DOCSLIB.ORG

Acculturation and Consumer Behaviour: a Study of British Indians Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acculturation and Consumer Behaviour: a Study of British Indians Thesis Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Acculturation and consumer behaviour: a study of British Indians Thesis How to cite: Vijaygopal, Rohini (2010). Acculturation and consumer behaviour: a study of British Indians. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2010 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Redacted Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000cc89 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk The Open University Acculturation and Consumer Behaviour: A Study of British Indians By Rohini Vijaygopal Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Masters in Marketing Management Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of The Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Marketing and Strategy Research Unit, The Open University Business School The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA September 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES XII LIST OF CHARTS XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV ABSTRACT XVI CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Research rationale 1 1.2 The concept of acculturation 6 1.3 Acculturation and consumer behaviour 8 1.4 The relevance of demographics in acculturation 10 1.5 Scope of the research 10 1.6 Research objectives and implementation 14 1.7 Contributions of the research 19 1.8 Structure of the thesis 21 1.9 Summary 23 CHAPTER 2: Acculturation and Consumer Behaviour 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Acculturation 25 2.2.1 Models of acculturation 26 2.2.2 Studies on acculturation 31 II 2.2.3 Frameworks of acculturation 34 2.2.4 Consumer acculturation 42 2.3 Consumer behaviour in the context of acculturation 56 2.3.1 External influences: Culture and reference groups 59 2.3.2 Brand preference 63 2.3.2.1 Brands, brand equity and brand image 63 2.3.2.2 Self-image and brand preference 65 2.3.2.3 Consumer behaviour and brand preference 65 2.4 Demographic Factors 66 2.4.1 Influence of demographic factors on consumer behaviour 67 2.4.2 Relationship of demographic factors with acculturation 68 2.5 Summary 79 CHAPTER 3: Research Framework and Hypotheses 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 History of acculturation studies and laying the research foundations 81 3.3 Biculturalism and situational ethnicity 85 3.4 The role of ethnicity in the field of marketing in the UK 88 3.4.1 British Indians 89 3.4.2 Defining 'British Indians' 91 3.4.3 British Indians and the concept of individualism-collectivism 91 3.5 Proposed model for the research 94 3.5.1 Acculturation categories 95 3.5.2 Adapting Berry's framework for use in this research 97 3.5.2.1 Attitudinal dimension of acculturation 98 3.5.2.2 Behavioural dimension of acculturation 99 III 3.5.2.3 Berry's categories in tenns of dimensions of acculturation 99 3.5.2.4 The 'marginalisation' category of Berry's (1980) framework 100 3.5.3 Scale for measuring acculturation categories 104 3.5.4 Acculturation categories and brand preference 109 3.5.5 Demographic factors and acculturation 113 3.5.6 Full model of the research framework with hypotheses 117 3.6 Summary 121 CHAPTER 4: Research Methodology 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Philosophy of research design 125 4.2.1 The two paradigms in social science 127 4.2.2 Positivism 128 4.2.3 Combining qualitative and quantitative methods 130 4.3 Research Design 131 4.4 Preliminary questionnaire development 134 4.4.1 Section 1: Measuring the acculturation category of respondents 134 4.4.2 Section 2: Respondents' brand preference 137 4.4.3 Section 3: Demographics of the respondents 139 4.5 Focus groups and dyads 139 4.5.1 Designing the focus group and dyad compositions 141 4.5.2 Recruitment for the focus groups 142 4.5.3 Focus group discussion guide 142 4.5.4 Moderation of the focus groups 144 4.6 Questionnaire development based on focus group analysis 145 4.6.1 Developing Section 1 of the questionnaire-CLSI 146 IV 4.6.2 Developing Section 2 of the questionnaire-Brand preference 147 4.6.3 Developing Section 3 of the questionnaire-Demographics 152 4.6.4 Other discussions in the focus groups 152 4.7 Questionnaire pretesting 155 4.8 Survey 156 4.8.1 Survey method: Paper versus online format 156 4.8.2 Identifying British Indians for the research 157 4.8.3 Sampling procedure 159 4.8.4 Data collection 162 4.8.4.1 