Dhananjayarao Gadgil libraI)' IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII GIPE-PUNE-002649 .....' .. . . . ' .. THE'YStORYOfJf!E-'Nt\TIONS
SUBSCRIPTION
EDmON QL:be ~tOt!' of tbe Jaations
MODERN' ITALY THE STORY OF THE NATIONS
I. BOMB. By ARTH~R GIUfAX, '9. THB NORMANS. 1Iy SARAI( M.A. ORNH J RWKTT• •• THB JBWS. By Prof. J. K. 30. THB BYZANTINB EMPIRE. HOSMER. By C. W. C. OMAN. 3. GBRMANY. Jly Rev. S. BARING. 3" SICILY: Pllcanlolan, Gra.k and GOULD, M.A. Roman. 1Iy Ibo lale Pruf. E. 4. OARTHAeB. By Prof. ALFRED A. li"REEMAN. J. CHURCH. 3" THE TUSOAN RBPUBLIOS. S. ALBXANDBR'S EMPIRE. By By BELLA DUFFY. Prof. J. P. MAHAFFY. 33. POLAND. By W. R. MORrILL, 6. THB MOORS IN SPAIN. Dy M.A. STANLBY LANE-POOLE. 34. PARTRIA. By Prof. GBORGI< 7. ANOIENT EGYPT. By Pror. RAWLINSON. GHORGB RAWLINSON. 35. AUSTRALIAN OOMMON. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. A ••ninu> WBALTH. By GRKVILLE VAMBBRV. TREGARTHRN. 90 THB SARAOENS. By ARTHUR 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WATTS. GILMAN, III.A. 37. JAPAN. By DAVID MURRAY, 10. IRELAND. By Ihe Hon. EMILY Ph.D. LAWLESS. 38. 80UTH AFlUOA. Dy GEORG .. II. OBALDEA. By ZtNAYDK A. M. THEAL. RAGOZIN. 39. VENICE. By ALETHEA W,E... n. THB GOTHS. Dy HENRY BRAV. 40. THB CRUSADES. By T. A. LEY. ARCHER and C. L KISGSFORU. '3' AS:~. Dy ZtNAivE . A. 4" VEDIO INDIA. By Z. A. RA· GOZIN. 140 '.rURUY. By STAN LEY LANE. 42. WESTINDIBSandtlleSPANISH POOL&. MAIN. By JA ..... RODWAY. '5. BOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 4Jo BOHEMIA. By C. E"MUND THOROI.D ROGERS. MAURICE • • 6. MEDIEVAL FRANOE. 1Iy 44. THB BALXAlIS, By W. IIIILLBR, GusTAva MASSON. M.A. '7. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN. 45. OANADA. lIy Sir J. G. BOURI' JAMIN. NOT, LL.D. 18. PH
Lo:-:OON: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. H.lI. THE KING OF ITALY. MODERN · ITALY
1748-1898
BY PIETRO ORSI
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE R. LICEO FOSCARINI. VENICB
SECOND EDITION
LONDON ,t. F ISH E RUN WIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.C. COPYRIGHT BY T • F ISHER UNWIN, 1899
V5~ N C (:J 2-.b-40 ~
PASQUALE VILLARI,
FOREMOST OF LIVING ITALIAN HISTORIANS
IN HARMONISING THE ART WITH THE SCIENCE
0 01' HISTORY, I DEDICATE THIS MODEST WORK, THAT
MAY ENJOY THE PLEASURE OF PUBLICLY
EXPRESSING THEREBY MY SINCERE
ADMIRATION FOR HIS
GENIUS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
ALTFlOUGH Italy is still the favoured shrine to which thousands of British and American travellers annually flock, to find in her lakes and mountains, her churches, picture-galleries and ruins, the goal of their pilgrimage, whilst the magic names of Rome, Florence and Venice are as household words upon their lips, yet the inner history of the peninsula'-:'a. record fraught with the profoundest human interest has been strangely neglected, even by those who, it might" be reasonably supposed, would be its closest students. But it ought not to be forgotten that the country, which we are so apt to regard as simply a paradise of nature as well as of art, has cl practical demand on· our sympathies quite as strong as its hold on our imaginations. Whilst the picturesque heroes of Roman story are familiar traditions of our schooldays, Charles Albert that most noble and pathetic of kingly figures Cavour-the pilot who steered the bark of Italian independence safely home to port, between the rocks of absolutist reaction and the whirlpool o( revolu tionary fanaticism-and many more, are, especially zI xii TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE to the younger generation, too often mere names. To familiarise hig. readers with the pioneers of modem Italy and their work, is the object of Pro fessor Pietro Orsi who, from his distinguished academical position, commands exceptional qualifi cations for such a task. It is to be regretted that considerations of space have forbidden the fuller treatment and more detailed development of so complex a theme as the making of the present Italian kingdom, but it is hoped that this compre hensive resuml will encourage students to explore the manifold phases of the movement for themselves and that, read in connection with this volume, the other Italian series in the .. Story of the Nations," such as Sicily, Vellice, and The Tuscan Republics, to say nothing of France and Austria, will acquire fresh significance as parts of a great whole. Italy has long been an inexhaustible treasury of art and literature for the English-speaking race; ought not then her political annals for the last h~ndred years to give her an even nobler and more strenuous claim on the Anglo-Saxon mind, with its keen bent for practical politics and unswerving devotion to constitutional freedom. Indeed, interest in Italian affairs may be said, at least, to have been a tradition in our literature during the last half century; aroused long ago by Mr. Gladstone's eloquent protest against the Bourbon rlgillle in Naples-in his two famous LctttJrs 10 Ihe Earl oj' Abcrtft'cn-and kept alive in the impassioned verse of Mrs. Browning, it has, of late years, been stimulated by the fascinating mono graphs of Madame Martinengo Cesaresco and Mr. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE xiii J. W. Stillman's valuable work, The Unton of Italy. Is it too much to expect that s~ch an interest may be further promoted by the following pages, wherein the great questions connected with the Italian Risorgimento are relegated to their proper place in the historical perspective, so that we can see them clear and undistorted in the sober light of fact? At any rate, it is trusted that this record will form one more link in the already long and lasting chain which binds united Italy to England, cind that it will likewise be a factor in ensuring for Italians Trans atlantic suffrages, for surely America, with her own cherished traditions of liberty, will not be slow to lend a sympathetic ear to the "story" of a nation that, in her gallant struggle for independence, has won her way, in spite of internal anarchy and foreign oppression, out of the da~kness and confusion of the old unhappy past, to the dawn of a new day that brings her the inestimable blessings of unity and freedom. MARY ALICE VIALLS.
LONDON, Oc/ober, 18«)9. CONTENTS
L PAGE ITALY AFTER AQUISGRANA -. 1-34 Kingdom of Sardinia-Lombardy-Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa-Parma and Piacenza-Modena and Reggio-Grand duchy of Tuscany-States of the Church Naples and. Sicily - Poetry of Giuseppe Parini - Vittorio Alfieri and nationalist ideal.
II.
ITALY DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Effect of French revolution in Italy-First campaign o. Napoleon Bonaparte {I796-97l-0rigin of the Italian tri colour flag - Fall of the Venetian Republic - New democratic regime--:-ltaly conquered by the French-Austro Russian victory and tritlmph of reaction-Exiles of 1799 and ideal of a united Italy.
III.
THE NAPOLEONIC REGlME. .• Napoleon's passage of the St. Bernard, and battle of Marengo-Convocation of Lyons and Italian Republie Francesco_ Melzi-Kingdom of Italy-Eugene Beauharnais -Conquest of kingdom of Naples-Abolition of temporal power of the Popes-Italian ,.,provinces anncl(ed to French xvi CONTENTS
PAGB empire-Awakening of Italian life nnder Napoleonic t'cg-jme -Kingdom of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte and Joachim Murat-Bourbon court in Sicily - Constitution of 1813- Abdication of Napoleon-Restoration of the ancient order The' Hundred Days '-Fall of Napoleon-Joachim Murat -His loss of the throne-Last effort and death.
IV.
THE RESTORATION: OLD GoVERNMENTS AND NEW PEOPLES . • 65-74 Congress of Vienna andre-adjustment of Italy-Austrian predominance-Victor Emmanuel I. returns to Piedmont Lombardo-Venetian provinces under Austria-Condition of the duchies-Mildness of Tuscan rule-Papal States-Ferdi- nand I., King of the Two Sicilies-Holy Alliance and liberalism.
V. REVOLUTIONARY BEGINNINGS i5-93 Carbonarism- Revolution at Naples (1820)-Expedition sent by Holy Alliance against the constitutionalists and restoration of absolutism-Revolutiqn in Piedmont (1821) Conduct of Charles Albert-Restoration of absolute rule with Charles Felix-Political prosecutions in the Lombardo Venetian States-Cruelty of :Francis IV. of Modena and his designs on the Sardinian succession-Congress of Verona Charles Albert in Spain.
