A HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY A HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

BY J. R. PARTINGTON M.B.E., D.Sc.

£M&aiTUI PllOP!UOil OP CH!IRIT'aY IN THE UNIV!Illl'rv OP LONDON P2U.OW OP QUliN KAilY COLL!.O!., LONDON

VOLUME THREE

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THE present volume deals with topics detailed in the table of Contents. The chapters on earlier French chemistry point out the influence of Paracelsus and a little later that of Boyle. The phlogiston theory was not first introduced by Macquer, and normal, acid, and basic salts were recognised before Rouelle; an attempt is made to separate the contributions of the two Rouelles. The chapters on chemistry in Scandinavia include material not easily accessible elsewhere; it is pointed out that Bergman gave a little-known summary of Scheele's work in 1775, when Priestley's discovery of oxygen and Lavoisier's claim to such discovery were published. The discovery of oxygen is taken to mean the isolation of the pure gas, and a statement of such properties as distinguish it from other gases, as happened with Priestley in 1774. Although he says he did not appreciate its 'true nature' until 1775, this meant his 'discovery' then that it was a compound of nitric acid and earth. Whether Priestley was sure his original mercuric oxide was made per se or not has little significance; he also used red-lead and thought it had absorbed nitric acid from the atmosphere in the preparation. If the recognition of the true nature of a substance constitutes its discovery, then Dalton, and not the Dutch chemists, discovered ethylene, and Chevreul or Berthelot, and not Scheele, discovered glycerol. A little-known remark of Priestley in 1774 that he had found no change in weight on heating tin in a closed vessel is quoted. Priestley was a likeable man and a clever experimenter, but his obstinate retention of theoretical (and some experimental) errors retarded the progress of chemistry. The account of his incorrect but influential views is dreary but necessary. It is once again pointed out that Cavendish, before Priestley, first collected a gas over mercury. The discussion of the claims made for Caven• dish, Watt, and Lavoisier for the determination of the composition of water is tedious, but this could hardly have been avoided. Lavoisier has mostly been allowed to speak for himself, attention being directed to the studied ambiguity of some of his statements which has misled so many who have read them. Otherwise, Meldrum, Speter, and Guerlac, all very well-informed, have been followed in matters of fact. Lavoisier's theory of combustion, which had to provide an alternative to the theory of phlogiston, combined his chemical views (not always correct) with his false theory of caloric, and differs from that popularly presented. Lavoisier's caloric theory is given in detail, because (as Hartog almost alone of recent writers on Lavoisier pointed out) it is an integral part of his new theory. His Reflexions on Phlogiston, supposed to have demolished the phlogiston theory, did nothing of the kind; the theory flourished for some time afterwards, as is shown ina separate chapter. VI PREFACE Writing on German chemistry is difficult, since many important German books are lacking in English libraries (the same is true of English books in Germany). Since all Richter's writings are exceedingly scarce, a fairly com• prehensive account of his work is given, and the attribution of his achieve• ments to Wenzel may in time die out. Bryan and William Higgins are treated on the basis of their own writings, the claims of the first in relation to the second being pointed out. The claims of William Higgins have been intemperately asserted, mostly in ignorance of the prior contributions of Bryan. William Higgins has been given credit for all that he is entitled to claim. The chapter on Dalton may correct some perennial errors, e.g. that he was an inaccurate worker, and did nothing after his proposal of the atomic theory. His early work on the physical properties of gases was recognised by his election to the Paris Institut, and if he had done nothing else it would give him a claim to be an outstanding figure of his times. His later work on the combustion of hydrocarbons is important. His explanation of the constancy of composition of the atmosphere, and of the aurora borealis, were both pro• posed by others (the second by Faraday) who were unaware of Dalton's publications. This volume covers a period of exceptional interest both to chemists and to historians mainly concerned with other aspects of the times. The latter now have available a study taking account of recent research in the field.

CAMBRIDGE, October r96r CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XI

ABBREVIATIONS IN REFERENCES X111

LIST OF AUTHORS XV

LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS XIX

I. CHEMISTRY IN FRANCE. I. 16oo TO 1700 1 Chemistry in Medicine - Beguin - Davisson - Basso - De Clave- Sauvageon- De Rochas- Arnaud - J. B. Duhamel - Mariotte - Duclos - C. Bourdelin - Barlet - Blaise de Vigenere - Le Fevre - Glaser - De Locques - Thibaut - Charas- La Faveur- Tresfel- N. Lemery- L. Lemery - Homberg - Seignette. II. CHEMISTRY IN FRANCE. II. 1700 TO 1750 49 G. F. Boulduc- E. F. Geoffroy- Tables of Affinity- C. J. Geoffroy- N. Geoffroy - Astruc - The Phlogiston Theory in France - Fizes - Du Petit - Reaumur - De Gensanne - Gobet - Du Fay - L. C. Bourdelin - Hellot - Duhamel du Monceau- Baron- Malouin -G. F. Rouelle -H. M. Rouelle - Venel.

III. CHEMISTRY IN FRANCE. III. 1750 TO 1800 So Macquer- Baume- Lassone- Chaussier- Cadet-Gassi• court- Quatremere-Disjonval- Sage- Navier- Brisson• Demachy-Cornette-Opoix-Duhamel-Jars-Monnet• Clouet- Bucquet- D'Arcet- Collet-Descotils- Sigaud de Ia Fond - Seguin - Adet - Hassenfratz - Lagrange.

