Dhananjayarao Gadgil libraI)' IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII GIPE-PUNE-002649 .....' .. ' .. THE'YStORYOfJf!E-'Nt\TIONS SUBSCRIPTION EDmON QL:be ~tOt!' of tbe Jaations MODERN' ITALY THE STORY OF THE NATIONS I. BOMB. By ARTH~R GIUfAX, '9. THB NORMANS. 1Iy SARAI( M.A. ORNH J RWKTT• •• THB JBWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. THB BYZANTINB EMPIRE. HOSMER. By C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GBRMANY. Jly Rev. S. BARING. 3" SICILY: Pllcanlolan, Gra.k and GOULD, M.A. Roman. 1Iy Ibo lale Pruf. E. 4. OARTHAeB. By Prof. ALFRED A. li"REEMAN. J. CHURCH. 3" THE TUSOAN RBPUBLIOS. S. ALBXANDBR'S EMPIRE. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MORrILL, 6. THB MOORS IN SPAIN. Dy M.A. STANLBY LANE-POOLE. 34. PARTRIA. By Prof. GBORGI< 7. ANOIENT EGYPT. By Pror. RAWLINSON. GHORGB RAWLINSON. 35. AUSTRALIAN OOMMON. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. A ••ninu> WBALTH. By GRKVILLE VAMBBRV. TREGARTHRN. 90 THB SARAOENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN, III.A. 37. JAPAN. By DAVID MURRAY, 10. IRELAND. By Ihe Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. 80UTH AFlUOA. Dy GEORG .. II. OBALDEA. By ZtNAYDK A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA W,E... n. THB GOTHS. Dy HENRY BRAV. 40. THB CRUSADES. By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L KISGSFORU. '3' AS:~. Dy ZtNAivE . A. 4" VEDIO INDIA. By Z. A. RA· GOZIN. 140 '.rURUY. By STAN LEY LANE. 42. WESTINDIBSandtlleSPANISH POOL&. MAIN. By JA ..... RODWAY. '5. BOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 4Jo BOHEMIA. By C. E"MUND THOROI.D ROGERS. MAURICE • • 6. MEDIEVAL FRANOE. 1Iy 44. THB BALXAlIS, By W. IIIILLBR, GusTAva MASSON. M.A. '7. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN. 45. OANADA. lIy Sir J. G. BOURI' JAMIN. NOT, LL.D. 18. PH<ENIOIA. By Pror. GEO. 46. BR.ITISH INDIA. lIy R. W. RAWLINSON. "'RAlRR, LL.B. '90 MEDIA. By ZtNAYDB A. RA. 47. MODERN FRANCB. By ANDRt. CO~lN. La RON. 20, THE HANSA TOWNS. By 48. THB FRANKS. By LKWI. SER. HBLEM ZUIMERN. GEANT• ... EARLY BRITAIN. By Pror. 490 AUSTRIA. Dy SIDNBY WHIT. ALFRED J. CliURCH. MAN ••• THE BARBARY ooRSAIRS. 50. MODERl'I ENGLAND. n.fore By STANLKY LANB·!)OOLE. Ihe II..Corm lIilL lIy] USTIN '30 RUSSIA. ByW. MO • .,LL, M.A. IIICCARTHY. 04. THB JBWS UNDBR THE st. CHINA. Dy Prof. R. K. DOUGLAs. ROMANS. By W. D. III0RRI' 5', MODERN BNGLAND. From Ih. SON. Reform Hi 11 10 the Present • 5. SCOTLAND. Dy JOHN MACKIN. Time. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY • TOSH, LL.D. 53. MODERN SPAIN. By MARTIN 06. SWITZERLAND. By Mrs. LINA A. S. HUMK. HUG and R. STEAD. 54' MODERN ITALY. By PIETRO '7. MEXIOO. By SUSAN HALE. ORSI. • 8. PORTUGAL. 1Iy H. IIIORSS S50 NORWAY. By H. H. BonsEN• STBPHENS. 56. WALES. By 0. M. E"WARDS. Lo:-:OON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. H.lI. THE KING OF ITALY. MODERN · ITALY 1748-1898 BY PIETRO ORSI PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE R. LICEO FOSCARINI. VENICB SECOND EDITION LONDON ,t. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. COPYRIGHT BY T • F ISHER UNWIN, 1899 V5~ N C (:J 2-.b-40 ~ PASQUALE VILLARI, FOREMOST OF LIVING ITALIAN HISTORIANS IN HARMONISING THE ART WITH THE SCIENCE 0 01' HISTORY, I DEDICATE THIS MODEST WORK, THAT MAY ENJOY THE PLEASURE OF PUBLICLY EXPRESSING THEREBY MY SINCERE ADMIRATION FOR HIS GENIUS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ALTFlOUGH Italy is still the favoured shrine to which thousands of British and American travellers annually flock, to find in her lakes and mountains, her churches, picture-galleries and ruins, the goal of their pilgrimage, whilst the magic names of Rome, Florence and Venice are as household words upon their lips, yet the inner history of the peninsula'-:'a. record fraught with the profoundest human interest­ has been strangely neglected, even by those who, it might" be reasonably supposed, would be its closest students. But it ought not to be forgotten that the country, which we are so apt to regard as simply a paradise of nature as well as of art, has cl practical demand on· our sympathies quite as strong as its hold on our imaginations. Whilst the picturesque heroes of Roman story are familiar traditions of our schooldays, Charles Albert­ that most noble and pathetic of kingly figures­ Cavour-the pilot who steered the bark of Italian independence safely home to port, between the rocks of absolutist reaction and the whirlpool o( revolu­ tionary fanaticism-and many more, are, especially zI xii TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE to the younger generation, too often mere names. To familiarise hig. readers with the pioneers of modem Italy and their work, is the object of Pro­ fessor Pietro Orsi who, from his distinguished academical position, commands exceptional qualifi­ cations for such a task. It is to be regretted that considerations of space have forbidden the fuller treatment