VL
TEN YEARS OF REACTION . 94-106 Italy from 1821 to 1830-Francis IV. of Modena and Ciro Menotti-Revolution of 1831-United Italian provinces Austrian intervention and re-establishment of ancient governments-Memorandum of thl; Powers to the Pope. . CONTENTS XV~l
VII. PAGE GiUSEPPE MAZZINI AND' YOUNG I'rALY' 107-121 Letter of Mazzini to Charles Albert ~ 'Young Italy' Conspirators of '33-Expedition of Savoy-Stern repressions -Ferdinand II. of Naples-The Sicilian risings-Art and science as factors in the nationalist cause.
VIII.
THE FORCE OF PUBLIC OPINION • 122-128 Death of the Bandiera brothers-Gioberti and his Pr.iJlato Degli Italiani-Balbo's Speralne D'Italia-Pontificate of Gregory XVI.-D'Azeglio's Ultimi Casi Pi Romagna.
IX.
FROM REFORMS TO REVOLUTION Charles Albert and Austrian tactics-Pius IX; and reforms -Sudden awakening of the national conscience - Popular agitation, and behaviour of the princes-Charles Albert's reforms-Palermo insurrection-Constitution granted in the Neapolitan States, Piedmont, Tuscany and Rome• . X. .
160-193 Lombardo-Venetian States at the beginning of 1848- Sanguinary policy of Austrian government-Liberation of Venice-The 'Five Days' at Milan-War of Indepen. dence-First successes of the· Italian arms-Allocution of Pius IX.-The 15th of May at Naples, and withdrawal of the Neapolitan troops from the war-Tuscans at Curtatone and Montanara-Last victories of the Piedmontese-Defeat of Custoza-Retreat-Armistice-Vicissitudes of Italian states at the end of 1848-Heroic defence of Venice. !4 6 xviii CONTENTS
XI. PAGE THE WAR OF 1849 ~ 1 94-:1I 5 Struggle between Piedmont and Austria resumed-Defeat of Novara and abdication of Charles Albert-The • Ten Days' of Brescia-Restoration of absolutism in the king dom of Naples-Submission of Sicily-Re-establisbment of grand-ducal government in Tuscany - The Roman. Republic-French intervention-Garibaldi-Determined re sistance of Venice-Daniele Manin.
XII.
THE BEGINNING OF VICTOR EMMANUEL II.'s REIGN • 216-232 Victor Emmanuel's interview with Radetzky at Vignale Reaction trillmpbant throllghout Europe-Peace concluded with Austria-Massimo D'Azeglio and • Proclamation of Moncalieri '-Gladstone's letter on the Bourbon government -Deplorable condition of rest of Italy-Prosecutions at Mantua~th of February, 1853, at Milan-Memorandum of Cavour-Assassination of the Duke of Parma.
XIII.
THE STAR OF PIEDMONT • 233-245 Cavour, president of the Ministry- Development of nationaJist feeling - Part taken by Piedmont in Crimean war-Cavour at the Paris Congress-Centralisation of Ita\ian life in Sardinian kingdom-Revolts iJ1 kingdom of Naples-Expedition of Sapri-Change of Austrian policy in Lombardo-Venetian States- Bold attitude of Piedmont and speech of Cavour-Alliance with France.
XIV.
• 246-268 Preparation for a new war-Speech of Cavour-Austrian ..llitll4hma - Victor Emmanuel's manifesto-Condition of rival armies-Montebello, Palestro, Magenta and IIIelegnano CONTENTS xix
PAGB -GanDaldi and his 'Cacciatori delle AJpi '-50lferino and San Martino- Preliminaries of Villal'ranca and Peace of Ziirich--Cessioo of Savoy and Nice to France-Fusion of Panna, Modena, Romagna and Tuscany with Piedmont.
xv.
THE MAltCH OF • THE THOUSAND'
Francis II. King of Naples-Garibaldi and 'The Thousand' from Quarto to Marsala, Ca1atafimi. Palermo and Milazzo -Victor Emmannel's army in the Marches and Umbria Volturnt>-Engtish sympathy for Italian canse-Capitulation of Gaeta-Kingdom of Italy proclaimed.
XVL
THE ROMAN QUESTION
Cavour's speeches on the Romali questiOD-Death of the great minister-Difficulties in new kingdom-Brigandage Line taken by 'party of action '-Aspromonte-Garibaldi's visit to England-Convention of September, 186.t, and transference of capital from Turin to Florence.
XVII.
THE WAR OF 1866 •
Alliance of Italy and Prussia-Condition of the armies BattIe of CuStom - Garibaldi in the Trentino - Naval engagement at Lissa-Peace of Prague-Venetia annexed to kingdom of Italy.
XVIII.
ROME THE CAPITAL •
Garibaldi and the volunteers in Papal States-Intervention of France and hattIe of Mentana-Neutrality of Italy during the Franco-Prussian war-Occupation of Rome by Italian troops, September 20, 1870-' Law of guarantees.' xx CONTENTS
XIX.
ITALY AFTER 1870 Internal administration·.,--Death of Mazzini-The 'Right' and 'Left'-Advent of' Left' to power-Death of Victor Emmanuel-Death of Pius IX. and election of Leo. XIII. -Origin of Triple Alliance-Death of Garibaldi-Internal reforms and development of public works-Occupation of Assab and Massowab - Italian affairs in Africa - Bank prosecutions and commercial morality-The riots of May, 1898-Turin Exhibition-Italy in 1899-Population-Royal Fa':llily-Constitution of the state-National exchequer Army and navy-Imports and exports- Education-Chief cities.
Xx.
LITERATURE AND ART
Revival of literature and art-Eighteenth century poets Classicism-Romantic School-Political tendencies in Italian literature - Historical research - Musicians - New epoch Historians-Journalism-Criticism - LATER poets--N ovelists -The drama-Painting and sculpture-Music-Science, &c. Conclusion.
ApPENDIX
INDEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
H.M. THE KING OF ITALY. • Frontispiece PAGE THE ROYAL PALACE, TURIN S THE DOGE'S PALACE, VENICE 13
THE DUCAL PALACE, GENOA 17
THE PITTI PALACE, FLORENCE III
THE VATICAN
THE ROYAL PALACE, NAPLES
VITTORIO ALFIERI 3S THE ROYAL PALACE, CASERTA 39 THEATRE OF SAN CARLO, NAPLES 47 ARCO DELLA PACE, MILAN • SS
JOACHIM MURAT 63
GABRIELE ROSSETTI • 77
SANTORRE DI SANTAROSA 8S xxi xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
.PAGE FERDINAND II. 0, NAPLES. II7 CHARLES ALBERT, KING OF SARDINIA 131 PIUS IX. 135 LEOPOLD II., GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY 139 RUGGERO SETTIMO .. 153 DANIELE MANIN 189 FERDINAND, DUKE OF GENOA 199 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI 205 GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI 209 VICTOR EMMANUEL II. 21 7 MASSIMO· D'AzEGLIO 221
THE CARIGNANO PALACE, TURIN 225
CAMILLO· CAVOUR 235 THE MADAMA PALACE, TURIN 247
NAPOLEON III. 261
NINO BIXIO 273
ENRICO CIALDINI 281
THE MONTECITORIO PALACE, ROME 285 BETTINO RICA SOLI 291
URBANO RATTAZZI 299 ALFONSO LA MARMORA 305 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxiii
PAGE ALFREDO CAPPELLINI 308
THE QUIRINAL
MARCO MINGHETl'I
THE MADAMA PALACE, ROME 329
H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF NAPL&S 337
PRINCE AMADEO •. 339
H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF NAPLES . 343
LUIGI CARLO FARINI • 363 ,APPENDIX'
(See CIzapler IX.)
STATUTE OF CHARLES ALllERT.