Pilot surveys 163 4.8.4.2 Minimum required sample size 165 4.8.4.3 Main survey 168 4.9 Ethics approval 169 4.10 Reliability and validity 170 4.1 0 .1 Reliability 171 4.1 0.2 Validity 172 4.11 Research bias 174 4.11.1 Sample design errors 175 4.11.2 Measurement design errors 176 4.11.3 Hospitality error 178 4.12 Analytical methodology 179 4.12.1 Hypotheses 180 4.12.2 Parametric or non-parametric tests 182 4.12.3 Statistical tests used in this research 183 4.12.3.1 Cluster analysis 183 v 4.12.3.2 One-way ANOVA 186 4.12.3.3 Correlation and chi-square tests 188 4.12.3.4 Two-way ANOVA 189 4.12.3.5 Significance level 190 4.12.3.6 Decision rule for hypothesis testing 191 4.12.3.7 SPSS 191 4.13 Summary 192 CHAPTER 5: Data Analysis 5.1 Introduction 194 5.2 Preliminary examination of the data 196 5.2.1 Preparing the data for the main analysis 197 5.2.1.1 Cleaning the data 197 5.2.1.2 Missing data 198 5.2.1.3 Outliers 201 5.2.1.4 Normality 202 5.2.2 Measuring the acculturation categories 202 5.3 Description of the sample 203 5.4 Cluster Analysis 208 5.5 Statistical tests to compare groups 216 5.5.1 One-Way ANOVA 217 5.5.2 Kruskal-Wallis test 224 5.6 CHAID Analysis 227 5.7 Acculturation categories and brand preference 234 5.7.1 Acculturation categories and brand preference- detailed analyses 234 \,1 5.7.2 Analysis of decision-maker questions 142 5.8 Tests for the relationship between demographics and acculturation categories 244 5.9 Tests for demographics as moderators of the relationship between acculturation categories and brand preference 254 5.10 Profiles of the three acculturation categories 257 5.11 Summary 260 CHAPTER 6: Discussion 6.1 Introduction 264 6.2 Categories of acculturation in the British Indian population 265 6.3 Acculturation categories and brand preference 270 6.4 Acculturation and brand preference-by various products and services 281 6.5 Relationship between demographic factors and acculturation 285 6.6 Profiles of acculturation categories 294 6.6.1 Separated British Indians 294 6.6.2 Integrated British Indians 295 6.6.3 Assimilated British Indians 296 6.7 Summary 296 CHAPTER 7: Conclusions 7.1 Introduction 300 7.2 Summary of research findings 301 7.3 Research contributions 304 7.3.1 Academic contributions 305 VII 7.3.2 Contributions to practice 310 7.4 Research limitations 315 7.5 Future research 319 7.6 Summary 323 REFERENCES 324 APPENDIX I 369 APPENDIX II 383 APPENDIX III 398 APPENDIX IV 404 VIII LIST OF TABLES Page 2.1 Studies on acculturation 31 2.2 Berry's acculturation categories 35 2.3 Studies of consumer acculturation 46 3.1 Individualism and collectivism: A comparison 92 3.2 Berry's categories in terms of dimensions of acculturation 100 3.3 Berry's acculturation categories and Mendoza's acculturation patterns 107 3.4 Studies on demographic variables and acculturation 114 3.5 Summary of hypotheses to be tested later in this research 120 4.1 Overview of research methodology 124 4.2 Ontologies and epistemologies in social science 126 4.3 Elements of methodology for social science epistemologies 127 4.4 The CLSI questions 136 4.5 The response options in the CLSI questionnaire 136 4.6 Summary of focus groups and dyads composition 141 4.7 Focus group discussion guide 143 4.8 Summary of brands presented and participants' responses 147 4.9 Final list of brands 150 4.10 Brand classification based on attitude towards the brands 152 4.11 Structure of the questionnaire 153 4.12 Overview of Phase II of research: Large-scale survey 154 4.13 The first pilot survey and the responses 163 4.14 The second pilot survey and the responses 164 4.15 Responses to the main survey and total responses 168 IX 4.16 Summary of response rates across the pilot and main surveys 168 4.17 Respondents' comment analysis 179 4.18 Hypothesis and other parts of a research study 180 4.19 Null hypotheses 181 4.20 Parametric and non-parametric tests 183 4.21 Type I and Type II errors 190 5.1 Distribution of respondents across acculturation categories 203 5.2 Demographic information 204 5.3 'Are you the person who typically is the decision maker for ... ?' 207 5.4 Hierarchical cluster solution 209 5.5 Cluster size from K-Means clustering method 210 5.6 Overall mean values for the clusters 212 5.7 Results of the One-Way AN OVA test 214 5.8 Descriptives for the One-Way ANOVA results 217 5.9 Effect size and percentage overlap between acculturation categories 218 5.10 One-Way ANOVA test results 220 5.11 Post Hoc Tukey HSD test results for multiple comparisons 222 5.12 Percentage brand preference across acculturation categories 222 5.13 Kruskal-Wallis test 224 5 .14 Mann-Whitney U test: Separation and Assimilation categories 225 5.15 Summary of the results from the Mann-Whitney U test 226 5.16 Classification of brands based on attitudes towards brands 235 5.17 Classification of brands based on types of products and services 235 5.18 Brand preference and acculturation categories-in depth analysis 237 x 5.19 Decision maker versus non-decision maker: Results of the Independent Samples