IV. HALES AND BLACK Clayton - Hauksbee - Moitrel d'Element - Hales - Brown• rigg - Saluzzo - Plummer - Cullen - Black - Experiments on Magnesia and Alkalis- Macbride- J, F. Meyer- Jacquin - Wiegleb- Cranz- Smeth- De Machy- Due de Chaulnes - Weber - Black's Researches on Heat - Crawford - De Ia Rive. V. CHEMISTRY IN ScANDINAVIA. I. BoRRICHIUS To BERGMAN 159 Borrichius - Hjiirne - Swedenborg - Brandt - Wallerius - Swab - Cronstedt - Scheffer - Faggot. Funck - Browall. Bergius - Rinman - Engestrom - Gadd - Bergman Retzius - Afzelius - Gahn - Lomonosov (Russia).

VI. CHEMISTRY IN ScANDINAVIA. II. ScHEELE 205 Scheele - Manganese, Baryta, Chlorine - Silicon fluoride. Hydrofluoric acid- Phosphorus- Molybdenum- Graphite• Tungsten - Arsenic - Soda from Salt - The Discovery of Oxygen - Miscellaneous Observations - Organic Compounds - Gadolin - Hjelm - Ekeberg. Vlll CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE VII. PRIESTLEY 237 Priestley -The Discovery of Oxygen - Nitrogen - Rutherford -Priestley on Soluble Gases- The Nature of Phlogiston• Discovery of Carbon Monoxide - Photosynthesis - lngen Housz - Senebier - De Saussure - Priestley on Respiration - Experiments on Oxides of Nitrogen - Miscellaneous Observa• tions - Priestley's Observations on Physics - Wedgwood - Keir - Darwin - Withering - Cavallo - Woulfe.

VIII. CAVENDISH 302 Cavendish - Electrical Researches - Dynamics, etc. - Experi• ments on Heat - Chemical Work - Experiments on Gases - Water Analysis - Equivalents - Eudiometry - The Composi• tion of Water- Cavendish's Synthesis of Water- The Com• position of Nitric Acid- Milner- The Water Controversy• Watt - De Luc.

IX. LAVOISIER Lavoisier - Publications - Law of Conservation of Matter - Gypsum- Conversion of Water into Earth- Mineral Waters• Destruction of Diamond by Fire - Early Experiments on Com• bustion - Opuscules Physiques et Chimiques - Bayen - Lavoisier's Experiments on Calcination - The Rediscovery of Oxygen - The Composition of Nitric Acid - Combustion and Respiration- Memoirs published in 1784. I- Memoirs pub• lished in 1784. II- The Synthesis of Water- Monge- The Dutch Chemists - Lavoisier's Memoirs published in 1785 - Memoirs published in 1786- Saltpetre- Organic Chemistry• Organic Analysis- Respiration- Fermentation- The Nomen• clature Chimique - The Traite Etementaire de Chimie - The Reception of the Antiphlogistic Theory - De Ia Metherie.

X. BERTHOLLET AND GuYTON DE MoRVEAU Berthollet - Guyton de Morveau.

XI. FouRCROY. VAUQUELIN. CHAPTAL 535 Fourcroy- Vauquelin- Chaptal- Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid - The Leblanc Process - Gengembre - Pelletier.

XII. CHEMISTRY IN GERMANY Wiegleb - Westfeld - Westrumb - Suckow- Weber• Wasserberg- Model- Gren- Hermbstadt- J. C. F. Meyer - W. H. S. Bucholz -C. F. Bucholz- Schiller- The Dutch Chemists - Lowitz - Hahnemann - Trommsdorff - Gir• tanner- Scopoli - Erxleben - Achard -Weigel-Gottling• Lampadius - Gehlen - A. N. Scherer - Crell - Winter! - Dollfuss - John - Karsten - Goethe.

XIII. THE LATER PHLOGISTON THEORY 6os The Weight of Heat- Beraut- Vogel-Weigel- The Weight of Phlogiston - Chardenon - Guyton de Morveau - The Negative Weight of Phlogiston- Phlogiston and Light- Leon• hardi - Hermbstadt - Gren - Crawford - Cleghorn - Lubbock - Gadolin - Hopson - Richter - Gottling- Gren's Third Phlogiston Theory - The Last Stand of Phlogiston - Hildebrandt. CONTENTS IX

CHAPTER XIV. FouNDATIONS oF STOICHIOMETRY Proust - The Law of Constant Proportions - Klaproth - Valentin Rose- Stromeyer- Kirwan- Wenzel- Richter• The Law of Neutrality - Determining Element and Elements Determined - Fischer's Table of Equivalents - The Series of Masses - Link.

XV. CHEMISTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Dobson - Percival - Thomas Henry - Fordyce - Pearson - Wollaston - Tennant - Hatchett - Parkes - Marcet - Mrs Marcet- Mrs Fulhame- Smithson- Young- Bostock• Chenevix - Prout - Allen. Pepys. Babington - Children - Thomson- Hope- Ure- Fyfe- Hare- Donovan.