As the Statute promulgated by Charles Albert, on the 4th of March, 1848, was afterwards extended by Victor Emmanuel II. to the rest of the peninsula, and is moreover the o!)e,.in force to-day throughout the kingdom of Italy; it may be well to giye its essential features here. ARTICLE 2.-The State is ruled by a monarchical and representative Government. The throne is hereditary, subject to the conditions of the ,Salic law. . ARTICLE 3.-,-The legislative power will be exercised collectively by the King and two Chambers-the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. ARTICLE 4.~The person of the King is ,Sacred and inviolable. ARTICLE 5_~The executive power.belongs solely to tho! King who . is tbt. supreme. head of the State. The King commands all military an~' naval forces and declares war; he makes treaties of peace, of alt!ance, of commerce and the like, besides giving. the Chambers notice of the same, as the interest and safety of the State shall dictate, and furthering all necessary communications to this end. Tr.eaties affecting finance, or the disposal 'of national territory, will have no validity till they have obtained the assent of the Chambers. ARTICLE 6.-The King nominates to all the offices in the State, and m3kes the necessary decrees and regulations for the passing of the laws, • without suspension of, or exemption from, their observance. ARTICLE 7.-The King alone sanctions and promulgates laws. , ARTICLE 8.-The King can remit and commute punishments. 26 38S APPENDIX
ARTICLE 9.-The King annually convokes the two Chambers; he has power to prorogue their sessions and to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, but in the event of such being dissolved, causes another to assemble within four months of its dissolution. ARTICLE lo.-The right to propose laws will be vested in the King and in each of the two Chambers. Therefore, all legislation relating to imposition of tributes, or the auditing of balance·sheets and accounts, will be first submitted to the Chamber of Deputies. ARTICLE 240-A11 subjects, whatever be their title and rank, are equal in the eyes of the law ; all enjoy equal civil and political rights, and are admissible for civil and military posts with legally determined exceptions. ARTICLE 2S.-A11 subjects contribute without distinction, proportion ately to their income, to the Government taxes. ARTICLE _26.-Individual liberty is guaranteed; no one can be arrested or brought to justice, except in cases foreseen by the law and _within legally prescribed forins. ARTICLE 27.-The domidle is inviolable; no domiciliary visit can be made, unless enforced by law and in the legally prescribed way. ARTICLE 2S.-The press will be free, but the law will be empowered to punish any abuse of its liberty. ARTICLE 33--The Senate is composed of an unlimited number of life-members-over forty years of age-who are nominated hy the King and chosen from the following categorie$: (I) archbishops and bishops of the State; (2) the president of the Chamber of Deputies; (3) deputies who have filled their offices three times, or who have served for six years; (4) ministers of state; (5) ministerial secretaries of state; (p) ambassadors; (7) envoys-extraordinary after three years of office; (S) the chiefs and presidents of the Court of Cassation and the Exchequer; (9) chief presidents of the Court of Appeal; (10) the attorney-general of the Court of Cassation and the solicitor-general, after five years of office; (II) heads of the different Courts of Appeal, after three years of office; il2) councillors of the Court of Cassation and the achequer, after five years of office; (13) _general advocates or exchequer-officials in the Courts of Ap~al, after five years of office; (14) ordinary military or naval officers. provided that major-generals and rear-admirals have already filled their posts five years; (15) councillors of state, after five years of office; (16) members of Divisional Councils, after three elections to their presidency; (17) general intendants, after seven years of service; (IS) members of the Royal Academy of Science, provided they have been nominated thereto APPENDIX seven years; (19) ordinary members of the Chief Committee of Public Instruction, after seven years of service; (20) those who, by service or distinguished merit, have deserved well of their country; (21) persons who, by reason of wealth or industry, pay taxes to the amount of three thousand francs in the space of three years. ARTICLE 34.-Princes of the blood· royal have their rightful seat in the Senate and. take precedence immediately after the President; they enter the Senate at the age of twenty-one and have a vote at that of twenty-five. ARTICLE 39.-The Elective Chamber is composed of deputies chosen by the electoral bodies, conformably to the law. ARTICLE 40.-No deputy can be admitted to the Chamber, unless he be a royal subject, have reached the age of thirty, enjoy civil and political rights, and otherwise fulfil all the legal requirements of his office. ARTICLE 4I.-Deputies represent the nation in general and not only the provinces by which they are elected •...;No imperative order can be issued to deputies by electors. ARTICLE 42.-Deputies are elected for five years: their functions cease to be valid when this term expires. ARTICLE 43.-The president, vice-president and secretaries of the Chamber oLDeputies are nominated by the said Chamber, withinits own precincts, at the beginning of every session, for the whole of that session's duration. ,. ARTICLE 44.-If a deputy suspend the performance of his duties for any reason whatever, the body which has elected him will immediately be convoked for the purpose of making a new election; • ARTICLE 4S.-No deputy can be arrested, unless taken ,i, flagrante ddieto, during the sitting of the Chamber, nor brought to justice for a criminal offence, without the previous consent of that Chamber. ARTICLE 47.-The Chamber of Deputies has the right of impeaching the King's ministers and of summoning .hem before the High Court of Justice. ARTICLE 48.-The sessions of the Senate and the Chamber o. Deputies are opened and closed on the same dates. All assemblies of one Chamber, otherwise than at the time of the other's session, are illegal, and their acts are ~ntirely null and void. ARTICLE 49.-Senators and deputies, before being admitted to the exercise of their functions, swear to be faithful to the King, to observe APPENDIX loyally the Statute and laws of the State, and to fulfil their duties with one aim only,_ i.e., the inseparable welfare of the King and Country. ARTICLE so.-The offices of sena~or and deputy are not subject to any salary. ARTICLE Sl.-Senators and deputies may not be cit~d before the tribunals on account of any opinions expressed or votes given by them in the Chamber. IN DEX