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Us Constitution As Icon
    EPSTEIN FINAL2.3.2016 (DO NOT DELETE) 2/3/2016 12:04 PM THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AS ICON: RE-IMAGINING THE SACRED SECULAR IN THE AGE OF USER-CONTROLLED MEDIA Michael M. Epstein* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….. 1 II. CULTURAL ICONS AND THE SACRED SECULAR…………………..... 3 III. THE CAREFULLY ENHANCED CONSTITUTION ON BROADCAST TELEVISION………………………………………………………… 7 IV. THE ICON ON THE INTERNET: UNFILTERED AND RE-IMAGINED….. 14 V. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….... 25 I. INTRODUCTION Bugs Bunny pretends to be a professor in a vaudeville routine that sings the praises of the United States Constitution.1 Star Trek’s Captain Kirk recites the American Constitution’s Preamble to an assembly of primitive “Yankees” on a far-away planet.2 A groovy Schoolhouse Rock song joyfully tells a story about how the Constitution helped a “brand-new” nation.3 In the * Professor of Law, Southwestern Law School. J.D. Columbia; Ph.D. Michigan (American Culture). Supervising Editor, Journal of International Media and Entertainment Law, and Director, Amicus Project at Southwestern Law School. My thanks to my colleague Michael Frost for reviewing some of this material in progress; and to my past and current student researchers, Melissa Swayze, Nazgole Hashemi, and Melissa Agnetti. 1. Looney Tunes: The U.S. Constitution P.S.A. (Warner Bros. Inc. 1986), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5zumFJx950. 2. Star Trek: The Omega Glory (NBC television broadcast Mar. 1, 1968), http://bewiseandknow.com/star-trek-the-omega-glory. 3. Schoolhouse Rock!: The Preamble (ABC television broadcast Nov. 1, 1975), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHp7sMqPL0g. 1 EPSTEIN FINAL2.3.2016 (DO NOT DELETE) 2/3/2016 12:04 PM 2 SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW [Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA As a Super-Icon and Advertising Image
    DNA as a Super-icon and Advertising Image: How Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests Contribute to Gene Fetishism Angelica Hay Master’s Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters in Visual Critical Studies Kendall College of Art and Design, Ferris State University Abstract Images and representations of DNA and genetic information have become some of the most widely recognized and well-established scientific images in the twenty-first century. This thesis explores the meanings that have become associated with DNA and the gene by using Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic model to analyze images from Time magazine covers spanning the last 50 years, using Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic model. An examination of DNA as a rhetorical object and cultural icon provides context to understand how Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) tests such as 23andMe's ancestry and health tests have become so popular and profitable. Due to the contemporary relevance of at-home genetic testing, the larger part of this thesis will examine the following two groups of images from 23andMe's website: the images on ancestry test results and the marketing images for their genetic health test. To ascertain how these images have reinforced the gene's cultural meaning in the last decade, I will analyze a second group of images from 23andMe's ancestry test results using Roland Barthes's “Myth Today” as a model for discussing images in the context of myth. I argue that the popularity of genetic ancestry tests reflects a cultural desire for understanding identity, and that visualizations of DNA and the gene have taken part in shaping contemporary American cultural identity by appealing to a sort of “genetic essentialism.” A critical examination of the third group of images marketing 23andMe's health test using Michel Foucault's notions of biopower and biopolitics, as outlined in The History of Sexuality, also introduces current ethical questions regarding the new and rapidly growing market of DTC genetic tests.