XVI. BRYAN AND WILLIAM HIGGINS Bryan Higgins - William Higgins - Higgins and Dalton. XVII. DALTON 755 Dalton - Theory of Mixed Gases - Expansion of Gases by Heat - Diffusion of Gases - Criticisms of Dalton's Theory of Mixed Gases - The Structure of Gases - Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory - The Solubility of Gases - Composition of Oxides of Nitrogen -Analyses of Hydrocarbons- First Pub• lication of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory- The Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory- A New System of Chemical Philo• sophy - Dalton's Atomic Weights - Reception of Dalton's Atomic Theory - The Composition of Inflammable Air- The Discovery of Marsh Gas - Carbon Monoxide - The Combus• tion of Hydrocarbons- Dalton's Miscellaneous Observations• W. Henry - Coal Gas - Accum.

INDEX OF NAMES

INDEX OF SUBJECTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE I. Barlet. A Lecture Demonstration I Retort I 15 I 1. Brownrigg's Apparatus 125 I2. Bergman's Apparatus for Collecting a Gas over Water 126 I3. Joseph Black (I728-I799) I32 I 4· Affinity Diagram I 34 IS. Macbride's Apparatus I# I6. Torbern Bergman (I735-1784), from an oil-painting by Laurent Pasch, by courtesy of the Curator of the Art Collection of Uppsala University I8I 17. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (I7Hydrogen in Air: Scheele's Experiment 223 20. Scheele's Isolation of Fire Air 224 21. Joseph Priestley (I733-18o4) 238 22. Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) 240 23. Priestley's Pneumatic Trough and other Apparatus 250 24. Part of Priestley's Laboratory 25I 25. Priestley's Apparatus 257 26. Statue of Priestley in Leeds 258 27. Henry Cavendish (173I-I81o) 304 28. Cavendish's Apparatus for Manipulation of Gases 3I3 29. Cavendish's Apparatus for finding the Weight of Gas evolved in a Reaction 3 I 4 30. Volta's First Eudiometer 326 31. Volta's improved Eudiometer 327 32. Cavendish's Firing Globe ('Eudiometer') 333 33· Cavendish's Apparatus for the Synthesis of Nitric Acid 339 Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE 34· A. L. Lavoisier (1743-1794) 366 35· A Pelican 379 36. Lavoisier's Apparatus for Collecting a Gas 391 37· Lavoisier's Apparatus for Calcining Lead or Tin in Air 392 38. Lavoisier's Apparatus for Heating Mercury in a Confined Volume of Air 417 39· Ice-Calorimeter of Lavoisier and Laplace 426 40. Apparatus of Lavoisier and Meusnier 446 41. Apparatus of Lavoisier for the Decomposition of Steam by red- ~~~ 448 42. Lavoisier's Apparatus for the Synthesis of Water 451 43· Monge's Experiment on the Combination of Hydrogen and Oxygen Gases 454 44· Lavoisier's Apparatus for the Combustion of Spirit of Wine 470 45· Lavoisier's Experiments on Respiration 473 46. Lavoisier's List of the Elements (1789) 486 47· C. L. Berthollet (1748-1822) 497 48. L. B. Guyton de Morveau (1737-1816) 517 49· A. F. de Fourcroy (1755-1809) 536 so. L. N. Vauquelin (1763-1829) 552 51. J. A. Chaptal (1756-1832) 558 52. L. J. Proust (1754-1826) 641 53· Richard Kirwan (1733-1812), by courtesy of the Royal Dublin Society 661 54· J. B. Richter (1762-1807) 674 55· W. H. Wollaston (1766-1828) 696 56. T. Thomson (1773-1852) 717 57· Particles of Gases according to Bryan Higgins 733 58. Forces in Molecule of Vitriolic Acid 741 59· Oxides of Nitrogen according to William Higgins 743 6o. Combination of Oxide of Iron and Sulphureous Acid 745 61. Higgins's idea of a Transition Compound 745 62. Diagrams of Water Molecules according to Grotthuss 747 63. John Dalton (1766-1844) 757 64. Dalton's Experiment on gaseous Diffusion 773 65. Particles of Gases surrounded by Repelling Atmospheres of Caloric according to Dalton 779 66. Dalton's First Table of Symbols for Atoms 783 67. Dalton's Symbols of Elements and Compounds 785 68. Dalton's Symbols for Elements and Compounds 8o3 69. Dalton's Symbols and Formulae 804 70. Dalton's Eudiometer 815 71. Isomeric Molecules 820 ABBREVIATIONS IN REFERENCES

IN footnotes references are given to periodical publications in the order: year of publication, volume number in small roman numerals, page (see below, (a)). In some cases the title of a book or periodical is given in full. In other cases abbreviated titles are given, as in (a) below, or simply a name, with or without a number, as in (b). The full titles (or references to pages on which they occur) will be found in the list of authors and publications beginning on p. xv. Again, in separate chapters or sections dealing with one person, a list of his publications in which they are denoted by numbers (or sometimes letters) is given towards the beginning of the section, and these abbreviations (c) are used throughout that part only. Examples of the types of abbreviation are shown below: (a) Triewald, KAH, 1742, iii, II2, 211. See list of publications for KAH. (b) J. C. Fischer, viii, 91. See list of authors under J. C. Fischer. (c) Bergman, ch. V, p. 188, footnote I reads: XXX (1779); A, ii, 36. Items I-XLIX of Bergman's dissertations are given on p. 182 (the fourth page in the section on Bergman), and A is the book referred to in the list on p. 183. In other chapters the reference is given to the Opuscula of Bergman, i.e. item A. In the chapter on Priestley, Hartog (5) refers to the numbered item in the list on p. 239, and so on. Titles given in full are not reproduced in the lists of authors and abbreviations. Places of publication, unless otherwise given, are London, Paris, and Berlin for works in English, French, and German. The size of a book is usually octavo (8°) unless otherwise stated. Biographical details are given in a standard form with the places and dates of birth and decease, e.g. Baume (Senlis, 26 February 1728-Paris, 15 October 1804). The spelling of French names varied in the period of the Revolution. One form is used in the text but the alternatives are given in the Index. LIST OF AUTHORS