A Amedeo, Prince, 306, 338 Amicis, Edmondo De, 361), 370 Abba, Giulio Cesare, 366 Ancona, 45, -103, 105, 206, 238, Aberdeen, Lord, 227 253,280,307,308 Abruui, 78, 122, 297, 336 note Andreoli, Giuseppe, 91 Abyssinia, 326, 32l!, 330, 333 Anita, Garibaldi's wife, 208, 210, Acqui, 37, 143 2II, 212 Acton, John, 30 Annunziata, Church of the, 82 Adda, 184 Aosta,50 Adige, 38, 167, 174, 176, 180, Apulia, 336 note 183 Appiani, Andrea, 351 Adigrat, 331 Aragon, Alfonso of, 72 nole Adowa, 331, 332 Aragonese dynasty, 31 Adriatic, 206, 253, 262, 264 Arcole, battle of, 40 Africa, 328 Ardigo, Roberto, 382 Agordat, 328 Arimondi, General, 332 Ajaccio,62 Armellini, 204 .Alberi, Eugenio, 356 Amo, 301 Alberoni, Cardinal, 2 Arrivabene, 70 • Albert, Archduke, 304 Ascoli Graziadio, 383 Alberti, Vizzotto, 378 Asmara, 327 Albertis, Sebastiano De, 377 Aspromonte, 147,300,324 . Albertone, General, 332 Assab,326 Aleardi, Aleardo, 355 Austerlitz, 52, 61 Alfieri, Vittorio, effect of his Austria, 3, 12,- 38, 43, 45, 53, dramas, 33, 34; tragedies, 26 ; • 59, 65, 66, 70 , 73, 79, 84, 85, quoted, 4, 350, 355, 359 130, 141, 149, 159, 161, 174, Alessandria, 37, 50, 84, II3, 242, 192, 193, 194, 201, 204, 206, 251, 253, 259, 260 20S,. 212, 215, 21S, 219, 222, Altamura, Francesco Saverio, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238, 240, 380 -24S, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, Amari, Enrico, arrested, 152 257, 263; 269, 2S3, 296, 297, Amari, Gabriele, arrested, 152 300, 303, 304, 306, 309, 313, Amari, Michele, II9, 152, 357 323 Amba-Alagi, 330 Avellino, 76 _ 3119 390. INDEX Avesani, 166 Bergonzoli, 378 Avignon,41 Berlin, 6, 7, 303 j Congress of, 322 B Bernard, St., passage of,49, 50 Bemelli, Cardinal, 127 BaccelIi, Alfredo, 368 Bersezio, Villorio, 36r Baccini, Ida, 370 note Bertani, Agostino, 270 Bagnasco, Francesco, 152 Berti, Domenico, 364 Balbo, Cesare, Il9, 126, 129, 134, Berti of Ravenna, 123 141, 219, 356 j quoted, 56 Bertini, Giuseppe, 377 Baldissera, General, 332 Bertolini, Francesco, 362 Balzico, Alfonso, 380 Besan~on, 30 Bandiera brothers, 122, 123 Bezzecca, 307 Barabino Niccolo, 379 Bezzi, Bartolomeo, 378 Baratieri, General, 328, 330, 331, Bianca, Angelo Dall'Oca, 378 332 and note Bianchi, Celestino, 365 Barberi, Enrico, 379 Bianchi, Mose, 377 Barbiera, Raffaello, 366 Bianchi, Nicomede, 362 Baretti, Giuseppe, author, 6 Biccocca, Valley of, 198 Bamabei, Felice, 364 Biglia, Giuseppe, II3 Barrili, Giulio, 370 Biseo, Cesare, 380 Bartolini, Lorenzo, 358, 374 Bismarck, 303 Bartolo, Adolfo, 367 Bistagno, 375 Barzaghi, 378 Bixio, Nino, 270, 274 Basilicata, 277, 297,298, 336110te Blaas, Eugenio De, 378 Bassano,40 Blasiis, Giuseppe De, 362 Bassi, Ugo, 210 Bliicher, 6r Bava, Eusebio, 173, 195 Boccardo, Gerolamo, 382 Bavaria, 60 Boito, Arrigo, 382 Bazzaro, Ernesto, 378 Boito, Camillo, 374 Bazzaro, Leonardo, 378 Boggio, Pier Carlo, 365 Beatrice (daughter of Hercules Bologna, 22, 38, 40, 41, 100, 105, 111.), 19 r59, 323, 345 and note, 346 Beatnce, singer of, 272 Bolza, Count, r65 Beauharnais, Eugene, 52, 59, 'Bomba, King,' 190 60 • Bompiani, Roberto, 380 Becatlini, Francesco, author, 24 Bonacci - Brunamonti, Alinda, Beccaria, Angelo, 376 368 Beccaria, Cesare; author, 9 Bonaparte, Brothers, rOI Belgioioso, house of, 8 Bonaparte, Joseph, 53, 57 Belgium, 43, 102 Boncompagni, Carlo, 156 Belli, Luigi, 377 Bonfadini, Romualdo, 362 Bellini, 119, 357 and note • Bonghi, Ruggero, 155, 360 and Benoni, Giorgio, 377 note Beltrami, Eugenio, 382 Bonnet, Nino, 2II Bentinck, Lord William, 58 Borges, Don Jose, 298 Bentivegna, Francesco, 239 Bormida, 37, 143 Benvenuti, Cardinal, 103 Borromeo, house of, 8 Berchet, Giovanni, 69, 102, 119. -Borsieri, 90 353; quoted, 101, 120 , ',~Bosnia 323 Bergamo, 187,260 "'fr-,. '&!IlIJ:arlo, 48, 351 and note INDEX 39 1 Bottero, Giovanni Battista. 365 Capecelatro. Cardinal Alfonso. Bourget. 371 362 Bracco, Roberto. 372 Capitol. the. 279 Braschi. Prince, 26 Capodimonte. 28 Brenta.40 Cappellari. Mauro. 100 " Brescia, 260. 300 j resistance of Cappellini. Alfredo. 308 to Austrians. 201 Capponi. 119. 202. 356 Bressanin, 378 Caprera, 283. 300.310.312.313. Briganti. General. 277 323 Brin, 342 Caprile. Vincenzo. 380 Brizio. Edoardo. 364 Capua.278• 283.324 Brofferio, Angelo. 98. 156 Capuana. Luigi. 370 Broglio, Emilio. 364 Caracciolo. Admiral Francesco. Brondolo. 213, 214 46 Bronzetti, Pilade. 280 Caracciolo. Marquis Domenico. Brosses. Charles De, his impres- 32 sions of Rome quoted. 23 Carbonari.75.83.111.130 Brunetti, Angelo. 137 Carbone. Domenico. 144 Bruno. Faa Di. 308 Carcano, Filippo, 377 Bruzzi. Stefano. 379 Carducci Giosue, 359 and note. Bubna,90 368 j quoted. 323 Buffalora, 197, 260 Carminati, Antonio. 378 .Buoncompagni, deputy. 290.294 Caroline, Queen. 30. 46, 48, 57 • Busseto. 376. 381 58 . Butti. Enrico. 378 Carrera. Valentino. 372 Byron. Lord. 354 Carretto. Del, 96. II5 Carum, Domenico, 362 C Casale, 143, 252, 260' j Congress at, 143 Cadorna, Raffaele, 314 Casanovo, Francesco, Memoric Cresars. the, 289 of, 14 Cagliari, 345 flote j Bishop of, Caserta, palace of, 28, 269 224 Casini, Tommaso, 367 Cairoli brothers, 274 Castagneto, Count Di, 143 Cairoli. Enrico. 3II Castelbarco. house~f, 8 Cairoli, Giovanni, 3II Castelfidardo. 280 Calabria. 57, 62. 122, 123, 277. Castel Gandolfo, 315 297,298.300,336 notc. 345 Castelnuovo. Enrico, 370 Calandra, Davide, 377 Castellamare, 342 Calatafimi, 275, 323 Castelli Michelangelo, 156 Calderini. Marco. 376 Cistiglione delle Stiviere, 38 Campania, 336 note Castillia. Gaetano. 90 Campiani, Alceste, 380 Catalani. 92 Campo Fomio. treaty of. 43. 51 .Catania, u6, 202, 300 Canal, Bernardo, 231 Catholics. 288, 289, 290 Cannizzaro. Stanislas, 382 Cattaneo. Carlo, 165 Canosa, 89, 103 " . "". '. Cavalcaselle, 374 Canova, Antonio; sculpfor,. 26: ~ Cavalieri, Vittorio, 377 351,358 .... "' .. .,.G;.I...valletto, 231 Cantalamessa, Giulio, 374·~... f·Cavalotti, Felice, 333, 372 . Cantu,u9, 353, 356-" . . ;Cavedalis. Colonel. 192 392 INDEX