    [Show full text]
  • LITR) 1 Comparative Literature (LITR)
    Comparative Literature (LITR) 1 Comparative Literature (LITR) * LITR 022a, Music and Literature Candace Skorupa This seminar explores the rivalry between music and literature, the attraction and repulsion between these two art forms, and the dialogue between writers and composers. In select fiction and poetry spanning a variety of cultures and times, we look at the aesthetic challenges of conveying music in words; in select music from the same periods, we study the use of literary themes and narrative. How does music inhabit literature, and literature influence music? We read fiction describing music and borrowing musical forms; we study symphonies and opera inspired by literature; we look at films that bring together these two arts. Students examine theoretical approaches and learn comparative methods useful for literature and culture courses. Though not required, musical experience and/or interest is welcomed for the seminar, which may be taken simultaneously with gateway courses in the humanities. Enrollment limited to first-year students. Preregistration required; see under First-Year Seminar Program. WR, HU * LITR 026a, The Literature of Sports Robyn Creswell Writers on sport examine ideas of beauty and human divinity; virtuosic performance; group identity; questions of race, class, and gender; global realities of migration; and the ubiquity of spectacle. Topics include origins and essence of play; and case studies in the literature of sports, including the Olympic games of classical Greece, bull fighting, Muhammad Ali, cricket and colonialism, and the globalization of soccer. Readings by Pindar, Hemingway, Huizinga, CLR James, Mailer, Delillo, Foster-Wallace, and Ben Fountain. Enrollment limited to first-year students. Preregistration required; see under First-Year Seminar Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Threats in Culturally Mixed Encounters Hamper Creative Performance for Individuals with Lower Openness to Experience Xia CHEN Sichuan University
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Research Collection School of Social Sciences School of Social Sciences 11-2016 Cultural threats in culturally mixed encounters hamper creative performance for individuals with lower openness to experience Xia CHEN Sichuan University Angela K. Y. LEUNG Singapore Management University, [email protected] Daniel Y. J. YANG Yale University Chi-yue CHIU Chinese University of Hong Kong Zhong-quan LI Nanjing University See next page for additional authors DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116641513 Follow this and additional works at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research Part of the Multicultural Psychology Commons Citation CHEN, Xia, LEUNG, Angela K. Y., YANG, Daniel Y. J., CHIU, Chi-yue, LI, Zhong-quan, & CHENG, Shirley Y. Y..(2016). Cultural threats in culturally mixed encounters hamper creative performance for individuals with lower openness to experience. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(10), 1321-1334. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2042 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Social Sciences at Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Collection School of Social Sciences by an authorized administrator of Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University. For more information, please email [email protected]. Author Xia CHEN, Angela K. Y. LEUNG, Daniel Y. J. YANG, Chi-yue CHIU, Zhong-quan LI, and Shirley Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons
    12 HERITAGE AND MEMORY STUDIES Van Boven & Winkler Boven Van (eds) The Construction and Dynamics Icons of Cultural Edited by Erica van Boven and Marieke Winkler The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons Heritage and Memory Studies This ground-breaking series examines the dynamics of heritage and memory from a transnational, interdisciplinary and integrated approach. Monographs or edited volumes critically interrogate the politics of heritage and dynamics of memory, as well as the theoretical implications of landscapes and mass violence, nationalism and ethnicity, heritage preservation and conservation, archaeology and (dark) tourism, diaspora and postcolonial memory, the power of