BEcKMAN, J. (1) A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, tr. W. Johnson, revised W. Francis and J. W. Griffith, 2 vols., 1846. Biogr. Univ. Biographie Universelle, 85 vols., 1811-62. BIRCH, T. (1) History of the Royal Society, 4 vols. 4°, 175fr7. BLACK, J. Lectures- seep. 132. BM. British Museum (Library), London. BN. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. BOBRHAAVB, H. (2) Elementa Chemiae, 2 vols. 4°, Leyden, 1732. (4) A New Method of Chemistry, 2 ed. byP. Shaw, 2 vols. 4°, 1741. BoLTON, H. C. (1) A Select Bibliography of Chemistry 1492-1892 (Smithsonian Miscell. Collection), Washington, 1893. BRANDE, W. T. A Manual of Chemistry, 6 ed., 2 vols., 1848. BROUGHAM, LoRD. ( 1) Lives of Philosophers of the Time of George III. (In Works, London and Glasgow, 1855, repr. 1872.) BROWN, HARcOURT. Scientific Organizations in Seventeenth Century France, Baltimore, 1934. CAP, P. A. Etudes Biographiques pour servir a l'Histoire des Sciences, 2 vols., 1857-64. Cat. Catalogue. Cat. of Sci. Papers. Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 4 series, The Royal Society of London. CHAPTAL, J. A. C. (1) Elements of Chemistry, tr. W. Nicholson, 3 vols., 1791. CuviBR, G. (1) Recueil des Eloges Scientifiques Ius dans les Seances Publiques de l'Institut Royal de France, 3 vols., 1819-19-27. (2) Rapport Historique sur les Progres des Sciences Naturelles, 1828. (3) Histoire des Progres des Sciences Naturelles, depuis 1789 jusqu'a ce jour, 2 vols., Brussels, 1837-8. DARBMBBRG, C. V. (1) Histoire des Sciences Medicales, 2 vols., 1871. DBLACRB, M. (1) Histoire de Ia Chimie, 1920. DIBRGART, P. Beitrage aus der Geschichte der Chemie dem Gedachtniss von Georg W. A. Kahlbaum, Leipzig and Vienna, 1909. DNB. Dictionary of National Biography. DUMAS, J. B. (1) Le~ns sur Ia Philosophie Chimique professees au College de France en 1836, ed. Binau (sic), 1837. (2) ih., 2 ed. by Bineau, 1878. DUVBBN, D. Bibliotheca Alchemica et Chemica, 1949. DUVBBN, D., and KLICKSTBIN, H. S. A Bibliography of the Works of A. L. Lavoisier, 1954. EB. Encyclopredia Britannica (ed. quoted). Ency. Brit. Suppl. - see p. 719. Ency. Method. Chimie. Encyclopedie Methodique, department Chimie (Chymie). E & 0 (Black) -see p. 136; (Priestley) -see p. 244, IV or VI. E & 0 Nat. Phil. -see p. 244, V. .... FAUJAS DE SAINT-FoND, B. Voyage en Angleterre, en Ecosse et aux lies Hebrides, 2 vols., 1797· XVI LIST OF AUTHORS FELDHAUS, F. M. {I) Die Technik der Vorzeit, Leipzig and Berlin, I9I4· FERGUSON, J. Bibliotheca Chemica: Catalogue of the Alchemical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Books in the Collection of the late James Young, 2 vols., Glasgow, I906 (repr. London, I954)· FISCHER, J. C. Geschichte der Physik, g vols., Gottingen, IgOI-g. FosTER, SIR MICHAEL. Lectures on the History of Physiology during the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series), Cambridge, I90I. FouRCROY, A. F. DE. {I) Systeme des Connaissances Chimiques et de leurs applica• tions aux phenomenes de la nature et de l'art, 11 vols. go, IgOI-2; (2) article in Ency.Method.(see above), Chimie, I796, iii, 303-7gi (ib., I793• ii, also quoted); (3) Elements of Natural History and Chemistry, tr. W. Nicholson, 3 ed., 3 vols., I79o; (4) Elemens d'histoire naturelle et de chimie, 5 ed., 5 vols., I793· GIBSON, R. J. HARVEY. Outlines of the History of Botany, I9I9. GMELIN, J. F. {I) Geschichte der Chemie seit dem Wiederaufleben der Wissen• schaften bis an das Ende der achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, 3 vols., Gottingen, I797-g-Theoretical Chemistry, 16 vols., 1922-37. METZGER, H. (x) Doctrines Chimiques en France, 1923. MURRAY, J. A System of Chemistry, 4 vols., Edinburgh, 18o6-7. NBG. Nouvelle Biographie Generale, ed. F. Hoefer, 46 