Cavour, Camillo, 156; 157, 167, Cirillo, Domenico, 46 226, 23~, 233, 234, 236, 237, Cisalpine Republic, 42, 43, 51 238, 239, 242, 244, 248, 249, Cispadane Republic, 40, 42; 43 256, 263, 266, 267, 277, 279, Civiletti, Benedetto, 381 286, 288, 289, 294, 295,296, Civita-Vecchia, 312 303, 320, 365 j justifies his Civitella del Leonto, 284 policy, 249-259 j on the Roman Clarendon, Lord, 238 j speech question, 286--294 Of,237 Cavriana,262 Clement XIV., abolishes Jesuits, Celentano, Bernardo, 380 27 note Centofanti, 140' Clotilde, Princess, 248 Cesareo, 367 .. Coalition, 330 Cesena, 105 Cobden, Richard, 138 Cesenatico, 208 Colautti, Arturo, 366 Cena, Giovanni, 368 Coleman, Enrico, 380 Ceva,37 Collegno, Provana Di, 83 Chambord, Duke De, 232 Colletta, General Pietro, 79, II9, Charles III. of Naples, 27, 28 356 Charles III. of Parma, 230, 232 Comacchio, 2II Charles Albert, 83, 84, 86, 91, Como, 10 92, 93, 99, 105, Il3, II4, II5, Comparetti, Domenico, 364 120, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133, Condillac, 18 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, ISS, Confalonieri, Federico, 68, 69, 157, 158, 167, 168, 172, 173, 89, 90, 91, 165 j death of, 149 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, Confalonieri, Countess Teresa, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 194, A9, 91 195, 197, 198, 200, 216, 220, Conforti, Francesco, 46 242, 243, 249 note, 250 Congregations, Lombard and Charles Emmanuel III., 1,4 Venetian, 150, 161 Charles Emmanuel IV., 45 Consalvi, Cardinal, 72 Charles Felix, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, Constantinople, 369 92,98,106 Contarini, Carlo, imprisoned, 12 Charles Ludovic of Bourbon, Corcos, Vittorio, 379 149, 230- Corelli, Augusto, 380 Checci, Eugenio, 366 Corleone road, 276 Chiala, Luigi, 362 Cormons, 309 Chiarini, Giuseppe, 368 Cornero, 156 Chiaves, Desiderato, 365 Cornuda, 176 Chieri,295 Correggio's St Jerome, 38 Chierici, Gaetano, 379 Correnti, Cesare, 149, 361, 364' Chinaglia, Luigi, 340 note _ Corfu, 122, 123 Chivasso, 258 Corsica, 62, 347 j ceded to Louis Cialdini, General, 280, 304, 307 XV., IS Ciardi, Guglielmo, 378 Cortese, Federico, 380 Cibrario, Luigi, 356 Cosenz, Enrico, 214, 276 'Ciceruacchlo,' 137,210 Cosenza, 123, 345 Cicogna, Emanuele, 356 Cosola, Demetrio, 376 Cifariello, Filippo, 31ll Cossa, Pietro, 372 Cilento, 96 Costanzo, Giuseppe Aurelio, 368 Cimarosa, 351 Cotrone, 123 Cipolla, Carlo; 362 .. Cremona, Luigi, 382 INDBX 393 Cremona, Tranquillo, 377 Emilia, 48,62, 101,266,336 notc, Crescini, Vincenzo, 367 346,379 .. Crimea,234 Emanuele, Duke of Aosta, 338 Clispi, Francesco, 270, 271, 274, England, IS, 104, I13, 171,233, 327, 328, 334; ministry, 332, 236, 238, 250, 256, 277, 280, 334 ; policy of, 333 350,358 Crivellucci, Amedeo, 362 Erythrea, 327, 328, 330; 373 Crocco, 297 Esposito, Gaetano, 3110 Crowe, 374 Este, House of, 18, 70 Curtatone, 180, 182 Etna, 128, 171 Custoza, 183, 257, 306 Etrnria, Kingdom of, 51 Czarnowski, 195, 197, 198 Euro~e, 14, 24, 61, 99, 222, 237, 239, 240, 246, 249, 250, 252 D 255, 270, 278, 287, 289, 349 358, 381 D'Adda, house of, 8 Dabormida, General, 332 Dalbono, Edoardo, 380 F Dall' Ongaro, Francesco, 355 Fabretti, Aliodante, 364 Dalmatia, II Fabris, Colonel Cecilio, 362 D'Ancona, Alessandro, 367 Faccioli, Raffaele, 379 D'Angennes, Monsignor, 157 Failly, General De, 313 D'AnnunzlO, Gabriele, 371 Faldella, Giovanni, 362 Dante, 6th centenary of, 302; Faldi, Alturo, 379 burial place of, 346 Falletti, Pio Carlo, 362 D'Azeglio, Massimo, 67, 119, 124, Fambri, Paolo, 365 127, 129, 219, 220, 224, 353, Fanti, General, 280 366 ; quoted, 66 Farina, Salvatore, 370. D'Azeglio, Roberto, 157 Farini, Luigi Carlo, 127, 266, Dego, fighting at, 37 296,361 Delleani, Lorenzo, 376 Farnese family, 16 Dell'Orto, Uberto, 377 Fattori, Giovanni, 379 Denina, Carlo, 6 Favretto, Giacomo, 378 Depretis, Agostino, 320, 327 Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke, Desaix, General, 50, 51 19 Dina, Giacomo, 365 Ferdinand I,. of ~ustria, 114; Dogali,326 abdicates, 193 Donizetti, Gaetano, 358 Ferdinalld, Duke of Parma, 18 D'Orsi, Achille, 381 Ferdinand of Naples, 28, 30, 44, D'Ovidio, Francesco, 367 58, 62,76, 80, 8 I, 82, 89, 92, 93, Dupre, Giovanni, 374 96 j assumes title' of Ferdi Durando brothers, 98 enand I.of Two Sicilies, 72 Durando, Giacomo, 156; his Ferdinand II. of Naples,98, lIS, work on Italy, 128 116,120,146,155,178,190,201, Durando, General Giovanni,I74, 202,206, 207,226,239,269 176, 181 Ferdinand III. of Tuscany, 60, Duse, Eleanora, 372 71,95 Ferrara, 18,. 38,. 40, 41, 79, 206, E 304 .... ;, Elba, 61, 62 Ferrara, Francesco, 382 Elizabeth Farnese, 16, 27 Ferrari, Ettore, 380 394 INDEX
Ferrari, Giuseppe, 356 Francis II. of Naples, 269, 270, Ferrari, Paolo, 372 ' 277,278,283,297,298 Ferrari, Severino, 367 Frederic II' 6, 7 i hats, 66 i Ferraris, Galileo, 382 (the Great),l 244 - Ferraris, Maggiorino, 383 Frederic Barbarossa, 120 Ferraguti, Arnaldo, 377 Fucini, Renato, 373 Ferrigni, Pier Francesco, 373 Ferretli, Cardinal, 136 G Ferretti, Giovanni Mastai, 134 Gabelli, Aristide, 364 Ferruzzi, 378 Gabotto, Ferdinand, 362 Ficuzza,S8 Gaeta, 191, 204,278,283 Filangieri, Gaetano, author, 31 Gaisruch, 150 Filippi, Filippo, 365 Gallenga, Antonio, 365 Filippini, Francesco, 377 Galliano, Major, 330, 332 Finzi,231 Gallina, Giacinto, 372 Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 364 Gallori, Emilio, 379 Flamini, Francesco, 367 Galluppi, Pasquale, 357 Florence, 19, '86, 138, 140, 202, Galvagno, 156 203, 265, 301, 302, 312, 314, Garda, Lake of, 38, 174,262 315, 345 and note, 346, 350, Garelli, Captain, 89 381, 383 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 114, 186 Fogazzaro, Antonio, 369, 370 206, 207, 208, 239. 244, 248, Follini, Carlo, 376 260, 267,269,270,271,274,275, Fontanesi, Antonio, 376 276,277,278, 279,280,282,283, ForH, 101, 105 294, 295,300,301,304,307,310, Fortis, Leone, 365 312, 313, 323, 324, 365, 377 i Foscolo, Ugo, 43 note, 59, 350 Memorie quoted, 208-212, 271- and note, 351, 359 . 272 Fossombroni, Count, 71 Gavotti, Antonio, II3 Fracassini, Cesare, 380 Gelli, Odoardo, 379 Fradeletto, Professor Antonio, Gemito, Vincenzo, 381 379 Genga, Cardinal Della, 97 Fragiacomo, Pietro, 378 Genoa, IS, 16,42,49,50,59,65, France, 14, 15,36, 104, 171, 195. 87, 94, 95, 112, 141,143,218, 201, 204,20~ 234, 236, 238, 242, 259, 271, 276, 320, 345, 346, 244, 248,252,263,267,278,283, 347 288, 289, 294. 313, 322, 327, Genoa, Duke of, 182, 198, 236, 344. 347, 358 321 FJ:anchetti, Alberto, 382 Genovesi, Antonio, 31 Franchetti, Augusto, 362 Germany, 306, 322, 323 Francis II., Emperor, 41, 65, 7i' Giacometti, Paolo, 371, 372 91 i death of, II4 . Giacomo, Salvatore Di, 366 Francis Joseph, Emperor, 193, Giacosa, Giuseppe, 372 241, 260, 262, 263 Gibibrossa, mountains of, 324 Francis IV. of Modena. 70, 91, Gignous, Eugenio, 377 92, 98, 99, 101, 103, 148 Gilardi, 377 Francis V. of Modena, 148. 230, Gioberti, Vincenzo, II3, 123, 126, 265 note - ,127, 134, 155, 177, 233, 356 i Francis I. of Naples, Vicar, III i" . quotec;1, 124-125 succeeds his father as king. 96 i Gioia, 70 death of, 97 Giprdano, Umberto, 382 INJ)fSX 395