aesthetics and the art of absence and forgetting, mourning and performative re-enactments in the present. Series Editors Ihab Saloul and Rob van der Laarse, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Patrizia Violi, University of Bologna, Italy Britt Baillie, Cambridge University, UK Michael Rothberg, University of Illinois, USA Marianne Hirsch, Columbia University, USA Frank van Vree, NIOD and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons Edited by Erica van Boven and Marieke Winkler Amsterdam University Press Editorial board: Eddo Evink, Frank Inklaar and Frauke Laarmann-Westdijk Copy editor: Adam Frick/Frick Language Group Cover illustration: Image from Looking for Lenin (2017) by Niels Ackermann and Sébastien Gobert Published by Fuel Publishing Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 822 5 e-isbn 978 90 4855 083 8 (e-pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463728225 nur 649 © The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Cultural Icons How to Create an Iconic Brand
    Lessons from Cultural Icons How to Create an Iconic Brand ©2002 Harvest Communications LLC Harvest Communications LLC Lessons from Cultural Icons Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction 01 Case Studies of Cultural Icons 02 The Grunge Movement 02 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 03 Cultural Icon Evolution 04 The Difference Between Icons and Brands 05 How to Create Iconic Brands 06 What’s Your BrandPathTM 06 What’s Your BrandBeliefTM?08 What’s Your BrandMemoryTM?11 The Icon – the Ultimate Benchmark 14 Lessons from Cultural Icons 15 Contact Us 16 Sources 17 ©2002 Harvest Communications LLC Harvest Communications LLC Lessons from Cultural Icons Introduction Page 01 Introduction Brands are Cultural Instruments For better or for worse, we live in a branded world. We are at a time in history when brands go beyond being business platforms to becoming symbols of our times. Brands like McDonald’s, Sony and Budweiser often reflect the changing values of our society. Brands are more than just advertising, they are part of our culture. Andy Warhol & Campbell’s® Soup. Norman Rockwell and Coca-Cola®. Today’s Consumers are Brand Weary Inundated with marketing messages, today’s consumers are brand weary. Everywhere they go, they are confronted with brand imagery. They are astute marketers by necessity, understanding that brands are clearly marketing efforts. Add the Internet to the marketing mix and you find ‘brand-creep’ in every email box from New York to Nova Scotia. While there are more eyeballs, it’s harder to break through and get people to connect to a brand.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Coca Cola As American Multicultural Icon in the TV Advertisement America Is Beautiful
    Benita Amalina — Representation of Coca Cola as American Multicultural Icon in the TV Advertisement America is Beautiful REPRESENTATION OF COCA COLA AS AMERICAN MULTICULTURAL ICON IN THE TV ADVERTISEMENT AMERICA IS BEAUTIFUL Benita Amalina [email protected] Abstract On February 2, 2014, Coca Cola released a new television advertisement titled “America is Beautiful” during Super Bowl event. The advertisement shows American multicultural families having a good time together. What makes this advertisement different from the previous ones, is the usage of a patriotic song America is Beautiful as the musical background. This research examines how Coca Cola as a brand represents the multicultural America through this advertisement. The result shows that it is affected by the historical values and the fact that the CEO of Coca Cola blatantly advertise multicultural America by encouraging and supporting the immigrants. Keywords: Advertisement, popular culture, multiculturalism, immigrants INTRODUCTION Coca-Cola, as the biggest beverage company in the world from United States, has also been Advertisement is one of the priority marketing optimizing the use of advertisements to promote strategy to promote certain products, as it has its product. With a handful of professionals in been an effective commodity to reach out to new their marketing team, Coca-Cola made a consumers. In United States, the emergence of significant change within their advertisement advertisement started out in the eighteenth with not only promoting its product, but also century when the American people were still delivering ‘implied’ message. Coca-Cola has dependent to British consumer products— been the most popular icon of soda beverages, porcelain, furniture, musical instruments—in and it has been producing numerous campaigns which it usually showed persuasive appeals within their marketing strategy with ‘catchy’ accompanied with dry descriptions on a paper.1 slogans, including ‘America’s Real Choice’, After they gained independence and the ‘Open Happiness’, or ‘Life Begins Here’.