER FOOD PRODUCTS. Knowlton Hicks—Visa Division, Dept. 25 Let them follow you by availing John F. Frank—Cartagena 27 Arthur R. Ringwalt—Peiping 27 yourself of Francis H. Leggett & Stephen C. Brown—Kunming .. 27 Loyd V. Steere—London 27 Company’s PERSONALIZED George W. Berkalew—London 27 EXPORT SERVICE developed Jack Wade Dunaway—Berlin 27 William H. Burns—Panama 27 solely for the convenience of for¬ Walter Dowling—Rome , 27 Robert Y. Jarvis—Vancouver .• 28 eign service officers and their Robert M. Winfree—Berlin 29 Carlton Hurst—Berlin . . 29 families. Warren C. Stewart—Valparaiso ...... 29 Austin Roe Preston—Lourenco Marques .— 29 Not only will you enjoy the finest Margaret Menzel—Tangier 29 William J. Keatley 29 of American foods, selected and George D. LaMont—Canton 30 Jean Lattimer—Lisbon . 30 prepared according to most rigid Thomas W. Smith 30 Paul J. Reveley—London... 30 standards, but you will be assured William Bruce Lochling 30 of efficient service down to the mi¬ Eugene A. Masuret—Bordeaux 31 Landreth M. Harrison—Berlin 31 nutest details of packing and ship¬ Teresa Offie—Mexico City 31 Minister Robert M. Scotten—Ciudad Trujillo .... 31 ping. Raymond Phelan—Agua Prieta ... 31 November Many foreign service families have Nathaniel P. Davis—Inspector 1 Ralph C. Getsinger—FSS ..... 2 1 for years enjoyed the convenience Jack B. Neathery—Caracas 1 Edward M. Groth—Dept, of State 3 of this service. We invite your John W. Tutliill—FSS 3 correspondence with reference to it. Ernest deW. Mayer—Casablanca 4 Harry E. Carlson Helsinki ... : 4 Carlos J. Warner—Berlin 4 Maurice M. Bernbaum—Singapore 4 James E. Brown, Jr.—London 4 Address: EXPORT DIVISION Easton T. Kelsey—Toronto 4 Minister Fay Allen Des Portes—Guatemala 4 James B. Pilcher—Amoy 5 Richard A. O. Schwartz—Ottawa 5 H. Booker McClay—Montevideo 5 Polly von Saht—Berlin ; 5 PRANCIS [j. LEGGETT & (OMPANY Wells Stabler—Bogota ; 6 Morris Cody—Asuncion 6 John G. Maxey, Jr.—Quito : 6 HUDSON RIVER, 27TH TO 28TH STREETS Virginia Whitfield Collins—Tokyo 6 W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr.—FSS — 6 NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., U. S. A. Alvin T. Rowe, Jr.—Shanghai 7 John H. Lord—Amsterdam 10 Jean A. Thayer—Berlin 1 3 . 10 720 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL o Of course it’s a beauty... but that’s not all—it’s a mechan¬ ical marvel, too. 600,000 racking, racing miles at the Packard proving grounds have revealed the stamina, the correctness, of Clipper design...have shown the excellence of its engineering. Wind resistance is reduced 19%...fuel econ¬ omy improved up to 18%...wind handling 24% steadier. Practically every new feature in the 1942 Packard Clipper makes it a more economical car to own. People, reluctant to change cars every few years, have always chosen Packards. They say that Packard stays young longer. This year, with Packard stamina more im¬ portant to you than ever—we urge you to ride in a Packard Clipper. See them today ASK THE MAN Fade-Away Fenders. Pioneered Full Head-room—and shoul¬ WHO OWNS by Packard —beauty keynote of der room too, inside the com¬ Cli pper sty ling pi ves extra inches fortable Clipper. More pleas¬ ONE in seut wid h •• -1 body breadth. ure in rough-road driving. m Welcome Home Our Foreign Department, particularly, extends a friendly greet¬ ing to American Foreign Service members and their families. Skilled and tactful linguists are here to put visitors entirely at ease. The Waldorf’s “About-the-City” Bureau will he glad to suggest worthwhile places to see, interesting things to do. ★ Special 25% Discount to Active Members of the American Foreign Service. The Waldorf-Astoria Park Avenue • 49tli to 30th • New York