Giorgini, 140 Hess, Marshal, 262 Gioli, the brothers, 379 Herzego:vina, 323 , Giolitti, 328 Holland, 369 Giovagnoli, Raffaello, 362 Holy Alliance, 73, 81, 92 Girgenti, 79 Holy See, 105 Giusti, II9,355 Hudson, English ambassador at Giuliano, Bartolomeo, 376 Turin, 282 Gladstone, William Ewart, his Humbert I., 321, 338 letters to Lord Aberdeen Humbert, Prince, 306 quoted, 227-230 Hungary, 193 Gnoli, Domenico, 368 Goito, 180, 181,257 I Gola, Emilio, 377 Induno, the brothers, 374 Goldoni, Carlo, comedies of, IS, Inquisition, 8,71 372 Imola, 134 Gonzaga dynasty, 8 IroJli, Vincenzo, 380 Gordigiani, Michele, 379 Isonzo, 175 Gorrini, Giacomo, 362 Istria, II. Govean, Felice, 365 Italy, I, 2, 7, 14, 16,32, 33,34,68, Graf, Arturo, 367 69,71,73,74,121,128,140,141, Graham, Sir James, 229 151,159, 161, 172, 186, I¢, 201, Grandi,378 203,222, 230,238, 239, 244, 248, Graziani, Rear-Admiral, 192 252,254,257,263,264,206,267, Grazioli, Bartolomeo, 231 283,287,288,289,295,303,306, Gregory XVI., 100, 126, 133 313,315,318,319,322,323,328, Greppi palace, 185 330 ,333,338,342,344,353,359, Grita, Salvatore, 381 371,376,378, 379, 381, 383, 384 Grossi, II9, 353 Italy, Central, 98, 265, 206, 267, Grosso, Giacomo, 377 268,269,358 ' Gubernatis, Angelo De, 367 Italy, Lower,318 Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenico, Italy, Southern, ISS, 318, 334,345, II9, 140, 192, 202, 355 j 347,355,357 quoted,354 Italy, Upper, 45,59,,268,334,345, Guerrini, Olindo, 368 351,358 Guerzoni, Giuseppe, 362 Guglielmotti, Alberto, 361 J Gyulai, General, 258, 259, 260 Jacovacci, Francesco, 380 Jena,61 H J erace, the brothers, 380 Jesuits, Order of, 27 tlo/c, 71 , Hamilton, 40 ,xpelled from Naples, 28, 126, Hamilton, Lady, 48 Hapsburgh-Lorraine dynasty, 45 John,29 Negus 0 f Ab ysslDla,32.. 6 Hayez, Francesco, 358 Joseph 11., 10, 22, 68 Haynau, General, 201, 213 Jouan, Gulf of,61 Helena, St., 62 Helene of Montenegro, Princess, K 338 , ' Helene of Orleans, Prince,ss, ~~!l' Karl, Archduke, 41 Herculaneum, 28,:",:;:"'. '1,:: Kassala, 328, 333 Hercules III., 18, 19 ..;: ,;.. , Keren, 327 INDEX
L Lioy, Paolo, 383 Lisio, Count Moffa Di, 83 La Cava, 196 Lissa, 307, 308 La Farina, Giuseppe, 140, 239, Litta, house of, 8 270,362 Lodi, victory at, 38 Lafayette, 98 Lojacono, Francesco, 381 La Gala, Cipriano, 297 Lombardo-Venetian provinces, La Gancia, convent of, 270 68, 89, 160, 161, 230, 240, 241 La Grange, Luigi, 7 Lombardy, 7, 8, 39, 42, S4, 6S, La Mandriola, 2II, ISO, 168, 169, 192, 196, 197, La Maanora, Alfonso, 226, 234, 241, 260, 263, 268, 318, 336 296, 303, 304, 321 note, 344, 377 La Masa, 274 , Lombroso, Cesare, 382 Lambruschini, Cardinal, 127,133 Lonato,38 Lamoriciere, General, 270, 279, London, 236, 288,301, 369 280 Lorenzetti, Cario, 378 Lancerotto, Egisto, 378 Lorenzini, Carlo, 373 Lanciani, Rodolfo, 364 Lorraine, Francis of, 19; house Landi, General, 275 of, SI, 203 Laneri,89 Louis XV., IS Lansdowne, Lord, 229 Louis XVIII., 61 Lanza,296,313 Louis Philippe, 98, 99, 102, 103, Lateran, 315 lOS, 159 Lateran, St. John, fat;ade of, 26 Lucca, 6S j Republic of, 22 Latium, 208, 336 fWte Luigi, Duke of the Abruzzi, 338 Laurenti, Cesare, 378 Lungo, Isidoro Del, 367 Legations, 188, 237 Lupatelli of Perugia, 123 Leggieroj" 210, 2II Lyons, Convocation of, SI Leghorn, 19,59,203,265 Legnago, 167, 172 M Leigheb, Claudio, 372 Mably,I8 Leo XII., 97, 100 Maccagnani, Eugenio. 380 Leo XIII., 322 Maccari, Cesare, 379 . Leoben, treaty of, 41 Macerata,62 Leoncavall0 Ruggero, 382 Machiavelli, 23, 360 Leopardi, uiacomo,lo 94-, 352; Madama palace, 246 and notc, philosophy of, 353 316 Leopold, Peter, I., his reforms, Maddalena, 312 20 ; called to imperial throne, Maffei,Marquis Scipione,address 22 ; regime of, 95 to Venetians, 12 Leopold 11. of Tuscany, 95, Magenta, 197 j battle of, 260,261 120, 140, 148, 158, 203, 164 Maggiore, Lake, 187, 196, 260 note Magni,378 Lesseps, Ferdinand De, 206 Magra, 242 Lessi, Tito, 379 Makaleh, 330, 331, 332 Lessona, Michele, 383 Malatesta, Adeodato, 379 Leva, Giuseppe, 362 ' Malghera, 213,'214 .Leybach Congress, 80, 81 Malta, 274 , Ligornetto,375 Mameli, Goffredo, 207, 355 j LilWria, 49, S-t-, 212, 218, 318, 336 quoted, 170-1.71 flote, 379 Mamiani, Terenzio, 104, 253, 356 INDEX 397
Maliara Luciano, at Milan, 16.t- ; Mascheroni, mathematician, 10 at Rome, 207 Massarani, Tullo, 361 Mancini, Antonio, 380 Massari, Giuseppe, 362 Manin, Daniele, 141), 150, 15[, Massena, GeneraI, 41), So [61, 162, 166, 181, 188, 192, Massowah, 326, 332 213, 21S, 239. 241 and rwt~ Maurienne, I Manno, Antonio, 362 Maximilian, 241 Manno, Giuseppe, 356 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 110, III, 113, Mantegazza, Paolo, 383 118, 122, 196, 203, 2% 320; Manlovani, Dino, 374- adherents, 239; ideal, '230; Mantua, 8, 38, 41, 60, 100, 167, letter to Charles Albert, 107- 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 23 I IIO i quoled, 87 Manzoni, I [I), 353, 354, 370; his Mazzoni, 140, 192 Promess; Sposi,352; quoted, 16.t Mazzoni, Guido, 368 Man:e1lo, Benedetto, music of, 15 Medici, II), 20 Marches, S, 53, 54, 100, 208, 26s, Medici, Giacomo, 207, 276 269, 278, 271), 336 rwt~ . Melegnano, 260 Marchesi, Salvalore, 381 Melfi,298 Mareb-BeIesa-Muna line, 333 Mew, Francesco,5l,52 Maremma, 20 . Menelik, 327, 328, 330, 331,332 Marengo, baltle of, 50; heroes Menichini, 76 of,61 Menotti,Ciro, 98, 99t 100, 103, 148 Margherita, Count Solaro Della, Mentana, 312, 324 1440 14S, 242, 249 Mte, 2so, Mentessi, Giuseppe, 378 25[,253,255 Mercadante, Saverio, 357 1Ilargherita, Queen, 321,338 Mercantini, quoled, 244-245 Margolti, Don, 365 Messina, 147. 19<1, 20:1, 277, 214. Maria Christina of Savoy, II6, 345rwte 269 Mestre, 193, 213 Maria Theresa of Austria, 8, 10, Metternich, Prince, 65, ,I" 141, II), 30, 68 152 .. Maria Theresa of Savoy, 236 Michetti, Francesco Paolo, 380 Mariani ~ Pompeo, 377 Michis, Pietro, 377 Marie Adelaide, 218, 236 Miglio, Francesco, 113 Marie Louise, Archduchess, 6s, Milan, 9. 32, 43, 52, 60, 69, 81), 70, 101, 102, 149 160, 167, 179 ; levolt in. 163- Marie Louise of Bourbon, 232 16s, 183, 114. 18s, 187, 230, Marinovich at Arsenal, 166 241, 254, 260, 334. 345 and Mark's, St., horses, 42, 2[5 i '1Ote, 346, 350, 351• 362, 374. Piazza, 162, 166; Republic, 37S, 377 179; Standard, 193 Milanese, the, 1 ; under Austrian 1I1arochelti, Carlo, 358 • rule, 8 MaronceIli, 70. 9<1, 91- Milano, Agesilao, 239 Marradi, Giovanni,368 Milazzo, 276, 277 Marsala, 2740 275· , Milesi, Alessandro, 378 Marseilles, 107. III, 112, 130 Millesimo, fighting ai, 37 Marsili, Emilio, 378 Milli, Giannina, 368 Martini, Admira1, 166 Mincio, 51), 16s, 172, 1740 17S, Martini, Ferdinand(), 373 180, 181. 182, 1840 262, 263. Marzano, Marquis of San, 83 3040 306 • Mascagni, Pietro, 3112 Minghetti, 2g6, 301. 320 ... , INDEX