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Flows in the Digital and Beyond: the Potency of a Symbol in Mainland China
    Cultural Flows in the Digital and Beyond: The Potency of a Symbol in Mainland China Justine Poplin A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) College of Arts and Education Creative Arts Victoria University Melbourne Australia Supervisor: Dr Sue Dodd Associate Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr Tom Clark 2017 Abstract In the twenty-first century, access to a fragmented global culture through online portals has created what Bauman (2011) calls a ‘liquid culture’. As screen-mediated ways of being grow and propagate through our art galleries, museums and online social media feeds, how are we to read this emergent visual grammar so that we can motivate, move or elevate our ways of knowing? This thesis explores the symbolism created in mainland China in 2009 through an emergent and retained set of subversive symbols: the Grass Mud Horse lexicon in Chinese visual culture and beyond. To date, theorists have focused predominantly on internet memes, independent of other multimodal forms generated and transitioned from symbolic online internet memes to offline symbolic use in art and design. I investigate ways of deciphering and articulating these visual gestures through accessing cultural keys. I claim that the new symbolism generated as a result of internet censorship in mainland China demonstrates a generational and ideological shift; it does so through the creation and propagation of new visual grammar in twenty-first century China. To scaffold my claims, I explore an overview of historical changes in the visual articulation of Chinese culture. The use of Mao Zedong as a symbol in art and design clearly illustrates a shift from veneration to subversion.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Input in Making Poets Cultural Icons*
    World Literature Studies 4 . vol. 8 . 2016 (47 – 63) ŠTÚDIE / ARTICLES Political input in making poets cultural icons* JÁN GAVURA In July 2007, the Polish Parliament declared 2008 the Year of Zbigniew Herbert,1 commemorating the tenth anniversary of his death in 1998. Four years later, the same political body declared 2011 the Year of Czesław Miłosz,2 commemorating the centen nial of the poet’s birth. In contrast, in 1984 the Slovak Ministry of Culture and the Communist Party of Slovakia did not formally devote a year to Laco Novomeský,3 yet a series of conferences, monographs, the production of a fictionalized biopic, and the inauguration of a museum in the town where the poet had spent his youth cer- tainly created a similar aura. These three literary personalities, each well known in their homelands and abroad, achieved an iconic cultural status that is, paradoxically, not only the result of mere artistic achievement but was also, in part, the result of political motivation. This article examines the cases of poets who, in the course of time, became cul- tural icons in East-Central Europe in the late twentieth and early twenty-first cen- turies. While this paper’s primary examples are drawn from a handful of Polish and Slovak writers, these cases are supplemented with those of other poets to provide more examples of how complex the creation of cultural icons is, especially when considered from three frameworks: cultural semiotics, national literatures, and transculturality. The choice of two neighboring literatures is made to compare the situation in a larger language area (Polish) with the smaller language community of Slovak literature to broaden the research area and reveal, on the one hand, the common history of Eastern Bloc countries and, on the other, the distinctive differ- ences that every nation and individual author possess.