and more detailed development of so complex a theme as the making of the present Italian kingdom, but it is hoped that this compre­ hensive resuml will encourage students to explore the manifold phases of the movement for themselves and that, read in connection with this volume, the other Italian series in the .. Story of the Nations," such as Sicily, Vellice, and The Tuscan Republics, to say nothing of France and Austria, will acquire fresh significance as parts of a great whole. Italy has long been an inexhaustible treasury of art and literature for the English-speaking race; ought not then her political annals for the last h~ndred years to give her an even nobler and more strenuous claim on the Anglo-Saxon mind, with its keen bent for practical politics and unswerving devotion to constitutional freedom. Indeed, interest in Italian affairs may be said, at least, to have been a tradition in our literature during the last half century; aroused long ago by Mr. Gladstone's eloquent protest against the Bourbon rlgillle in Naples-in his two famous LctttJrs 10 Ihe Earl oj' Abcrtft'cn-and kept alive in the impassioned verse of Mrs. Browning, it has, of late years, been stimulated by the fascinating mono­ graphs of Madame Martinengo Cesaresco and Mr. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE xiii J. W. Stillman's valuable work, The Unton of Italy. Is it too much to expect that s~ch an interest may be further promoted by the following pages, wherein the great questions connected with the Italian Risorgimento are relegated to their proper place in the historical perspective, so that we can see them clear and undistorted in the sober light of fact? At any rate, it is trusted that this record will form one more link in the already long and lasting chain which binds united Italy to England, cind that it will likewise be a factor in ensuring for Italians Trans­ atlantic suffrages, for surely America, with her own cherished traditions of liberty, will not be slow to lend a sympathetic ear to the "story" of a nation that, in her gallant struggle for independence, has won her way, in spite of internal anarchy and foreign oppression, out of the da~kness and confusion of the old unhappy past, to the dawn of a new day that brings her the inestimable blessings of unity and freedom. MARY ALICE VIALLS. LONDON, Oc/ober, 18«)9. CONTENTS L PAGE ITALY AFTER AQUISGRANA -. 1-34 Kingdom of Sardinia-Lombardy-Republic of Venice­ Republic of Genoa-Parma and Piacenza-Modena and Reggio-Grand duchy of Tuscany-States of the Church­ Naples and. Sicily - Poetry of Giuseppe Parini - Vittorio Alfieri and nationalist ideal. II. ITALY DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Effect of French revolution in Italy-First campaign o. Napoleon Bonaparte {I796-97l-0rigin of the Italian tri­ colour flag - Fall of the Venetian Republic - New democratic regime--:-ltaly conquered by the French-Austro­ Russian victory and tritlmph of reaction-Exiles of 1799 and ideal of a united Italy. III. THE NAPOLEONIC REGlME. .• Napoleon's passage of the St. Bernard, and battle of Marengo-Convocation of Lyons and Italian Republie­ Francesco_ Melzi-Kingdom of Italy-Eugene Beauharnais -Conquest of kingdom of Naples-Abolition of temporal power of the Popes-Italian ,.,provinces anncl(ed to French xvi CONTENTS PAGB empire-Awakening of Italian life nnder Napoleonic t'cg-jme -Kingdom of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat-Bourbon court in Sicily - Constitution of 1813- Abdication of Napoleon-Restoration of the ancient order­ The' Hundred Days '-Fall of Napoleon-Joachim Murat -His loss of the throne-Last effort and death. IV. THE RESTORATION: OLD GoVERNMENTS AND NEW PEOPLES . • 65-74 Congress of Vienna andre-adjustment of Italy-Austrian predominance-Victor Emmanuel I. returns to Piedmont­ Lombardo-Venetian provinces under Austria-Condition of the duchies-Mildness of Tuscan rule-Papal States-Ferdi- nand I., King of the Two Sicilies-Holy Alliance and liberalism. V. REVOLUTIONARY BEGINNINGS i5-93 Carbonarism- Revolution at Naples (1820)-Expedition sent by Holy Alliance against the constitutionalists and restoration of absolutism-Revolutiqn in Piedmont (1821)­ Conduct of Charles Albert-Restoration of absolute rule with Charles Felix-Political prosecutions in the Lombardo­ Venetian States-Cruelty of :Francis IV. of Modena and his designs on the Sardinian succession-Congress of Verona­ Charles Albert in Spain. VL TEN YEARS OF REACTION . 94-106 Italy from 1821 to 1830-Francis IV. of Modena and Ciro Menotti-Revolution of 1831-United Italian provinces­ Austrian intervention and re-establishment of ancient governments-Memorandum of thl; Powers to the Pope. CONTENTS XV~l VII. PAGE GiUSEPPE MAZZINI AND' YOUNG I'rALY' 107-121 Letter of Mazzini to Charles Albert ~ 'Young Italy'­ Conspirators of '33-Expedition of Savoy-Stern repressions -Ferdinand II. of Naples-The Sicilian risings-Art and science as factors in the nationalist cause.