vols., 1852-66 (vols. i-ix with title Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, NBU). NICHOLSON, W. A Dictionary of Chemistry, 2 vols. 4°, 1795. OSTWALD, W. (x) Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chemie, 2 ed., 3 vols. (I, IIi, II ii with incomplete part), Leipzig, 191o-11. (2) Elektrochemie, ihre Geschichte und Lehre, Leipzig, 1896. Ostwald's Klassiker. Klassiker der exacten Natur• wissenschaften. Founded by W. Ostwald, sev. vols., Leipzig. PARKES, S. (x) Chemical Essays, 2 ed., 2 vols., 1823. (2) The Chemical Catechism, sed., 1812. PARTINGTON, J. R. (x) Origins and Development of Applied Chemistry, 1935. (2) The Composition of Water, 1928. (3) A Short History of Chemistry, 1937, 3 ed., 1960. (4) A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, 1960. (5) A Text-Book of Inorganic Chemistry, 1921, 6 ed., 1961. (6) Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, 5 vols., 1949-54. PoGGENDORFF, J. C. (x) Biographisch-literarisches Handworterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Naturwissenschaften, sev. vols., Leipzig and Berlin, 1863-. (2) Histoire de la Physique, tr. E Bibart and G. de Ia Quesnerie, 1883. PRIESTLEY, J. E & 0-see p. 244. PRINGLE, J. -seep. 249· RAMsAY, W. (x) The Gases of the Atmosphere, 4 ed., 1915. (2) Essays Biographical and Chemical, 1909. READ, J. (x) Prelude to Chemistry, 1936. (2) Humour and Humanism in Chemistry, 1947· RoscoE, H. E., and ScHORLEMMER, C. Treatise on Chemistry; q. by date and vol: RosENBERGER, F. Die Geschichte der Physik in Grundziigen, 3 pts. in 4 vols., Brunswick, 1882--90. SACHS, J. VON. Geschichte der Botanik, Munich, 1875· SAVERIEN, A. Histoire des Philosophes Modernes avec leurs Portraits, 8 pts. 12°, 176o-7J. ScHELENZ, H. Geschichte der Pharmacie, 1904. SMILES, S. Lives of the Engineers. Boulton and Watt, 1874or 1904. SoTHERAN, H. Annotated Catalogues of Works [for sale], q. by number of cat., date, number of item (or page). SPIELMANN, J. R. Instituts de Chymie, tr. Cadet, 2 vols. 12°, 1770. SPRENGEL, K. (x) Histoire de Ia Medecine, tr. A. J. L. Jourdain, revised E. F. M. Bosquillon, 9 vols., 1815 (i-vii}-1832 (viii-ix). (2) Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneykunde, 6 ed., 6 vols. in 7, Halle, 1821-40. THOMSON, T. (1) History of Chemistry, 2 vols., 1830 (reprint, n.d.). (2) A System of Chemistry, 4 vols., 1817 (other eds. q. by year and vol., see p. 719). (3) History of the Royal Society from its Institution to the end of the Eighteenth Century, 4°, 1812. (4) A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies, 1831. (5) Travels in Sweden, 1813. (6) Chemistry of Animal Bodies, Edinburgh, 1843. (7) Chemistry of Organic Bodies. Vegetables, 1838. (8) An Outline of the XVlll LIST OF AUTHORS Sciences of Heat and Electricity, London and Edinburgh, 183o; 2 ed., London, 1840. THORNDIKE, L. A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 vols., London (i-ii) and New York(iii-viii), 1923-58. TROMMSDORFF- see J. der Pharmacie. VzcQ-D'AzYR, F. Eloges Historiques, publ. with notes by J. L. Moreau (de la Sarthe), 3 vols., 1805. VOIGT- see Magazin. WALKER, W. Memoirs of the Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain living in the Years 1807-8, 1862. WATTS, H. Dictionary of Chemistry, 5 vols. and 3 Supplements, 1874-81. (New ed. by H. F. Morley and M. M. Pattison Muir, 4 vols., 189<>-94·) WEEKS, M. E. Discovery of the Elements, 6 ed., Easton, Pa., 1956. WHEWELL, W. (1) History of the Inductive Sciences, 3 ed., 3 vols., 1857. WIEGLEB, J. C. Geschichte des Wachsthums und der Erfindungen in der Chemie, 3 vols., Berlin and Stettin. (z) in der altesten und mittlern Zeit, 1792. (2) in der neuern Zeit, 3 pts. (1, i, I, ii and II), 179o-1. LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS

Abhl. Bayerischen Akad. Wiss. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich. Abhl. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Abhl. Siichs. Akad. Wiss. Phil. kist. Kl. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Siichsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Abhl. d. Schwed. Akad. Wiss.- seep. 159. ACR. Alembic Club Reprints, Edinburgh. Acta Acad. Mogunt. -seep. 568. Acta Acad. Nat. Curios. Acta Academiae Germanicre Natura: Curiosorum (see Vol. II, p. 317), Niirnberg. Acta Lit. Svec.- seep. 1 59· AdS, h, m; AdS (C); AdS Mhn. div. Sav.-seep. 10. Allgem. J. Chem. Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, ed. N. Scherer, 10 vols., Leipzig, 1798-1803 (contd. asN. allgem.J. Chem.). Amer.J. Pharm. American Journal of Pharmacy, Philadelphia. Amer. J. Sci. American Journal of Science, New Haven. An. Fis. Quim. Anales de Ia Real Sociedad Espanola de Fisica y Quimica, Madrid. Angew. Chem. Angewandte Chemie. Ann. Annalen der Chemie (Liebig's). Ann. Chim. -seep. 495· Ann. Chim. Anal. Annates de Chimie Analytique (also with title Chimie Analytique). Ann. des Mines. Annates des Mines. Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. Annates generales des Sciences Physiques, Brussels, 1819-21. Ann. Med. Hist. Annals of Medical History, New York. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Annates du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Ann. Phil. Annals of Philosophy, I8IJ-26. Ann. Phys. Annalen der Physik-seep. 576. Ann. Sci. Annals of Science, 1936--. Archeion. See Archiv. Arch. Pharm. Archiv der Pharmazie. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, Geneva (contin. of Bib/. Univ. and earlier vols. bound with this). Archives. Archives internationale d'histoire des sciences, 1947- (contin. of Archeion). Atti R. Accad. Torino. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Turin. B.A. Rep. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Reports of Meetings, 1832-. Ber. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. Beschaft. Berlin. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde- seep. 213. Bib/. Brit. Bibliotheque Britannique, Geneva. Bib/. Univ. Bibliotheque Universelle, Geneva. Brit. Med. J. British Medical Journal. XX LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS Brit. Quart. Rev. British Quarterly Review. Bull. Acad. Bruxelles. Bulletin de 1' Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres de Bruxelles, Brussels. Bull. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. Bulletin de 1' Academie des Sciences de Russie. Bull. British Soc. Hist. Sci. Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science. Bull. Soc. Chim. Bulletin de Ia Societe Chimique de Paris (from 1906, de France). Bull. Soc. Fra11f. Hist. MM. Bulletin de Ia Societe Fran~aise d'Histoire de Ia Medecine. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Bulletin des Sciences par Ia Societe Philomathique. Chem. Age. Chemical Age. Chem. and Ind. Chemistry and Industry (Society of Chemical Industry). Chem. News. Chemical News (I86o-1932). Chem. Weekbl. Chemisch Weekblad (Amsterdam). Chem. Ztg. Chemiker Zeitung, Cothen. Comment. Petropol. - see p. 202. Compt. Rend. Comptes Rend us hebdomadaires des Seances de 1' Academie des Sciences (Paris). Crell - see p. 598. Dansk. Vidensk. Selskab. Skriv.- seep. 160. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Munich. Denkschriften Bayerische Akademie der Wissen- schaften, Munich. Ding/. J. Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal. Edin. N. Phil. J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Edinburgh. Edin. Phil. J. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Edinburgh. Gaz. MM. Paris. Gazette Medicale de Paris. Glasgow Med. J. The Glasgow and West of Scotland Medical Journal. Gott. Nachr. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. HAB; Hist. Acad. Berlin. Histoire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Belles Lettres de Berlin (includes Memoires). Ind. Eng. Chem. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Easton, Pa. Introd. Obs. Phys. -see p. 494· J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Easton, Pa. J. Chem., J. Chem. Phys., J. f. Chem. (a) Journal fiir die Chemie und Physik, ed. Gehlen, 9 vols., Berlin, 18o6-1o. (b) Journal fiir Chemie und Physik, ed. Schweigger, 69 vols., Niirnberg, 1811-33 (three series with alternative titles, see Bolton, (1), 1071); contd. asJ. prakt. Chem. J. Chem. Educ. Journal of Chemical Education, Easton, Pa. J. Chem. Soc. Journal of the Chemical Society (London). J. Chim. MM. Journal de Chimie Medicale. J. del' Ecole Poly technique. Journal de I' Ecole Polytechnique. J. de MMecine- seep. 76. J. de Pharm. Journal de Pharmacie et des Sciences Accessoires (I815-41). J. der Pharmacie. Journal der Pharmacie, ed. J. B. Trommsdorff, Leipzig. J: de Phys. -seep. 494· J. der Phys. Journal der Physik, ed. Gren, 8 vols., Halle and Leipzig, I79o--Steel Inst. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS XXl J. Pharm. Chim. Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie. J. Phys. Chem. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Easton, Pa. (formerly, Ithaca, New York). J. prakt. Chem. Journal fur praktische Chemic, Leipzig. J. Roy. Inst. Journal of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. J. Roy. Inst. Chem. Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. Jahres-Ber. Jahres-Bericht uber die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften, later Jahres-Bericht tiber die Fortschritte der Chemic und Mineralogic, by J. J. Berzelius, tr. by C. G. Gmelin (i-iii) and F. Wohler (iv-xxvii), Ttibingen. KAH-seep. 159. Magazin for d. neus. Zustand der Naturkunde. Magazin fur den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunde, ed. Voigt. Manchester Mem. (Proc.). Memoirs (or Proceedings) of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Med. Chirurg. Trans. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Meddel. K. Vetensk. Nobelinst. Meddelanden fran K. Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelinstitut, Stockholm. Medical Communications- seep. 656. Med. Trans. Coli. Physicians. Medical Transactions published by the College of Physicians in London. Mhn. Acad. Berlin-see Hist. Acad. Berlin. Mhn. Acad. Dijon. Memoires de 1' Academic des Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres de Dijon. Mhn. Acad. Sci.- seep. 10. Mhn. Acad. Toulouse. Memoires des Sciences etc. de 1' Academic Royale de Toulouse. Mhn. Acad. [Roy.] Turin. Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences a Turin, Turin. Mhn. del'Inst. -see AdS, p. 10. Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ita/. Memorie di Mathematica e di Fisica della Societa Italiana delle Scienza, residente in Modena, Modena. Mhn. Museum d'Hist. Nat. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Mem. Soc. Arcueil. Memoires de Physique et de Chimie de Ia Societe d' Arcueil, 3 vols., 1807---<)-17. Mem. Soc. Ita/. Memorie de Matematica e di Fisica della Societa ltaliana delle Seienze, Rome. Mhn. Soc. Roy. de MM. Seep. 447· Mhn. Soc. Roy. Sci. Lille. Memoires de Ia Societe Royale des Sciences de 1' Agri• culture et des Arts de Lille. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Montpellier. Memoires de Ia Societe Royale des Sciences de Montpellier. Mem. W ernerian Soc. Memoirs of the W ernerian Nat ural History Society. Miscell. Acad. Nat. Curios. Miscellanea curiosa sive Ephemerides Medico-Physicre Germanicre Academire Naturre Curiosorum, Ntirnberg (see Vol. II, p. 317). Miscell. Berolin. Miscellanea Berolinensia. Miscell. Taurin. -seepp. 87, 127. Monit. Scient. Moniteur Scientifique. N . .Acta Acad. Nat. Curios.- see Nooa Acta. N. allgem. J. Chem. Neues allgemeines Journal der Chemic, ed. A. F. Gehlen, 8 vols., Leipzig, 1803-6. XXll LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS N.J. der Phys. (Gren)-see p. 576. Neue Abhl. Acad. Erfurt. Neue Abhandlungen der Kurfiirstlich-Mainzischen Akademie niitzlicher Wissenschaften zu Erfurt. Nicholson's J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, ed. W. Nicholson. Nouv. Mem. Acad. Dijon. Nouveaux Memoires de 1' Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres de Dijon. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Hist. Nat. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'His- toire Naturelle. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios.- see Acta Acad. Nat. Curios. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal.- seep. 1 59· Nova Actorum Upsal.- see above. Novi Comment. Soc. Gott. Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Got- tingensis (1769-77). Nye Sam/. Kg/. Danske Videns. Selsk. Skrijt.- seep. 160. Obs. Phys.- seep. 494· Pharm. J. Pharmaceutical Journal. Pharm. Monatshefte. Pharmazeutische Monatshefte, Vienna. Pharm. Rundschau. Pharmazeutische Rundschau, New York. Pharm. Ztg. Pharmazeutische Zeitung. Phil. Coli. Philosophical Collections (publ. for the Royal Society, 1681-2, 7 pts.). Phil. Mag. Philosophical Magazine. Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. (Abridged ed., 18 vols., 1809.) Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Phila• delphia. Proc. Belfast Nat. Hist. Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. Proc. Chem. Soc. Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London. Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the Philosophical and Literary Society of Leeds. Proc. Roy. Inst. Proceedings of the Royal Institution, London. Proc. Roy. Inst. Chem. Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, London. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Proc. Roy. Phil. Soc. Glasgow. Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Proc. Roy. Soc. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, London. Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. QS. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin, Leipzig. Quart. J. Sci. [Arts]. Quarterly Journal of Literature, Science and the Arts (Royal Institution, London). Quart. Rev. Quarterly Review. Reeueil-seep. 159. Rev. gen. Sci. Revue generale des Sciences Pure et Appliquees. Rev[ue] Scient. Revue Scientifique. Samml. chem. und chem.-techn. Vortriige. Sammlung chernischer und chemisch• technischer Vortriige, Stuttgart. LIST OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS XXlll Schriften Berlin. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde. Schriften der Berlinischen Gesell• schaft der Naturforschender Freunde. Schweiz. Apotheker Ztg. Schweizerische Apothekerzeitung, Zurich. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, Dublin. Sci. Progr. Science Progress. Skrifter Videns. Selsk.- see pp. I 59-6o. Smithsonian Misc. Coli. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington. Times Lit. Suppl. The Times Literary Supplement. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Trans. Geol. Soc. Transactions of the Geological Society, London; ib. of Cornwall, Penzance. Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Trans. Newcomen Soc. Transactions of the Newcomen Society for the Study of the History of Engineering and Technology. Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Trans. Soc. Arts. Transactions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (later Royal Society of Arts). Virchow's Archiv. Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur kliqische Medizin, ed. R. L. K. Virchow. Voigt - see Magazin. Wien Ber. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse der K. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Wien, Vienna. Z. angew. Chem. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie, Leipzig. Z. anorg. Chem. Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie, Leipzig. Z. lnstr. Zeitschrift fur Instrumentenkunde. Z. phys. Chem. Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Leipzig. Z. physiol. Chem. Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie (Hoppe-Seyler), Strassburg. ERRATA- VOLUME II The first figure in the list denotes the page of the book, the second the line of text from the top of the page or, if asterisked, the foot of the page not counting foot• notes; these are indicated by an obelisk (t). The faulty word is not repeated but the place of the correct reading will be obvious.