    [Show full text]
  • The Horse As Cultural Icon: the Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World
    INTRODUCTION THE HORSE AS CULTURAL ICON: THE REAL AND THE SYMBOLIC HORSE IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD Peter Edwards and Elspeth Graham In the modern developed world, the appearance of horses in a peace- ful public space (police horses in a town centre, say, or horses with their riders on a hack, stopping for refreshment at a food and drink outlet) typically draws a small crowd. Children approach diffidently to touch and stroke the horses, adults stand back, looking. Horses are unexpected visitors in contemporary everyday life: not quite exotic, but not familiar either. This estrangement between humans and horses has occurred abruptly and relatively recently. From antiquity until the 1930s, horses were fully present in the day-to-day world, a situation that only a small and rapidly dwindling cohort of elderly people can now recall. More than this, horses were not just a part of human life in the past, they were crucial to the development of modern societies and nations. But, despite the importance of horses, cultural studies scholars, literary critics and historians of all kinds have paid very little attention to their lives, roles and meanings. A continuing process of urbanisation since the industrial revolution, a general acceleration of technological change and, in particular, the rapid post-Second World War expansion of motor transport, may account for the virtual oblit- eration of knowledge of an older horse-powered society among the populace as a whole. It does not explain, however, the scant scholarly attention paid to the significance of horses. Paradoxically, it is, in part, the taken-for-granted centrality of horses to human lives in the past that has rendered them almost invisible to history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of the Diaphragm in Twentieth-Century America Lea Eisenstein University of Pennsylvania
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Penn Humanities Forum Undergraduate Research Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2018-2019: Stuff Fellows 5-2019 From Icon to Bygone: The Rise and Fall of the Diaphragm in Twentieth-Century America Lea Eisenstein University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2019 Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Eisenstein, Lea, "From Icon to Bygone: The Rise and Fall of the Diaphragm in Twentieth-Century America" (2019). Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2018-2019: Stuff. 5. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2019/5 This paper was part of the 2018-2019 Penn Humanities Forum on Stuff. Find out more at http://wolfhumanities.upenn.edu/annual-topics/stuff. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2019/5 For more information, please contact [email protected]. From Icon to Bygone: The Rise and Fall of the Diaphragm in Twentieth- Century America Disciplines Arts and Humanities Comments This paper was part of the 2018-2019 Penn Humanities Forum on Stuff. Find out more at http://wolfhumanities.upenn.edu/annual-topics/stuff. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2019/5 From Icon to Bygone: The Rise and Fall of the Diaphragm in Twentieth-Century America Lea Eisenstein 2018–2019 Wolf Humanities Center Undergraduate Research Fellow University of Pennsylvania Senior Honors Thesis in Health and Societies Advised by Professor Beth Linker and Professor Meghan Crnic Spring 2019 Table
    [Show full text]
  • The Persistence of Marilyn Monroe As a Cultural Icon
    FFC 4 (2+3) pp. 121–143 Intellect Limited 2015 Film, Fashion & Consumption Volume 4 Numbers 2 & 3 © 2015 Intellect Ltd Editorial. English language. doi: 10.1386/ffc.4.2-3.121_2 EDITORIAL LUCY BOLTON Queen Mary University of London #Marilyneveryday: The persistence of Marilyn Monroe as a cultural icon In April 2015 I was travelling in Istanbul and, on leaving the Grand Bazaar 1. Food stylist is Claire through the Spice Market, I walked out into a side street of shops and cafes. I Clark, and props stylist is listed as Sue was immediately struck by an accessories shop, the hoarding for which was a Rowlands. huge image of Marilyn Monroe’s face, wearing some just-discernible dangling star earrings (Figure 1). Alongside this image was a series of other photographs, some featuring accessories such as pearls (Figure 2), but the overarching attrac- tion was Monroe’s face. Not long after this, in my local coffee shop, I came across a photographic illustration of a recipe for macarons in a cookery book called Indulge (C. Clark, 2007). Upon closer inspection, I realized that the macarons had been strategi- cally arranged over the famous Cecil Beaton photograph of Monroe holding a rose (Figure 3). These macarons were side-on, covering her eyes, aligned – or juxtaposed – with her mouth, resembling lips, and perhaps suggesting breasts. Her face, and her eyes, could not be seen. The pale, luxurious indulgence of the Beaton image of Monroe was sufficient, at least in the mind of the food and props stylist, to convey the requisite degree of indulgence to set off these confections: displayed as all edible and ripe for devouring with delectation.1 These encounters with the images of Monroe, totally divorced from her film work, being used in the selling of products, aspirations and concepts, 121 FFC_4.2&3_Editorial_121-143.indd 121 6/6/16 11:17 AM Lucy Bolton Figures 1 and 2: Marilyn Monroe advertises accessories in Istanbul, April 2015.
    [Show full text]