Minto, Lord, 144 N Miola, Camillo, 380 Modena, 16, 18, 19, 60, 70, 84, Naples, 8, 28, 30, 31, 32, 48, 53, 102, 148, 151, 169, 192, 230, 56,71, 78, 79, 81,82, 147, 151, 265, 267, 2¢; Duke of, 38, 154, 158, 171, 182, 190, 194, 102 202, 227, 228, 269, 277, 278, Modena, Gustavo, rr8, 372 279, 240, 282, 288, 296, 342, Molise, 336 note 345, and note, 347, 356, 370, Molmenti, Pompeo, 362 375 Monaci, Ernesto, 367 Naples and Sicily, kingdom of, Moncalieri, Proclamation of, 27; reunion of two crowns of, 220 by Ferdinand Bourbon, 72 Mondovl,37 and note Mont Cenis Tunnel, I, 319 Napoleon Bonaparte, 37,38,40, Montanara, 180, 182 42, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 60, Montanari, Count Cario, 231 61, 62, 65, 259; remarks on Montanelli, Giuseppe, 100, 192 Italy, 342, 347 Montebello, 259 Napoleon Prince Jlh·ome, 248, Montecitorio palace, 316 265,314 Montefeltro, Padre Agostino Da, Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III.), 383 204, 207, 242, 244, 246, 256, Montenotte, fighting at, 37 258, 259, 260, 262, 263. 264. Monterotondo, 312 265. 266. 267. 283. 29'1. 300, Montesquieu, quoted, 3 301. 303. 306. 309. 310r 312, Monte Velino, 347 313,314 Monteverde, Giulio, 375 Nardi of Modena, 123 Monte-Video, 187 Navona, Piazza, fountain of, 26 Montezemolo, 156 Nazzari, Councillor, 150 Monti, mason, 3II Neapolitan States, 27,75,279,282 Monti, Vincenzo, 26, 59, 350, Negri, Ada, 369 351 Negri, Gaetano, 364 Monza, 309, 351 Neipperg, Marshal, 70 Moradei, Arturo, 379 Nelson, 44, 46 Moravia, prisons of, 231 Nencioni, Enrico, 373 Morazzone,2ID Neo-Guelph party, 137 Morea, loss Ofl'I2 Neri, Pompeo, 20 Morelli, Domenico, 375, 380 Netti, Francesco, 380 Morelli, Giovanni, 374 . Niccolini, tragedian, rr9, 355 Morelli, sUb-lieutenant, 75,89 Nice, 1,37, 36,200,267, 278,294 Mora, Domenico, 122,123 Nicotera, Giovanni, 240 Morocco,369 Nietzsche's theory, 371 Moroni, Gaetano, 127 • Nievo, Ippolito, 274 Morasini, Smilio, 207 Nile, battle of the, 44 Mortara, 197, 198 Nitti, Francesco, 362 Morus,23 Nittis, Giuseppe De, 380. Mosso, Angelo, 382 Nola quarter. 75. 76, 89 Mosto, 274 Nona, Luigi, 3711 . Munari, Costantino, 91 ., .Nono, Urbano, 37S' Murat, Joachim, 57, 59,60, 62, Novara, 86, 197. 198, 200, 201, 72, 75 , 202, 213', 215, 216,' 219, 236, Muzzioli, Giovanm, 379 242,aSlj.~; railway, 260 . '!''''':- "off INDEX 399
Novati, Francesco, 367 Paris, 7, 32, 59, 61, 159, 233, 236, Novelli, Ermete, 372 256, 369; Congress of, 236, Novi,50 237,238, 240, 251, 252, 288 Nugent, General, 175, 176 Parma, 66, 70, 149, 169, 179, 192, 230, 232, 265, 267, 2¢, 346; Bourbon dynasty at, 18 ; ceded o to Fran·ce, 51; duchy of, 16, O'Donnell, 163 60, 65, 151 j Duke of, 38; Oglio, 184 Marie Louise leaves, 101 j re Oietti, Ugo, 374 instated in, 102 Oliva, Domenico, 366 Parthenoprean Republic, 45 Oporto, 201 Pascoli, Giovanni, 368 Orleans, Duke of, 98 Pasini, Alberto, 376 Orsi, Delfino, 366 Pasolani, Count, 134 Orsini, Felice, 242 Pasque Veronesi, 42 Osoppo, fortress of, 166, 181, Passalacqua, 200 187 Pastrengo, 175, 257 Ostrogoths, 346 Paul III., Pope, 16 Oudinot, Ge!leral, 206, 207 Pavia, 161, I¢, 345 j university of, 9 P Pecci, Cardinal Gioachino, 322 Peel, Sir Hobert, 2¢ Pacini, Giovanni, 357 Pellico, Silvio, 69,70, 90 j quoted, Padua, ·161, 166, H!I, 345 II8, 119, 353 Padula, 240 Pepe, General Florestano, 79 Pagano, Mario; 31, 46 Pepe, General Guglielmo, 76, 81, Pagliano, Eleuterio, 377 178, 179, 193,215 Pais, Ettore, 364 Pepin, 315 . Paisiello, 351 Perez, Francesco, 364 j arrest of, Palermo, 48, 58, 148, 202, 270, 152 275, 276, 345,3 47 ; revolutions Pergolesi, 33 . in, 79, 154, 157 Perosi, Lorenzo, 382 Palestro, 259 ·Perrone, 200 Palffy, 162, 166 Persano, Admiral, 277, 307,308, Palizzi, Filippo, 374, 375, 380 309 Pallavicini, house of, 8 Peruzzi, 202 • Pallavicini, Colonel, 300 Pesaro, Francesco, 14 Pallavicino, Giorgio, 90, 239, Peschiera, 167, 172, 173, 175, 180, 282 181 , Palmanova, 104, 166, 175, 181 Peter, St., basilica of, 336 j Piazza Palmerston, Lord, 296 of, 26 j successor of, 127 j Pantheon, 311 ·throne of, 134 . Pan7.acchi, Enrico, 368 Jlett·a, Giulio De, 364 Paoli, Pasquale, Corsican hero, Petrarca, 367 .,) .15 Petrella, Enrico, 357 Papal States, 53, 97, 101, 105, 138, Philip of Bourbon, Don, 16 j 159, 176, :lOS;. 206, 236, 274, death of, 18. 2114, 298, 3Il, 314 Piacenza, 169, 183, 238, 253, 259 ; Parilli, Giuseppe, 32,349; quoted, ceded to France, 51 j duke- 33 > .:" .. dom of, 16; 70 .. Parioli, Monte, 31: Piave, I76, 307 400 INDEX
Piazza Castello,' 241 Porpora.33 Pica, Vittorio, 374 Porta Pia, 314 Piccini, Giulio, 366 Porta San Paolo. 3II Piedmont, I, 6, 36, 48, 66, 83, 84, Porta Tosa, fighting at, 164 85, 88, 92, 93, III, 105, II3, Porta Vittoria, 164 129, 130, 132, ISS, 173, 179, Portugal, 200 18r, 18S, 193, ,194, 195, 196, Postiglione, Salvatore, 380 200, 201, 212, 215, 216, 218, Potenza. 277 . 219, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234, Praga, Emilio, 368 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 24S, Praga, Marco, 373 252, 254, 255, 256, 263, 265, Prague, 309 266, 26g, 277, 278, 286, 303, Prati, II9, 355 31S, 336 note, 344, 356, 376, Predari, 156 377 ; clergy in, number of, 4, Presburg. peace of, 52, 53 6 ; re-adion in, 69 ; revolution Procida, Giovanni Da, 152 in, 88 Prussia, 73, 79, 104,264, 2S3, 303. Piedmontese bourgoisie, 6 ; gov- 306, 309, 313 ; king of, 92, 286 ernment, 68 Puccini, Giacomo, 3S2 Pier, Luigi, 16 Pugliese-Levi, Clemente, 376 Pignatelli, General, 44 Pigorini, Luigi, 364. Q Pilo, Rosalino, 270 Pio-Clementino, Museo, 26 Quadrelli, Emilio, 378 Pisa, 320, 345; university of, 20, Quadrilateral, 166, 167, 172, 263, ISo, 367 ; science ·congresses 264,296,304 inaugurated at, 120 Quadrilateral fortresses, 175 Pisacane, Carlo, .240 Quadrone, Giovan Battista, 376 Pisani, Carlo, 365 Quarto, village of, 271 Pisani, Giorgio, imprisoned, 12 Querini, Angelo, imprisoned, 12 Pittara, Carlo, 376 Quirinal, 158, 191, 316 Pius VL, Pope, 26 Pius VII" 27, 53 note, 72, 60, 97 R Pius VIIL, 97, 100 Radetsky, 164, 166, 174, 175, ISO Pius IX" 134, 136, 137, 138, 142, lSI, IS3, ISS, 196, 197, 200 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 213, 215, 216, 258 ISO, ISS, li9, 172, 176, 177, Ragusa, Vincenzo, 3S1 191, 204, 230, 26g, 300, 314, Rajna, Pio, 367 321,322 Ramorino, Colonel, Il3, 196, 197 Pizzo, 62 Ranalli, Ferdinando, 362 Plombieres, 244, 267 Rapisardi, Mario, 368 Po, 101, 174, 179, IS3, 1<)6, 208, Ras Alula, 326 212,253.259,301 ,304,309 Ras Mangascia, 330 Podesti, Francesco, 3So • Rasoni, Giovanni, 6g Poerio, Alessandro, 193. 355 Rattazzi, 2<)6, 300, 310, 312, 320 Poerio, Carlo, 202, 22k29 Ravenna, 38, 346 Poerio, Giuseppe, S2 Recanati, 352 Poland, 195, 197 Reggio, 19, 40, S4. 70, 99, 147, Poma, Carlo, 231 16g . Pompeii,2S Reggio Di Calabria, 278, 345 Ponchielli, Amilcare, 382 note Pontine marshes, 26 Reinier, 163, 2.IS INDEX 401