v, 7•, Descartes' 205, It delete full-stop; 7t a 444, 3 machinulis; adhibita. xiv, I9, 1920. manuscript. 453, 1 delete comma at end. xv, s• le. 206, 34 i.iberauss; 35 456, 7 spirit,. xviii, 24, 2 vols. vegetabilia. 458, 8 eni[m]. 14, I At, 6• in. 207, 10, 4I3. 466,4 This. 24, I4 • coquinariae. 208, 9 holstatica. 479, I6 diluted. 27, IS Spadacrene. 209, 3t mtfdecine. 480, I5t September. 38, IS neantmoins. 2I I, 6• delete 'In I6o8'. 507, I I (p. 222), I3 (p. 223). 40, 10• Huancavelica, t4 2I4, I, see 2I5, 6. 512, I4 • Hauksbee. Fisica. 2I5, 4• duumviratus. 523, 7t Toennies. 45, 3. IS98. 226, I7 comma at end. 528, IO flame by. 46, I6 ob. 227, z• comma after), 8• 537, 4 that ever; 6t 53, 2 muffles,; I • urina. fuli-. Mysteriosissimorum. s8, 8t, p. 258. 232, 5 partimque. 542, 9t for ed. Birch read v. 64, 7t Egenolph, 9t de• 247, 20 ex-; 1ot Declamatio; 56I, 17deletecommaatend. lete comma after atramen• I 3t al-. 562, 20• volatil. tum. 249, I2• Syntagma. 580, 7t from foot, for id. 65, 11 •lead,. 252, I6 method,. read]. B. A. Scherer. 69, I 5 pneumoconiosis, 9t 258, 3. calaminaris; 4. 6o2, 12 are struck; 3t fluit. als Silber Quecksilber. gel am ina. 6o3, 5• Boyle's. 7I, IO Devis d'une Grotte 259, 2t de Pera. 6o4, 7 heating and cooling. pour Ia Royne Mere. 262, 3 ash. 614, 9 aerien. 72, I I • Ambroise. 263, 7 refrixit. 615, 3t Mundy. 76, I6• and 77, 5 medecins. 270, I8 delete 'which'. 617, 14t curiosisque. 83, 6• das. 27I, 3• say. 625, 1 I• bonds. 84, I6• LXI III. 279, 2t I8 for I7. 63 I, 8• ratiocination. 87, 2t pharmaceutica. 28o, 5• Anthon; 8t & 632, I5 Bugue. 88, I9t I674 ;. scabiosi. 635, 14• in. 90, 2t Superiorvm. 289, 4 t acrimoniam. 646, 10 word. 94, I ot promulgatum 298,21 Commentarius. 649, 5 liquefac. 99, I zuccharinum. 3IO, It I b,. 653, 7• 1694. I07, 12 I583 ;. 3 I3, I6• non. 659, 21 Fragmentorum. I09, 22t delete hyphen. 3 I 6, 13 • kui).I; 23 • phlogis- 66o, 17 seu. I23, 14 were. ton. 662, 32 ratiocini; 8• Funda- 127, s• Kunst,. 3I7, 2 regeneratio. menta. I36, nt VII. 322, 25 van de. 671, 9• ergreifft. I49, 18 or alcohol. 329, 14 Opificivm. 68o, 1 ita. 153, IJt Gmelin. 332, I7 not an. 689, 7• I781. I6I, 2I sive; s• Beantwort- 339, 12th 48, h I,. 692, 1• are printed ; 8 • ung. 344, 8 Medecine. Virtutis. I 66, 20 dulce. 345, 1 Destillatoriae; 16• 693, 1 VI; I3 ac. 172, 4t Yif. Ni.irnberg; 21• Miraculi. 694, 3 • vitrea. I74, 9t Theodorus. 346, 5• Centuriis. 703, 2• Bd. III I753· I78; 5 BM. 355, 6 aller-. 707,5Appropriation, I-3I2;. I79, 1 dedicated etc., to 370, 2t angewiesen. 709, 14• Glauber's. footnote 1 after 1620). 374, I2 Nieuwentyt; 5• 7I2, 5• Lausitz. 180, 7• siue. gemehret; 6• Gewicht; 716, IO Memoires.; 6• end, 182, st seu. I4 • zunimmt. sal. I85, 6• I5 cent. 375, 14• halten,. 718, 4• Flussspaat. I90, transpose lines 5. and 378, 25t Christiani. 721, 7t Chymisch-physikal- 6•; 4t Klinckostroem. 384, 7 he draws. ischer. 1!)2, I 6• irdischen. 387, 13t Exerc.; v f. 725, I ebranlee. 194, 17 mahl. 404, 2 (p. 222), 12• (p. 32I), 732, 11• reponse. 196, 5t Roscoe. (p. 327). 734, 12tde. 199, 5. dioxide. 4I4, 5. metalla. 742, 9t immortel. zoo, I 3 stossen. 426, 12 now. 745, 7 simplicitate. 20I, I7• salpetre,. 432, 3 (p. 470). 756, 6• antimony. 203, zot I74I, i,. 435, 3 gravitas. 767, 3t Strasbourg.