Renier, Rodolfo, 367 Rotla, Silvio, 378 Renzis, Baron Francesco Dc, Rouher, 313 373 Rovetta, Gerolamo, 371 Rhine,43 Rubattino company, 271,326 Ric<1soli, BeUino, 140, 15il, 202, Rubiera, CasUe of, 91 265, 266, 2<)6 Rucillai, Giulio, 20 Ricci brothers, 357 I{udinl, Marquis Di, 328, 333 Ricci, Corrado, 374- Ruffini, Giovanni, % 113, 353 Ricci, Scipione, bishop of Pistoia, Ruffini, Jacopo, 112, 113 20 Ruffo, C'lrdinal, 46 Riciotti, Nicola, 123 Ruggero, Ettore De, 36.J. Ricotti, Ercole, 156, 356 Russell, Lord, 229, 2<)6; leiter Rieti, Austrians at, 81, 8.J. of, quoted, 282-283 Rimini, battle of, 103; episode Russia, 45, 73, 79, IO.J., 256, 283, of, 127 . 286 ; Czar of, 92 Rinaudo, Costanzo, 362 Rutelli, Mario, 381 Rini,88 Ristolfi, Leonardo, 377 Ristori, Adelaide, 372 s Rivalta, Augusto, 379 Sadowa, 306 Rivarola, Cardinal, 97 Saffi,204 Rivoli, 41, 183 Saint-Bon, 3-1-2 Robert of Parma, 232, 265 ,wic Salasco, General Di, 173 Rocca, General Morozzo Della, Salemi,275 366 Salerno, 96, 2.J.O, 3.J.5 tw/e Rocco of Lugo, 123 Salvagnoli, Vincenzo, qo Romagna, 41, 48, 5-1-, 100, 103, Salvini, Tommaso, 372 122, 265, 266, 267, 269, 279, San Carlo, theatre of, 28 3.J.6 San Fermo, 260 Romagnoli, Giuseppe, 379 San Marino republic, 208 Romagnosi, 69, 70 San Martino, 262, 26<) Rome, 10, 20, 23, 2.J.. 26, 44t ISS, San Stefano, 152 158, 171, 176, 203, 2O.J., 206, Sandis, Francesco De, 367 207, 210, 211, 22-1-, 278, 286, Sant' Alberto, 212 287, 288, 289, 29-1-, 297, 298, Santa Lucia, 175, 'l80, 257 300, 301, 310, 311, 313, 315, Santa Maria, 32.J. 321, 336, 338, 345 and "01<", Santarosa, Pietro Derossi Di, 3.J.7, 356, 380, 381 , 383 156, 157 Romeo, Domenico, q7 Santarosa, Santorre Di, 86, 88 ; RomiIIi, Count, 150 son of, 201 Ronconi, 94, 95 S)lntena, 295 Rosa, Ercole, 380 Santoro, Rubens, 380 Roselli, 207 Sapri, 240, 270 Rosmini, Antonio, 355, 356 Saracco, Giuseppe, 340 Rossaroll, Cesare, 214 Sardinia,2 and 'IO/C, 4, 252,231, Rossetti, Gabriele, II9, 355; 238, 28.J.. 336 "ole, 347 quoted, 78, 80 Sarnico, 300 Rossi, Ernesto, 3i2 Sarti, Diego, 379 Rossi, Giovan Battisb De, 36.J. Sartorio, Aristide, 380 Rossi, Pellegrino,· 136, 191 Savona, 110 Rossini, U9,357 and llOle, 358 Savonarola, 360 402' INDEX
Savoy, 4, 37, 36, 65, II3, 196, Simplon, 318 note 267 j crown of, 215 Sineo, Riccardo, 156 Savoy dynasty, I, 168, 220, 283 Sirtori, 214, 274 Savoy expedition, II3, II4, Solferino, 262, 269 Savoy, House of, 2 and 1I0/e, Somali peninsula, 327 190, 218, 220, 223, 243,' 267, Sommacampagna, 257 295 - Soudan, 326 Savoy monarchy, 264 South America, 186, 369 Savoy rulers, 66 Spain, 16, 27, 28, 31, 88, 93, 201, Scala, La, Confalonieri at, 90 204,347,369 Scala, La, theatre of, 9 Spallanzani, naturalist, 9 Scadoglio, Edoardo, 366, 370 Spaventa, Silvio, 202 Scarsellini, Angelo, 23 I Speraz, Beatrice, 370 1I0ic Schamyl, 143 , Speri, Tito, 231 Scherillo, Michele, 367 Spezia, 242, 342 j gulf of, 300 Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 382 Spielberg, fortress of, 90 Scialoia, Antonio, 202 I Stecchetti, Lorenzo,' 36!! Sciesa,230 Stefani, Vincenzo De, 378 Sclopis, Federico, 168 Sterbino, Gulf of, 212 Scott, Sir Waller, 352 Stoppani, Antonio; 383 Sciuli, Giuseppe, 381 Stradella, college of, 320 Sedan, 314 Stratta, Carlo, 377 Segantini, Giovanni, 378 Superga, 201 no/c, 295 Sella, Quintino, 319 Suvaroff, 45 Selvatico, Riccardo, 378 Switzerland, 130, 187, 210, 2R4 Senafeh; 330 350 Serao, Matilde, 370 Syracuse, u6 Serbelloni, house of, 8 Serristori barracks, 3II T Sesia, I, 197,258 Settimo, Ruggero, 154 Tabacchi, Odoardo, 377 Settembrini, Luigi, 202, 366 j Tabarrini, Marco, 364 quoted, 146 Tagliamento, 41, 187 Sforza regime, 8 ,Tanaro, 259 Sforzesca, 19'1' • Tanucci, Bernardo, 27. 28, 30 Shoa,327 ' taormina, 202 Siccardi, Count, Tiber, 101,301, 3II Tiirr, 274 Ticino, I, 7, 85, 86, 129, 167, 185, Tuscany, 19, 22, 51, 53, 71, 12 7, 196, 197, 2.p, 258, 259, 260, 138, 144, lSI, ISS, 202, 265, 374- 266,- 296, 312, 318, 336 'IOIe, Tigre, 330, 333 347, 356, 359, 373, 374 TilIot, Guillaume Du, 18, 30 Tyrol, 38,40, 174, 182,304 Tito, Ettore, 3]8 Tyrrhenian -Sea, I, 2]2 Tognetti,3II Tolentino, treaty of, 41 U Toma, Giovacchino, 386 IJdine, 176 j capitulation of, 166 Tommaseo, II9, lSI, 161, 162, Ugoni, Filippo, 69 2I5, 355 Umberto, Count of Salemi, 338 Tommasi, Adolfo, 379 Umbria, 41, 100, 265, 269, 278, Tommasi, Angelo, 379 279, 336 tuile • Tommasini, Oreste, 362 United States, 284 Tonelli,90 Ussi, Stefano, 379 Torelli, Achille, 373 Torraca, Francesco, 367 Utopias, 23 Torre, prison of the, 113 Utrecht, peace of, 2 note Torriani, Maria, 370 note Toselli, Major, 330 v Tosti, Luigi, 361 Valence, 44 note Toulon, 312 Vannucci, II9, 140,356 TOUf, Count De La, 130. 132 Vannutelli, Scipione, 380 TOUf, General De La, 86 Varese, 260, 31l, 324 Trastevere quarter, 3 II Varignano,300 Traversi Brothers, 373 Vassallo, Luigi Arnaldo, 366 Tre Porti, 213 Vasto, 78 Trent, 40, 307 Vatican, 3J5, 336 Trentacoste, Domenico, 381 Vela, Vincenzo, 375 Trentino, 260, 307, 323, 324 Velletri,207 Treves, Virginia, 370 note Venaissin,4I Trevi, fountain of, 26 Venerucci of ForB, 123 Treviso,. 166, 181 Venetia, II, 41, 43, 48, 54, 65, Triepoli, painting of, IS 'I. 161, 169, 179, I~, I9-lo 196, Trieste, 254 230, 241, 267, 303, 30 7, 309, Trinacria, 27'11 336 lIote, 356 . Trivulzio, house of, 8 Venice, II, 12, 13, 14, 65, 104, Trocadero,93,I06 "iSO, lSI, 161, 162, 165,166,179, Troubetzkoy, 378 181, 182, 192, 193, 194, 208, Troya, II9, 357 ,12, 2Q,2I4, 215, 231, 24J, Tunis, 240, 323 . 254, 29'1, 298, 306, 3.p, 346, Turin, 3, 61, 66,' 84, 142, 143, 362,378 IS7, 197, 198, 201 note, 216, Ventura, 137 218, 224, 239, 241, 246, 248, Venturi, Adolfo, 374 258, 266, 279, 284, 286, !.!~8, Vercelli, 259 294, 295, 301, 302, 345 and Verdi, 120,381-382 . lIoie, 346, 375 Verga, Giovanni, 370 Turin Exhibition, 335 Verona, 40, 41,42, 166, 167, I72~ Turkey, 24 175, 176, 180 j Congress 01, Turlelti, 377 92 ,93 INDEX Verri, Alessandro, 9, 26 Vochieri, Andrea, Il3 Verri, count Pietro, 26 Volta, Alessandro, physician 9 Versailles, court of, 3; splen" Vollurno, 278, 280 dours of, 28 Vcrtunni, Achille, 38(], Vesuvius, 28 W Viareggio, 22 Wagram, 61 Vicenza, 176, 18r, 182 Warsaw, 286 Vicini, Luigi, see Da Montefeltro Waterloo, 62 ; baltle of, 6r Victor Amadeus, 11.,2 tzote, 31 ' Walewski,236,238 Victor Amadeus, 111., 4, 7, 37 Wellington, veterans of, 6r Victor Emmanuel 1.,60,83, II6 ; William, King (of Prussia), 303 abdicates, 84 ; returns to Pic PRINTED BV MORRISON A~D OU~B U)IJTEP, F.DI}fBt'ROR . .